Alfalfa ndi msipu wa udzu wokhala ndi masamba otseguka. Ndi banja lankhondo. Mitundu yambiri imapezeka kuzungulira padziko lapansi, koma malo akuluakulu ndi Central Asia, Mediterranean ndi North America. Mtengowu ndi wotchuka kwambiri paulimi, chifukwa ndiwowobzala wabwino kwambiri, chomera cha uchi, mankhwala ndi zokolola. Makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a alfalfa anali odziwika ngakhale zaka 6,000 zapitazo. Kuphatikiza pa machitidwe othandiza, alfalfa ali ndi mawonekedwe okongoletsa ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukongoletsa mundawo mwachilengedwe.
Kufotokozera kwamasamba
Mitundu ya alfalfa imayimiridwa ndi mbeu zapachaka komanso zamuyaya. Nthambi zokhala ndi udzu zimayambira pansi kapena pafupi ndi malekezero, chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri zimapanga kutalika kwa 0,5-1.5 m.ndodo yamphamvu yolowerera imalowera munthaka (mpaka 10 m) m'nthaka ndipo imakutidwa ndi nthambi zina. Izi zimapangitsa alfalfa kuphatikiza michere ndi michere kuti isafikire mbewu zina zambiri. Mitundu ina imakonda kukhala ndi mizu yopingasa. Monga nthito zambiri, mafupa okhala ndi ma nitrogen okhala ndi ma nitrogen pamazu a nyemba. Izi zimathandizira kukonza kwa nayitrogeni kuchokera kumlengalenga ndikupangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale ndi michere.
Masamba a Petiole amakula kutalika konse kwa mphukira. Amakhala m'magulu atatu ndipo amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena owala. Aliyense lobe amakula pang'ono petiole. Pakati penipeni, ndi yayitali. Mapepala amapezeka m'mphepete mwa pepalalo, ndipo mulu waufupi umawonekera mbali yakumbuyo.
Cylindrical kapena kukoka inflorescence mawonekedwe cylindrical mawonekedwe kuchokera axils masamba ndi pamwamba pa tsinde. Kutalika kwawo ndi masentimita 1.5-8. Iliyonse imakhala ndi masamba 12-16. Ma Corollas okhala ngati bwato kapena njenjete imakhala ndi miyala 5. Awiri m'munsi amaphatikizidwa ndipo ma stamens ndi pestle amapezekamo. Maluwa amakhala pamafupipafupi amodzi. Masamba apansi ndi oyamba kutulutsa maluwa. Utoto wa pamakhala umayendetsedwa ndi mithunzi ya buluu, yofiirira kapena yachikasu. Mitundu yokhala ndi maluwa osiyanasiyana ophatikizidwa imapezeka. Nthawi yamaluwa imayamba pambuyo pa miyezi 1.5-2 mutabzala ndipo imatha kupitilira milungu itatu. Burashi iliyonse imamasula mpaka masiku 10. Tsiku lililonse, masamba atatu atsopano amatsegulidwa mmenemo.
Kupangika kumachitika pokhapokha mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo. Pambuyo pake, zipatso mu mawonekedwe a nyemba zokhala ndi masamba a bulauni kapena bulauni zimamangidwa. Amawoneka ngati chikwakwa kapena wozungulira. Mkati mwake muli ang'ono, ofanana ndi nyemba zazing'ono, mbewu. Chipolopolo chofewa, chofowoka moperewera chimakhala chachikaso kapena chofiirira.
Alfalfa osiyanasiyana
Alfalfa amaimiridwa ndi mitundu yoposa 100 ya mbewu. Pafupifupi theka la iwo amapezeka ku Russia.
Alfalfa chikwakwa (chikasu). Chomera chokhala ndi ana obiriwira komanso osakhwima chimawoneka ngati chitsamba chachikulu 40-80 masentimita. Akuwombera kapena kubowoleredwa ndi mulu waung'ono. Masamba a ternate petiole a oval-lanceolate kapena lanceolate mawonekedwe amakula pa iwo. Kutalika kwa pepalali ndi 0.5-2.2 cm, ndipo m'lifupi ndi 2-6 mm. Munthawi yayitali mumakhala miyala ikuluikulu mu June-Julayi. Mwa iwo, pamatupi afupiafupi, mpaka masamba 7 mpaka 40 ali. Kutalika kwa bwatilo ndi masentimita 1-1.2 Pambuyo pochita kupukutidwa, nyemba zopindika kapena zopindika za mwezi, zokutidwa ndi mulu wamafuta, wokhwima. Kutalika kwake ndi 8-12 mm okha.
Alfalfa hop-ngati. Udzu wapachaka kapena wamtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi mizu yopanda kupendekeka umakhala wokulirapo, wotalika masentimita 10-50. Masamba ang'onoang'ono apamwamba a mawonekedwe a rhombic amakula 7-15 mm m'litali ndi 3-10 mm mulifupi. Ali ndi maziko okumbikakumbika komanso mphako wawung'ono pamwamba. Kumbuyo kuli mulu wa glandular. Maluwa achikasu (mpaka 2 mm) amakongoletsedwa m'mitu yowala ya ovoid ya inflorescence. Zipatso zokhala ngati nyemba imodzi imodzi mpaka 2mm kutalika zimafanana ndi masamba ochepa. Amaphimbidwanso ndi mulu, womwe patapita nthawi umagwa.
Kubzala alfalfa (buluu). Udzu wosinthika umaphukira nthambi pamwamba. Amakula mpaka kutalika masentimita 80. Mtengowo umakhala ndi nthangala yolimba. Masamba ozungulira kapena obovate amakula 1-2 cm, 3mmmm mulifupi. Pazithunzi za axillary, mumatha tambula tating'ono ta masentimita atatu. maluwa amatenga utoto utoto wamtambo wabuluu kapena wofiirira. Kutalika kwake ndi 5-6 mm. Wokulunga ngati nkhono, nyemba zimafika m'lifupi mwake 6 mm.
Alfalfa ndi variable (wosakanizidwa). Chomera chamuyaya monga mawonekedwe a zitsamba chimakula 70-120 cm kutalika. Mphukira zamphamvu zolimba zimakutidwa ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono pa petioles apamwamba. Amakhala ozungulira kapena ovoid wokhala ndi mulu wa sparse pamphepete. Cylindrical caplect inflorescence muma axils a masamba omwe ali pamitunda yayitali. Kutalika kwa burashi lotayirira ndi masentimita 3-5. Ziphuphu nthawi zambiri zimakhazikitsidwa ndi kupakidwa utoto, wabuluu kapena wachikasu. Nyemba zazikulu zimapindika ndikukhala ozungulira. Amakutidwa ndi khungu loyera kapena chikasu chofiirira cha maolivi.
Kukula
Alfalfa amakula pambewu. Amabzala m'nthaka nthawi yoyambilira kumayambiriro kwa masika, m'masiku oyambira kufesa. Limbani tsambalo, chotsani namsongole ndikuwonjezera laimu. Dothi louma limaphatikizidwanso ndi chonyowa. Asanafesere, kubzala zinthu kumachepetsedwa ndikuthandizidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Mapeto ake amateteza chitetezo ku matenda oyamba ndi bacteria. Mbewu zofesedwa m'mizere mpaka 5-5 mm. Zoyambirira, zimalimbikitsidwa kusakaniza ndi mchenga kapena utuchi, kotero kuti kufalikira ndikofanana.
Olima ena amagwiritsa ntchito kubzala nyemba zosakaniza ndi nyemba zina, koma pamenepa, mbewuyo itha kuvutika chifukwa chosowa magetsi. Kukula kumachepa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbewu kudzachepa. Kukula kokwanira kumatheka mukabzala m'mizere yotalikirana ndi mtunda wa mpaka masentimita 45. Potere, ntchito ya opukutira mungu idzagwira ntchito kwambiri.
Pakubzala minda yayikulu, mbande zapadera za beet zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pa malo ochepa omwe mungathe kumwaza mbewu pamanja, koma bwanji osapondaponda pansi ndi plywood. Ndikofunika kuyang'anira chinyezi ndikuchitchinga kuti chisaume.
Chisamaliro cha Alfalfa
Lucerne amakonda malo otseguka komanso owoneka bwino. Mthunziwo umakula pang'onopang'ono ndikupanga zochepa. Dothi lodzala ndilabwino chonde komanso chotsekeramo bwino, osalowerera kapena pang'ono zamchere. Ma loles ndi oyenera kwambiri. Pa dothi lamchere, lamiyala, kapena dongo lokhala ndi madzi apansi panthaka, nyemba zimamera bwino. Zinthu zoterezi sizabwino pakukula kwa mabakiteriya a nodule.
Ngakhale alfalfa imatha kuletsa chilala chakanthawi, imakula bwino ndikthirira nthawi zonse m'nthaka. Kuyanika kwa lapansi pamtunda ndikuloledwa. Ndi chinyezi chambiri, ufa wa poda umakula msanga. Kuzindikira kwambiri kuthirira kumawonetsedwa mchaka choyamba chamoyo chomera.
Alfalfa ndi mbewu yotentha. Amakula bwino pa kutentha kwa + 22 ... + 30 ° C, koma amatha kusamutsa kutentha mosavuta kupita ku + 37 ... + 42 ° C. Mitundu ina yozizira imayenda bwino mu chisanu mpaka -25 ... -30 ° C.
Zomera zazing'ono zimafunikira kutetezedwa ku namsongole, chifukwa chake zimadula namsongole nthawi zonse.
Alfalfa amakulungidwa nthawi zonse kuti atolere zakudya. Kwa nthawi yoyamba izi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono maluwa, komanso maluwa. Amalekerera njirayi mosavuta ndipo ali okonzeka kukondweretsanso ndi maluwa pambuyo pa miyezi 1-1.5. Pofuna kupewa kukula ndi malo ogona, kudula mizu mozungulira kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito olima apadera komanso odula ndege.
Nthawi zina, nyemba zimakhudzidwa ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Kuti muthane nawo, amadzimadzi a Bordeaux amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomera zoyipsa kwambiri ndizopezeka alfalfa weevil, alfalfa bedbug ndi parsnip. Amatayidwa mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ("Benzophosphate", "Fastak").
Dothi limapindula
Monga manyowa a alfalfa amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ang'onoang'ono, komanso pantchito yolima. Imawonedwa ngati feteleza wobiriwira wogwira bwino ntchito, chifukwa mchaka chimodzi chokha, mbewu zimapereka ndikutchetcha 8-10 ndikukula kwathunthu mpaka 120 t / ha zamasamba. Poterepa, nthaka imapangidwa bwino ndi mankhwala a nayitrogeni. Pakakhala chinyezi kwambiri, zotsalira zazomera zimawola msanga, kusintha osati kokha, komanso nthaka. Izi zimachepetsa acidity.
Chomera chodyetsa
Alfalfa ili ndi mapuloteni ambiri, komanso amino acid, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala chakudya chofunikira cha ziweto (nkhumba, akalulu, nkhuku). Komanso, munthu ayenera kusiyanitsa pakati pa lingaliro lazakudya zopatsa thanzi ndi zomwe zimapezeka m'zakudya. Ngati chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwambiri chimapezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kuti michere yambiri imakhala ndi maluwa oyamwa.
Tulutsa masamba mpaka kutalika kwa 8-10 cm. Kenako kubwezeretsa chivundikiro chobiriwira mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri mpaka kutuluka atatu kumachitika pachaka. Zotsatira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano ngati chovala chapamwamba chobiriwira, komanso zouma pa udzu, mabulosi a nyama, mphesa kapena udzu (hay) ufa zimakonzedwa.
Kuchiritsa katundu
Alfalfa ali ndi zinthu zambiri zopindulitsa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu mankhwala aku China. Zomwe zimapangidwazo zimaphatikizapo mchere ndi mavitamini ambiri, komanso mapuloteni, amino acid, isoflavonoids ndi phytohormones. Pazifukwa zamankhwala, gawo la mbewu limagwiritsidwa ntchito, lomwe limasonkhanitsidwa nthawi ya maluwa ndi maluwa. Zotulukazo ndizouma ndikuzisunga m'matumba azikululo. Ma decoction ndi infusions amakonzedwa kuchokera kwa iwo. Madzi ochokera ku nyemba za nyemba zatsopano ndi nthangala zamphukira amatchuka ngati zowonjezera.
Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthuzi kumathandiza kuchepetsa cholesterol, kusintha kagayidwe kake, kumachotsa madzi owonjezera mthupi. Alfalfa amatengedwa kuti amenyane ndi matenda monga:
- matenda a shuga;
- rheumatism;
- gout
- hepatitis;
- zotupa m'mimba;
- kukokoloka;
- matenda a periodontal;
- colpitis;
- matenda a endocrine.
Anthu ambiri amaona kuti Lucerne ndi mchiritsi weniweni, wokhoza kulimbitsa thanzi lake komanso kuthana ndi mavuto oopsa. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti azimayi azisinthasintha mahomoni, kuonjezera mkaka wa m'mimba, komanso ndi uterine fibroids.
Komabe, mu chithandizo chilichonse muyenera kudziwa muyezo komanso kusamala. Ngakhale chomerachi chili ndi contraindication. Choyamba, kusamala kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu omwe amakonda kulimbana. Palibe chifukwa muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito alfalfa kwa anthu omwe ali ndi lupus erythematosus ndi magazi osagwirizana. Alfalfa sapatsirana azimayi oyembekezera komanso oyala, koma muyenera kufunsa dokotala musanatenge.
