Mphesa ndi chomera chofala m'mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma kulikonse kumene kumakula, amafunikira chisamaliro chapadera, chifukwa pali matenda ambiri omwe mphesa sizikhala ndi chitetezo.
Choncho, timaganizira chimodzi mwa matenda omwe mphesa ndizovuta - chlorosis.
Kodi chlorosis ndi yotani?
Chlorosis ndi matenda mu zomera, omwe amadziwika ndi kusowa kwa chlorophyll m'masamba ndi kuchepa kwa kupanga photosynthesis. Ambiri ndi chlorosis mphesa. Masamba aang'ono amakhala achikasu, akale - ndikutaya konse. Amatha kupiringa ndi kugwa. Tsiku lililonse chikasu chingakhale cholimba kwambiri. Kuwombera kumayima patsogolo. Mphepete mwa chipatsocho imathamanga, mphukira zatsopano zimafa. Kumapeto kwa chilimwe, tchire la mphesa zimafa.
Zifukwa ndi zizindikiro za matendawa
Chlorosis imakhudzidwa ndi nyengo. Mvula yowuma ndi yotentha ndi yopindulitsa kuposa mvula ndi mvula.
Onani "mphesa", "Riesling", "Gourmet", "Elegant", "Tason", "Buffet", "Mu Memory of Domkovskoy", "Julian", "Chardonnay", "Laura", "Harold" "," Gala "," Lily of the Valley "," Kesha "," Chameleon "," Ruslan ".Matendawa ndi owopsa poyanika ndi kufalitsa, kusamba kwa masamba, kuphulika kwa mphukira zomwe sizikusintha makulidwe ndi kutalika kwake. Kuwonetsetsa kwasungunuka kumakhala masamba ofiira, kuyanika ndi kugwa.
Tchire la mphesa loonongeka limakhala losaoneka masango ndi zipatso zazing'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa zokolola. 
Osati opatsirana
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kugwira ntchito kapena chitsulo chlorosis kumachitika chifukwa chosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosakaniza mphesa ndi chitsulo, manganese, cobalt, mkuwa, nthaka, molybdenum, zomwe zimayikidwa mu nthaka ndipo zimakhala zosakanizika bwino.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphesa zikhoza kudwala osati chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwa mankhwalawa m'nthaka, koma chifukwa cha kusowa kwawo kosafunika.
Matenda amtundu umenewu amatha kudziwika ndi chikasu cha masamba pafupi ndi mitsempha, kutha kwa kukula kwa mbewu, kapena chikhalidwe chake pansi pa chitsamba. Zimapezeka pamene kusagwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda thanzi, kuchuluka kwa laimu ndi chinyezi m'nthaka, momwe zimagwirira ntchito ndi alkali m'nthaka, kusowa chitsulo. Ngati ambiri a chlorophyll afa, zomera zimamva kudya. Titha kudziwa izi mwa kusiya, kufota kwa masamba ndi mphukira, masango ndi maluwa. Ngati simungapereke thandizo, chomeracho chikhoza kufa.
Ndikofunikira! Zizindikiro zomwe zafotokozedwa ndizofunikira kokha chifukwa cha chlorosis chifukwa cha kusowa kwachitsulo.
Matenda
Mayina ena a mtundu uwu wa tizilombo ndi mtundu wachikasu, panashyur. Mavairasi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi bowa zingayambitse matenda a chlorosis. Amapatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, dothi, kapena chodzala chimene chakumana ndi chomera. Pa kutentha kwa 58-62 ° C, kachilombo kamene kamwalira.
Mu kasupe, zizindikiro zikhoza kukhala zachikasu za masamba kapena mbali zina za mphesa. Patapita nthawi, masambawo amakhala obiriwira ndi mawanga osaphimbidwa, mwachisawawa amwazika kuzungulira chomeracho. Pa tchire amawombera kusintha mawonekedwe awo, ndipo masango amakhala ochepa. 
Chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa matendawa, ndibwino kuti muzule tchire, chifukwa sichibale chipatso, koma pali pangozi yowononga zomera zina. Maiko akugawidwa ndi Europe, Argentina, California, kum'mwera Moldova, Uzbekistan, ndi Tajikistan.
Mpweya
Dzina lina ndi mtundu wa limy wa matenda, umene umapezeka kwambiri. Zimayambira mphesa, zomwe zimamera pa nthaka yowonjezereka yopanda mpweya wabwino ndi carbonate ndi alkali saturability.
Carbonate chlorosis nthawi zambiri mumderalo. Chlorosis ndi kuchuluka kwa laimu imayambitsidwa ndi chitsulo chachitsulo chochepa. Choncho, zomera zowonjezera zimataya mtundu wawo wobiriwira chifukwa cholephera kupanga chlorophyll. 
Chitsulo chili m'nthaka mokwanira, koma chifukwa chokhala ngati hydroxide, sichimafika pamunda bwino. Makhalidwe ofananawa ali ndi mkuwa, manganese, nthaka salt, zomwe zimapezeka m'mitengo ya zomera zimakhala zovuta. Mtundu wa matendawa umayambitsa kuyanika ndi imfa ya mphesa.
Kupewa
Ngati mwawona zizindikiro zoyambirira za chlorosis pamphesa, koma muli ndi tchire wathanzi, chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe akatswiri akutsutsa pankhaniyi ndikuteteza:
- kukulitsa dothi (mpweya ndi madzi okwanira nthaka) ndi madzi, kuwonjezera dothi lowonjezera, slag kapena miyala;
- Lembani manyowa a munda wamphesa, monga momwe angathere, mogwirizana ndi laimu, kuonjezera zosokoneza zake;
Mukudziwa? Manyowa omwe amathandiza kwambiri amapezeka ngati kompositi ndi peat.
- zambiri zoyenera mchere feteleza zomwe zimachepetsa mchere wa alkali m'nthaka (potaziyamu sulphate, ammonium sulphate);
- Ndibwino kuti mubzale lupine kapena nyemba pafupi ndi mphesa kudzaza nthaka ndi microelements ndi kukhazikitsa hydro-kusinthanitsa ndi kugula mpweya;
- yatsala pafupi ndi munda wa mpesa umene ulibe laimu. Chochitika ichi chiyenera kupangidwa pobzala zomera.
Mmene mungagwirire ndi chlorosis
Mukaona chlorosis m'mphesa, muyenera kudzidziwa bwino za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matendawa kuti muthe kusankha njira yoyenera yothandizira. Choyamba, ndikofunika kudziwa zifukwa za maonekedwe ake. Pambuyo pake, zidzakhala zosavuta kusankha njira imodzi yothetsera.
Phunzirani momwe mungasinthire mphesa, momwe mungadyetse, momwe mungadyetse, momwe mungabzalidwe, momwe mungapangire vinyo kunyumba, momwe mungadule mphesa.
Osati opatsirana
Ndikoyenera kudyetsa masamba ndi chelate yachitsulo. Komanso chlorosis mphesa angathe kuchiritsidwa ndi chitsulo cha sulfate, chomwe chiyenera kuchiritsidwa muzu. Kupaka kovala bwino ndi manganese, boron, magnesium, ndi zinki kumathandizanso.
Palinso zotsatila pa momwe chlorosis ya masamba mphesa imathandizira. Kupopera masamba kumakhala njira yothandiza. 
Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kuthana ndi vutoli, lomwe limaphatikizapo 700 g wa sulphate yachitsulo, 100 malita a madzi omwe mulibe laimu, 1 makilogalamu pa 100 malita a madzi kuchokera pachitsime chokhala ndi laimu. Ngati muonjezera citric asidi mu 100 g pa 100 malita a madzi, njirayi idzawonjezeka, koma mtengo wake udzawonjezeka.
Ndikofunikira! Mulimonsemo sangathe kusakanizidwa ndi chitsulo cha sulfate.Ndikofunika kupopera kumayambiriro kwa nyengo 2-4 nthawi ndi masiku asanu ndi atatu. Zotsatira zowonekera kwambiri zidzakhala ngati masamba ali aang'ono komanso osadetsedwa.
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito mankhwalawa mofulumira, perekani madzulo kapena m'mawa. Pali zoletsa: 700-800 malita pa hekita imodzi. Komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kuyenera kupewedwera panthawi yamaluwa. 
Matenda
Popeza matendawa amayamba ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyamwitsa (thrips, nsabwe za m'masamba, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda) zomwe zimalekerera chlorosis, ziyenera kuwonongedwa.
Muyeneranso kuonetsetsa kuti chodzala sichikhudza chomera. Poipa kwambiri, tchire liyenera kuchotsedwa, ndiko kuti, kuchotsedwa kwathunthu ndi kuwotchedwa.
Pofuna kuteteza kufalikira kwa matendawa, kugwiritsa ntchito inoculum kuchotsedwa ku matenda a matendawa kuyenera kupeĊµa. Mitengo ya uterine iyenera kuikidwa m'malo osokonezedwa ndi chlorosis.
Mukudziwa? Kwa nthawi yoyamba matenda opatsirana chlorosis anafufuzidwa ndipo anafotokozedwa mu 1937 ku Czechoslovakia.Ngati tchire muzitsamba zazitsamba takhala ndi kachilomboka, iwo adzulidwa ndipo nthaka imadwala dichloroethane kuti iwononge tizilombo timene timakhalamo.
Mpweya
Ndikoyenera kudyetsa masamba ndi chelate yachitsulo, ndipo ndibwino kuti mizu ikhale ndi thovu la asidi kapena chitsulo cha vitriol.
Pochiza chlorosis, mphesa zimatha kuchiritsidwa ndi 0.1% ya iron sulphate (10 g pa 10 malita a madzi). Ndi bwino kubwereza ndondomeko ngati kuli kotheka (ndi zizindikiro zobwerezabwereza).
Zidzakhalanso zothandiza kuti muphunzire za matenda amenewa ndi tizirombo ta mphesa monga mildew, mphesa, mphete, oidium.M'nyengo yophukira kapena kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira, n'zotheka kupanga zitsulo zoyenda pamphepete mwa tchire ndikuwonjezera 150-400 g wa mankhwalawo ndi chitsulo cha sulfate m'nthaka, ndikuphimba ndi nthaka.
Njira inanso yothandizira matenda a carbonate ndi kugwiritsa ntchito micronutrients, zomwe zimakupangitsani kuti mupitirizebe kukhala ndi mphamvu yeniyeni yogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi photosynthesis. Izi ndizitsulo zitsulo zomwe zili ndi zinthu zakutchire. 
Ambiri omwe amapanga feteleza (maofesi omwe ali ndi zinthu zitsulo zamatsulo) a mtundu uwu ndi complexonates.
Mitundu yotsutsa
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa yomwe siimayesedwa ndi chlorosis kapena imakhala yotsutsana nayo. Mitundu ya ku Ulaya "Vitis vinifera" (Vitis vinifera) ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa Vitis labruska (Vitis labrusa), Vitis riparia (Vitis riparia), Vitis rupesteris (vitis rupestris) yomwe imaperekedwa ku America.
Mitundu ina ya ku South America, Vitis berlandieri (Vitis berlandieri) imadziwika kuti ndi yolimba chifukwa cha carbonate m'nthaka.
Mitundu ya ku Ulaya "Shasla", "Pinot", "Cabernet-Sauvignon" imadziwika kuti ndi yolimba kwambiri m'madera awo. Koma, ngakhale phindu la mitundu iyi, iwo akadali ndi zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, mitundu ya mphesa ku Ulaya ndi yotsutsana kwambiri ndi nthaka, koma ikhoza kufa ndi phylloxera. 
Mitundu ya America, mosiyana, imatsutsana ndi phylloxera, koma kashiamu wokhutira mu nthaka imatsogolera ku imfa. Choncho, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti pa kalasi iliyonse pamakhala kalisiyamu yololedwa m'nthaka ndipo munthu aliyense amakana phylloxera.
Zina mwazinthu zosayankhulidwa sizingatengeke ndi matenda "Trollinger", "Limberger", "Portugizer", "Elbling", "Cabernet", "Saint Laurent" ndi "Muscatel".
Monga taonera, chlorosis ndi matenda owopsa kwa mphesa, popeza kuti palibe chifukwa choyenera komanso njira zothandizira, zomera zimatha kupweteka kapena kuuma kwa nthawi yaitali.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mtundu uliwonse wa matenda omwe amawunikira amafunikira njira yake yokhayo mphesa ndipo sizingatheke kukonzekera mtundu umodzi kuti wina asawonongeke. Pofuna kutonthozedwa kwambiri, wolima munda amapatsidwa mitundu yambiri yolimbana nayo.
