Kupititsa patsogolo sayansi kwa zaka za m'ma 2000 kunakhudza ngakhale ulimi. Chodabwitsa ichi sichiwonetsedwanso kokha kuzinthu zatsopano zamakono, maluso a ntchito za anthu, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zomwe zasayansi zapindula pofuna kulimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewu ndi chitetezo ku tizirombo zosiyanasiyana. Tsiku lililonse, miyandamiyanda ya minda ndi minda ndi cholinga chabwino imakonzedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo akhala chitsanzo cha zinthu zoterezi. Tiyeni tiwone chomwe chiri ndi zomwe zimakhudza munthuyo.
Kodi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi otani?
Kugula mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi chidziwitso chaka ndi chaka cha kubzala kwa nyengo kwa olima ambiri. Mawuwo ndi ochokera ku Latin, omwe amatanthauza: "tizilombo" - kuvulaza, "khalani" - mwachidule. Aliyense amadziwa zambiri zomwe mankhwala opha tizilombo ali, ndipo amatsindika bwino zochita zawo ndi zovulaza thupi. 
Kuchokera ku lingaliro la sayansi, ichi ndi chinthu kapena chisanganizo cha chiyambi, chomwe chingakhale chothandizira kuthetsa namsongole, tizilombo, makoswe, zomwe zimapweteka zokolola, matenda obzala, zirombo za ziweto, odwala matenda osiyanasiyana, nkhuku, tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Timalangiza kudziŵa mankhwala oterewa monga acaricides ndi insectoacaricides, fungicides, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, herbicides.Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amadziwika kuti ndi ofiira. - amatanthawuza, zomwe zimachitika mwakuthupi zomwe zimatha kuchepetseratu, kupondereza kapena kutseka zonse zakuthupi zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri. Zotsatira zake, mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera amachititsa kuti matendawa asawonongeke komanso angathe kuwononga kufalikira kwa matenda.
Mukudziwa? "Special" mankhwala okolola mbewu zambiri anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 BC ku Roma wakale.Maonekedwe a mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi fungo lopweteka, nthawi zambiri lowala. Iwo akhoza kukhala ngati mawonekedwe a madzi kapena ufa womwe umadzipukutidwa ndi madzi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito. Chifukwa cha kuyambika kwa mankhwala chinali mbewu zakulima kwambiri.
Poyamba, malo okolola anali ochepa, choncho anthu adasonkhanitsa tizirombo pokhapokha, koma tsopano ndizosatheka kuchita izi, choncho mumayenera kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera m'zaka za zana la 19 AD. 
Mankhwala amasiku ano ali ndi zakudya zochepa, zomwe zimakulolani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ang'onoang'ono poizoni popanda kuchepetsa dera lanu kapena kuchuluka kwake. Malingana ndi ziwerengero, zopereka padziko lonse zidzachepetsedwa ndi pafupifupi 50%, ngati mutasiya kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo mu ulimi.
Choncho, palibe dziko lomwe lingathe kulipira, popeza ulimi udzakhala wosapindulitsa, koma panthawi yomweyi, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumayendetsedwe ndi lamulo.
Mukudziwa? Pofuna kuteteza mbewu kuchokera ku tizilombo, Democritus analimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito azitona monga njira zina zoperekera mankhwala.
Mitundu
Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasonkhanitsidwa m'magulu akulu atatu.: poizoni, sterilizers ndi kukula inhibitors. Poizoni ndi cholinga choononga zamoyo. Zojambulajambula zimapewa kuswana kosayenera. Kuchuluka kwa inhibitors kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa njira za thupi. 
Zinthuzi zimagawidwa malinga ndi chiyambi chawo: organic ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Ndipo molingana ndi kayendedwe kake, ndizo: systemic, matumbo, kukhudzana ndi mafakitale.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi owopsa kwambiri komanso othandiza kwambiri, pamene amalowa m'thupi mwathunthu. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Ngati tiwasiyanitsa ndi cholinga, zikuluzikulu ndizo:
- acaricides (motsutsana ndi nkhupakupa);
- bactericides (chiwonongeko cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda);
- herbicides (motsutsana namsongole);
- chemosterilizers (kuperewera kwa tizilombo);
- zoocides (kulamulira tizilombo);
- tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda);
- defoliants (abscission masamba masamba);
- nematocides (kumenyana ndi nyongolotsi);
- mbewu zoperekera mavitamini (presowing treatment).
Mwinamwake, wamaluwa adzatha kuyankha funsolo: kodi herbicides ndi chiyani? Ndipotu izi ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuti awononge zomera zamsongo zomwe amadana nazo, zomwe zimawoneka pazowonongeka ndikukula mofulumizitsa, osati kukolola kokha, komanso maonekedwe a munda. Choncho, herbicides akhala otchuka mankhwala pakati eni a mumatawuni madera.Ngozi ndi chikoka cha mankhwala oopsa
Kudziwa kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi otani, sangathe kunena kuti sizovulaza. Asayansi akugwira ntchito nthawi zonse kuti achepetse zotsatira zoopsa zomwe zimakhala ndi mankhwala oopsa pamene amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zomwe ziri zowopsya, ndizoti zinthuzi ndizoopsa ndi poizoni zonse zomwe ziri pafupi: thupi la munthu, madzi, nyama, zomera, nthaka.
Pansi
Popeza mankhwala ambiri ophera tizilombo amayenera kukonza mbewu, zinthuzi zimagwa pansi. Mankhwalawa amalowa m'nthaka ndi mphepo ndipo amasungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali, kusonyeza katundu wawo. 
Njira yogwiritsira ntchito microflora imadalira kalasi ya mankhwala, nthawi ya poizoni mmenemo, nthakayo yokha, ndi nyengo. Monga lamulo, mankhwala ophera tizilombo amatha kuyambitsa mavitamini ndi hydrolysis pamwamba pa nthaka.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi omwe amachititsa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisawonongeke. Zinthuzi, zomwe zimawonongeka mofulumira, sizikhala zovuta zinazake za nthaka ya microflora pamene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola.
Ngati mlingo wawonjezeka, padzakhala kupsinjika kwa kanthaŵi koyidwa pansi, mphamvu yake yobereka zokolola zabwino zikhoza kuwonongeka. Kusintha koteroko sikudzakhalitsa, chifukwa ma enzyme a nthaka amachepetsa zotsatira za mankhwala.
Ndikofunikira! Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa fungicides kwa mbewu yoveketsa sikunalangizidwe, kumayambitsa kuwononga kwakukulu kwa nthaka microflora, ndipo nthaka imakhala yosayenera kukulitsa mbewu.Zomwe tizilombo timayambitsa zimakhala zosavuta, popeza tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo ta nthaka timakhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana siyana. Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa nthawi yayitali kudzachititsa kusayenerera kwa nthaka ndi tizilombo tambirimbiri.
Kawirikawiri, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo monga magwero a mphamvu, motero mineralization ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo nthawi zina amapezeka. Izi zikudzaza ndi zotsatira, pali vuto lonse la kuchotsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'deralo.Pamadziwe
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndithudi, amagwera mu hydrosphere. M'madzi a m'nyanja, chifukwa cha masoka a hydrolysis, zinthu zimatha mofulumira. 
Zambirimbiri, zimatha kuwononga mofulumira mankhwala a phosphorous, carboxylic acid ndi peritroids. Izi zimawononga ubwino wa madzi, ndipo nthawi zina zimayambitsa poizoni.
Chodabwitsachi chikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zovulaza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa chilengedwe chonse, chifukwa madzi amafalitsa zinthu izi mofulumira kwambiri.
Choyamba, anthu okhala m'madzi otenthawa adzavutika, makamaka nsomba. Kuphatikiza apo, ma hydrobionts amachita nawo mwachindunji kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo. 
Zinthu zimangowonjezera m'magulu awo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu asaphedwe, koma komanso mitundu yonse.
Pa zinyama
Nyama ngati gawo limodzi la chilengedwe zimagwera pansi poizoni, zomwe zowonongeka.
Iwo akhoza kukhala maziko a chakudya chachilengedwe chimene chimagawidwa. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo, monga tanenera poyamba, akuwongolera kulephera ndi kuchepa kwa zamoyo. 
Zikuoneka kuti izi zimawononga ziwalo zonse za zinyama, ndipo zotsatira zoopsa za mankhwala ophera tizilombo pa thanzi lawo zimawonetseredwa.
Mbalame zimamva zowawa kwambiri chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kusintha kwa mahomoni. Chiwindi cha thupi chimapereka mwamphamvu, chifukwa ntchito zake zimayang'ana kukonza zinthu izi.
Zoonadi, kukula kwa vutoli kumadalira kuchuluka kwa poizoni, kulemera kwake kwa nyama, msinkhu wake wogwirira ntchito. 
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amalowa m'thupi la nyama akhoza kuledzeretsa, chifukwa thupi silingathe kuthana ndi kuwonongeka kwawo. Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa zingapangitse imfa ya nyamayo. Choncho, tsiku lirilonse tikudziipitsa tokha ndikuwononga dziko la zinyama.
Pa zomera
Nthawi zambiri, "mankhwala ophera tizilombo" amalandiridwa ndi anthu okhala mu zomera. Mwa njira iyi timayesetsa kuteteza iwo ku tizirombo, koma mofanana ndi momwe timawaika pangozi.
Kuyambira pa lingaliro la sayansi, zomera siziyenera kuvutika ndi tizilombo, koma apa chinthu chaumunthu chimabweretsa kusintha. 
Pali zifukwa zikuluzikulu ziwiri zomwe zimakhala zovulaza mbewu. Izi ndi zosungirako zosayenera kapena tsiku lomaliza la mankhwala musanagwiritse ntchito ndi kudodometsa kwa mankhwala, zomwe zingayambitse imfa.
Munthu aliyense
Masiku ano, ambiri akudandaula kuti zotsatira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'thupi la munthu zingakhale zotani. Ichi ndi vuto lalikulu, makamaka kwa ana, amayi apakati ndi anthu omwe ali kale ndi matenda. 
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mosasamala kanthu za kuchuluka kwake, kungayambitse chifuwa, poizoni ndi diathesis. Kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu m'thupi kumabweretsa zovuta zachibadwa.
Ngati mayi woyembekezera akudya zakudya zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, chiopsezo cha imfa ya mwana chimawonjezeka katatu.
Ndikofunikira! Kuyanjana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo ku anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a m'mapapo kungayambitse.Ndibwino kukumbukira kuti mankhwala ophera tizilombo amachititsa kuti thupi liwonongeke, ndipo ndalama zake zokwanira zikhoza kuvulaza.
Onetsetsani kuti mukutsatira, kutsatira ndondomekoyi ndikusiya ana kuti asakufikireni.Zizindikiro za poizoni ndi thandizo loyamba
Ngati anthu adalumikizana ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndipo posakhalitsa amamva bwino, - ndi poizoni. Zizindikiro ndi izi:
- zofooka m'mapazi apansi;
- chisokonezo;
- chizungulire;
- kupuma;
- chingwe;
- chifuwa;
- kuda;
- tachycardia;
- kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa magazi.
Ndibwino kuti nthawi yomweyo tiyitane ambulansi, akatswiri adzachotsa mankhwalawa kuchokera kuchipatala. Chinthu chokhazikika panthaŵi yake chingapulumutse munthu ngati akadakhala poizoni.
Samalani ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo!
