Mavitamini (macronutrients) angatengedwe ngati omwe amathandiza chomera kukula ndi kukula. Kuperewera kwa chinthu chimodzi choopsa ndi choopsa pa chitukuko cha mbewu. Mphesa sizongopeka komanso zimakhala zonyansa zokhutiritsa nthaka ndi zakudya. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake kuli kofunikira kuti aliyense wamaluwa azidziwa momwe angaperekere mphesa mumsana komanso momwe feteleza ayenera kuwonjezera zokololazo.
Kodi mphesa zimadya chiyani?
Mphesa zimafuna zakudya zambiri. Mukamabzala, nthawi zonse zimalimbikitsidwa kuti mubweretse feteleza wambiri mu dzenje. Choncho, simukusowa zovala zapamwamba kwa zaka zitatu kapena zinayi zoyambirira, pamene mbewuyo siimabzala mbewu.
Koma m'zaka zotsatirazi zidzakhala zofunikira kuti manyowa azitsamba m'dzinja ndi masika. Ndipo chifukwa cha kukula kwathunthu kwa mphesa ndithudi kudzafuna zotsatirazi:
- Asitrogeni. Zimakhudza kukula kwa mbewu ndi kukoma kwa zipatso. Mitengo ya nitrojeni yambiri mu nthaka, zipatso zabwino zimakhala zabwino. Komanso nayitrogeni ikhoza kukhalapo mu nthaka mitundu iwiri: nitrate ndi ammonium. Yoyamba imatsukidwa mwamsanga ndipo imachita mwamsanga. Nayitrogeni imalowa mu nitrate ndi oxidizing mabakiteriya osokoneza. Fomu yachiwiri imakhala nthawi yaitali m'nthaka, choncho imakhala yotalikirapo pammera. Izi ndi chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake ndi dongo lapansi. Ndi mtundu uti umene uli bwino mphesa umadalira pH ya nthaka, komanso mtundu wake (loamy kapena mchenga). Zimakhudza nthawi zonse kuthirira.
- Phosphorus. Pakuti mphesa sizitanthauza kuti phosphorous imakhala yochuluka m'nthaka, monga mbewu zina. Komabe, chifukwa cha msinkhu wotsika kwambiri wa mankhwalawa, mphesa zidzasiya kukula ndi kuyamba kufalikira kwambiri, ndipo mizu idzayamba kufooka. Choncho, ndi kofunika kuti nthawi zonse muzidyetsa chinthuchi kuti mitsempha yotchedwa metabolism, yomwe phosphorous imachita ngati chinthu chokhazikika, imapangidwa.
Ndikofunikira! Mawere a masamba a mphesa angasonyeze kuti alibe phosphorous.
- Potaziyamu. Zakudya za mphesa zimafunika ndi mphesa pa nyengo yowonjezera yogwira ntchito, chifukwa zimakhudza mtundu wa photosynthesis ndi ubwino wa kuyamwa kwa mankhwala a nayitrogeni. Pasiziyamu yaikulu kwambiri imapezeka m'magulu aang'ono ndi mphukira. Iye ali mu masango, koma zomwe zilipo ndizosafunikira. Ndi chifukwa cha potaziyamu kuti madzi otuluka m'nthaka amachepetsedwa, ndipo mphesa zimapirira chilala. Potaziyamu imatsuka pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku dothi lolemera. Zomwe zili m'nthaka ziyenera kupitirira zokhudzana ndi nayitrogeni.
- Magesizi. Kukongoletsa kwa masamba kungakhale chizindikiro cha otsika magnesium. Ndi zakudya zokhazokha zomwe zimathandiza kupanga chlorophyll - mtundu wobiriwira wa masamba. Magnesium imathandizanso pakukonzekera. Magesizi ayenera kukhalapo nthawi zonse mu feteleza, chifukwa amathandiza kupanga maphukira atsopano.
- Calcium. Izi mu mphesa zili ndi zocheperapo kuposa potaziyamu. Kuwonjezera apo, calcium imakhala mu masamba akalekale, mosiyana ndi potaziyamu, omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'magulu aang'ono a zomera. Chifukwa cha kukhala ndi calcium mu dothi lochepa, acidification sizimachitika ndi mvula yambiri. Calcium imakhudza kukula kwa mizu.
Mukudziwa? Mphesa ndi mkaka ndizofanana kwambiri ndi zakudya zowonjezera.
- Sulfure.Kukhalapo kwa sulfure m'nthaka kumapatsa chomeracho ndi mapuloteni athunthu. Thupi ili limapezeka mu mankhwala ndi calcium ndi chitsulo. Sulfure imeneyi imathandiza polimbana ndi powdery mildew ndi mphesa pruritus.
Koma pokhapokha ndi zakudya zomwe palibe chitsamba chomwe chidzafa, musayiwale zazomwe zimapangidwira (cobalt, sodium, aluminium, etc.).
Popanda iwo, chomeracho chikhoza kukula, koma ngati zina mwazochitikazo ndi gawo la nthaka, kusowa kwa zakudya sizomwe zimakhala mphesa zoipa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati pali potaziyamu m'nthaka, ndiye kuti sodium ikhoza kuthetsa vutoli.
Mizu yophika
Top kuvala mphesa m'chaka chapangidwa zonse mchere, ndi organic feteleza. Popeza kumayambiriro kasupe amachitika mu magawo awiri, kusintha kwa feteleza n'kotheka, ndipo mwayi wosakaniza nawo ndi wotheka.
Pa nthawi yomweyi, mitengo yayikulu imaperekedwa mopanda chidwi, ndipo imafuna achinyamata omwe posachedwapa ayamba kubzala mbewu.
Ndikofunikira! Posankha feteleza, samverani klorini zomwe zili nawo. Kuchuluka kwa ma chlorides m'nthaka kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa zokolola.
Tidziwa zomwe mungathe kudyetsa mphesa pansi pazu muzuzi. 
Manyowa opangira
Nkhani yamoyo imatengedwa kuti ndi feteleza yamtengo wapatali, chifukwa nayitrogeni, mkuwa, chitsulo, boroni, sulufule ndi zinthu zina zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yomweyi.
Mtundu uwu umaphatikizapo:
- humus
- manyowa
- zitosi za mbalame
- humus
- kompositi
Zonsezi zimachokera ku zinyalala za nyama ndi zomera, chifukwa zimakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amalola kuti zakudya zomwe zimapezeka m'nthaka zikhale zowonjezera.
Choncho, pofuna kukonza manyowa omwe amachokera ku feteleza, muyenera:
- 1 manyowa amodzi
- Magawo atatu a madzi.
Phunzirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nkhumba, ng'ombe, nkhosa, kalulu, manyowa a fetasi kuti muponde munda wanu.
Sakanizani chirichonse mu chidebe ndipo mulole icho chitengeke kwa sabata.
Ndikofunikira! Onetsetsani kuti mukuyambitsa zokhazokha tsiku liri lonse - kotero mafutawo adzatuluka.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito ndondomeko yokonzeka kale ku manyowa muyenera kusowa malita 10 a madzi. Muyeso iyi yowonjezera 1 lita imodzi ya yankho ndikusakaniza bwino. Ngati muli ndi phulusa, mukhoza kuwonjezera pa kusakaniza madzi ndi slurry. Ingofunika 200 magalamu a phulusa.
Njira yofanana yokonzekera feteleza ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku mitundu ina ya zinthu zakuthupi. Chimake ndikutentha kwa fetereza komwe kumachitika sabata. Izi zimapereka mlingo wa nayitrogeni.
Manyowa a feteleza - izi ndi zomwe muyenera kudyetsa mphesa kumapeto kwa masika. Adzawathandiza kuthengo pakatha nyengo yozizira.
Mchere wamchere
Mtundu uwu wa feteleza wagawidwa m'magulu angapo: gawo limodzi, zigawo ziwiri ndi zigawo zambiri. Mankhwala aŵiri oyambirira akuphatikizapo potaziyamu mchere, nitrophosphate, superphosphate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, sulfure, boron.
Pakati pa zigawo zambiri zimatulutsa "Mortar", "Kemira", "Akvarin". Koma dothi la mchere limapatsa mphesa kokha chakudya chowonjezera ndipo sichikhoza kumvetsa bwino momwe chikhalidwe cha nthaka chilili.
Choncho, tikulimbikitsidwa kuphatikiza mitundu iwiri ya feteleza. Mwachitsanzo, masiku khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri asanayambe maluwa, mukhoza kudyetsa mullein ndi kuwonjezera pa granulated superphosphate ndi fetereza ya magnesium. Pazimenezi mufunikira:
- mullein (1 litre mullein pa 10 malita a madzi);
- 25-30 g wa superphosphate;
- 25-30 g ya fetereza ya potaziyamu-magnesium.
Koma musaiwale kuti superphosphate sichitha m'madzi, choncho iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana ndi nthaka. Kuti muchite izi, chemba pang'ono pang'onopang'ono 15 cm kuchokera pakati pa chitsamba. Phokoso liyenera kukhala losaposa masentimita asanu.Podzaza superphosphate kumeneko, phimba ndi kuthira ndi madzi pang'ono. Kenaka onjezerani fetereza-magnesium feteleza mu chidebe ndi yankho la mullein. Atapweteketsa, ndizotheka kutsanulira m'mipope kwa kuthirira mphesa.
Ngati mulibe, kenaka mufufuze phokoso kuzungulira chitsamba ndi masentimita 30. Kuzama kwake kuyenera kukhala masentimita 20. Pambuyo pake, lembani feteleza. Mukamaliza kudya, mphesa ziyenera kutsanulira 10 malita a madzi oyera.
Mukudziwa? Makilomita makilomita 80,000 pa dziko lapansi obzalidwa ndi mphesa.
Koma nthawi zina mullein sagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pambuyo pake, izi ziyenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale, ndipo zomaliza zomwezo zimakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa. Pankhaniyi, kudyetsa mphesa kumapeto kwa maluwa kungapangidwe ndi nayitrogeni feteleza - urea. Pazimenezi mufunikira:
- 80 g wa urea;
- 10 malita a madzi;
- 40 g wa superphosphate;
- 40 g wa fetereza ya potaziyamu-magnesium.
Kukonzekera kumayamba ndi Kuwonjezera kwa superphosphate kunthaka - feteleza imaphatikizidwira kwa kukumba ndi kuthirira. Kenaka, mu thanki yomwe ili ndi malita 10 a madzi oyera, onjezerani kuchuluka kwa urea ndi potassium-magnesium feteleza.
Njira yonseyi imadzaza ndi mapaipi kuti azitha kuthirira kapena kuzungulira kuzungulira chitsamba.
Zovala zapamwamba za Foliar
Chakudya cha Foliar chimachitidwa pazigawo zosiyanasiyana. Ndilololedwa, chifukwa si zonse zomwe zimayendetsa bwino zomwe zimayamwa kwambiri ndi mizu ya mphesa.
Kotero ntchito yoyamba ya foliar anagwira masiku atatu asanayambe maluwa. Kukonzekera kwake ndikofunika kutenga 5 g a boric acid ndi 10 malita a madzi (izi zimachokera ku chitsamba chimodzi).
Ndikofunikira! Boron ikhoza kukhala yoopsa kwa mphesa zambiri. Koma kusowa kwa mfundo imeneyi kumayambitsa tsamba la necrosis.
Chovala chachiwiri chachiwiri anagwira masiku 10 chiyambireni maluwa. Pakuti n'zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza phosphate komanso kuthetsa nayitrogeni.
Dziwani nthawi yodyetsera foliar yokwanira. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kulondola kwa kuyambitsidwa kwa macro-micronutrients osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, nthaka imakhala yosakanikirana ndi mizu ya mphesa, kotero kupopera mankhwala a zinc kapena mankhwala ake okonzeka kumathandiza kwambiri. 
Koma izi zimagwiranso ntchito ku dothi lachinyontho ndi mkulu pH. Nthawi zina, zina zowonjezera kupopera mankhwala sikofunikira.
Malangizo othandiza
Pofuna kudyetsa mphesa kumapeto, ndikwanira kutsatira malangizo awa.
- Onetsetsani kuti mudye chakudya choyamba panthawi ya nyengo yabwino. Izi zikutanthauza kuti m'masiku otsatira pambuyo pake sizidzasungunuka.
- Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito feteleza kupyola masamba, ganizirani kutentha ndi kutentha kwa chitsamba. Malo abwino adzakhala kutentha kwa 18-22 ° C ndi mvula yamitambo kapena madzulo pamene kutentha kumachepetsedwa, ndipo kuwala kwa dzuwa sikugwera pa masamba.
- Ndikofunika kupopera pansi pa pepala.
- Chakudya cha Foliar sayenera kukhala kasupe, koma chilimwe. Mwachitsanzo, chachitatu chimachitika masiku 30-35 mutangoyambira maluwa (20-25 patatha masiku awiri) ndikukonzekera phosphate, ndichinayi - ndi phosphate-potassium yokha masiku awiri kapena atatu musanayambe kukolola.
Muyenera kukhala ndi chidwi chowerenga za mankhwala omwe mungagwiritse ntchito m'munda wamphesa.
- Ngati dothi lanu lili ndi mchenga ndipo lili ndi pH yapamwamba, feteleza ya foliar yokhala ndi zinc yothetsera. Zitha kuchitika pambuyo kutsegulira chitsamba, musanayambe maluwa.
- Organic ndi mchere feteleza ndi bwino.
- Dothi lakuda liyenera kukhala ndi umuna zaka zitatu zilizonse. Nthaka ya Sandy ndi loamy imaphatikizidwa ndi mchere ndi mankhwala omwe amapangidwa zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Nthaka ya mchenga imafuna kudya pachaka.
- Ndi zosayenera kuchita foliar kudyetsa nthawi imodzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala motsutsana ndi matenda ndi tizirombo. Nthawi zina, kumawonjezera poizoni wa mankhwalawa.
- Kumbukirani kuti nthawi yamasika ndi nthawi yochulukitsa nthaka ndi nayitrogeni, komanso chilimwe - ndi phosphorous.
- Pamaluwa musanayambe kuphatikizapo foliar ndi mizu yovala.
Choncho, kuvala kasupe wa mphesa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa kusamalira chitsamba, chifukwa chimathandiza zomera kubwezeretsa pambuyo pachisanu. Pogwiritsira ntchito feteleza, tumizani kuyeso.
Musaiwale kuti aliyense muzu pamwamba kuvala ndi limodzi ndi ulimi wambiri wothirira mphesa, ndipo nthawi yabwino kuchita ndi youma ndi nyengo yofunda. Choncho, mizu yoyamba imapangidwa 10-14 masiku asanayambe maluwa, ndipo yachiwiri - masiku khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu (14-14) mutatha maluwa.
Mu njirayi, zolemba zomwezo zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Mizu yowonjezera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yoyamba masiku angapo musanayambe maluwa, ndipo nthawi yachiwiri - masiku khumi mutatha maluwa. Musanyalanyaze feteleza, zomwe zimangosunga chitetezo cha mbeu, komanso kuwonjezera zokolola.
