Alimi, monga eni eni aakulu, amakhala ndi nkhawa zambiri. Kuwonjezera pa kubzala ndi kukolola, amayesetsanso kusunga nthaka m'thupi labwino kwambiri. Kuti mukwaniritse izi, muyenera kudziwa zonse zomwe zasinthidwa. Ganizirani njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda, komanso momwe zimasiyanirana.
Njira yokhala ndi mawotchi
Mwa njira zoterezi amatanthawuza zomwe zimakhudza mbali za ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza. Ndi "zozizwitsa" zoterozo kuchuluka kwa nthaka kumasintha ndipo kugwirizanitsa pamodzi kwa zigawo zake kumachitika. Pali njira zinayi zoterezi.
Kutaya
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana, zowonjezereka zimakulungidwa (pang'onopang'ono kapena kwathunthu). Mizere yambiri yobereka imawoneka yosakanikirana ndi ndege.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi "mulu", njira zowonongeka, zokolola za rhizomes ndi zotsalira zamasamba, komanso feteleza ndi feteleza zingatheke.
Phunzirani zambiri za mulching ndi kulima nthaka.
Sungani
Dzina limalankhula lokha - luso logwiritsa ntchito luso lamakono lopanda ngalande silikugwirizana ndi kayendedwe kake ka nthaka.
Ndikofunikira! Kufesa kumachitika patangotha kasupe woyamba "kudutsa" mpaka chinyezi chimasanduka.
Zolinga zazikulu za njira iyi - yunifolomu kumasulidwa kwa malo, kuchotsa namsongole ndi chitetezo chokonzekera cha kanjira. 
Mukudziwa? M'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya, mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1900, agalu anagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu! Pali zojambula zambiri ndi zojambulajambula, zomwe agalu amanyamula ngolo zonyamula katundu, rakes komanso mapulala ang'onoang'ono. Komanso, mu maphunzirowo munali ngakhale "galu mphamvu" (yofanana ndi 1/10 hp).
Rotary
Amakhala nawo, ngati mukufuna kupeza yunifolomu mu nthaka yolemba. Oyendetsa rotary ndi harrows amaloledwa mkati, ngati zotsatira zapambuyo zapitazo anali osalimba ndi osakanikirana ndi "chipangizo" wosanjikiza. Maunyolowa amagwira ntchito kuti ayambe kugwedeza ndi kusakaniza. 
Kuphatikizidwa
Ichi ndi mtundu wa kusakaniza njira zonse zomwe tatchulazi. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikufulumizitse ntchito pa malo ovuta ndi nthaka "yolemera". Ndi oyenera kugwira ntchito ndi madongosolo okonzedwa bwino - kotero nthawi imasungidwa.
Mukudziwa? Ngakhale kuti mbewu zosiyanasiyana zimakula, chofunika kwambiri pazokolola chimakhala cha tirigu, chimanga ndi mpunga. Gawo la mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo, limapereka 60% ya chiwerengero cha ma calories omwe amalandira ndi anthu.Ntchito zoterozo zimafuna kupezeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zipangizo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti "kuthamanga" kukhale kosavuta. Chifukwa cha ichi, nthaka imasakanikirana bwino komanso kumasulidwa. Potero ndikuyika "maziko" a m'tsogolo kukolola.
Njira zoyenera zothandizira dothi
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mawu. Kulemba njira zamakono zatsopano zolima, alimi ndi agronomists amatanthawuza "gawo" la malowa ndi njira inayake yomwe imachita opaleshoni imodzi, komabe pokhapokha chithandizo chachikulu cha nthaka "yogwira ntchito" chimatanthawuza kwambiri.
Pali njira ziwiri zokhazo, koma ziyenera kuganiziridwa mwatsatanetsatane (sizothandiza pachabe zomwe zimaonedwa ngati zofunika).
Kulima
Njira imeneyi imayesedwa kuti ndiyo yaikulu ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwamsanga kugwa, kulima. Zida - mapula. Kawirikawiri, zimapangidwa ndi mapulogalamu apamwamba kapena osakanikirana.
Ogwira ntchito makina odziwa bwino amadziwa bwino zolakwa zawo zonse: ngati zoyambazo zisagwedezeke, chachiwiri sichimasintha bwino. Kotero iwe uyenera kuyang'ana kusagwirizana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito skimmer kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yosavuta. Mogwirizana ndi khama lalikulu, limagwira ntchito motere:
- Mbalameyi imakhala pa 8-10 masentimita ndi m'kati mwake pafupifupi 2/3 ya thupi logwira ntchito. Choncho namsongole ndi zitsamba zimachotsedwa, zomwe zimangogwera mumtsinje.
- Mlimiwo umadziwika ndi 20-22 masentimita kuti akwezeretse pansi pansi pansi, yomwe idzaphwanyika ndi fumbi zomwe zachotsedwa kale "mitu".
Njira imeneyi imatengedwa ngati yachikale, imakupatsani chitetezo cha mmunda. Malo ofunikira ndi ofunika. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mapulala otaya amawongolera gawo lodula kumanja. Mukayamba kuchokera m'mphepete mwa "chigamba", mumapeza chingwe chojambulira, ndipo poyambira pakati mudzawona chisa chosiyana.Ndikofunikira! Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa khama ndi kukana kutsogolo. Ngati mulibe mawonekedwe achinyengo, ndiye kuti m'lifupi mwake, kukana ndi kukula kwa nthaka, komanso chiwerengero cha nyumba zogwirira ntchito zimaganiziridwa. Deta zonsezi ndi zofunika kuti tidziwitse tisanagulidwe.
Zosinthidwa zowonjezeredwa zosinthika zimakulolani kuti musasokonezedwe, popanda "kuwonongeka" koyamba. Kusunga chakuya chofunikirako, khalani pamalo osalala opanda mapiri ndi grooves.
Zosavuta kumasula
Kulima kopanda ntchito kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'madera ozizira a steppe, komweko ndi mwayi wokhawokha kusungira chiputu mpaka m'dzinja, potero kusunga chinyezi m'nyengo yozizira.
Amachitika mu kugwa, mothandizidwa ndi mapulasi (chisel) kapena mapulasitiki ophwanyidwa omwe amawonekera kufupika kwake. Kusuntha okwera kwambiri kumachita ntchito yabwino. 
Choponderetsacho sichimasinthidwa, kudutsa mbali yogwira ntchito pa mlingo wa 27-35 masentimita (malingana ndi momwe nthaka ilili ndi chinyezi chake).
Momwemonso, malire apamwamba a "mkati mwachangu" padziko lapansi ayenera kukhala mzere pamlingo wa zochitika za mizu ya zomera. Ngati iwo akhalabe m'nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti palibe mphepo yowopsya pamunda, ndipo mchere wambiri udzapindulitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
M'madera angapo okhala ndi dothi wandiweyani, zokhazokha zokhazokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito njira yoyamba. Ntchito ya Ploskoreznaya yafupika mpaka kuwonjezeka kwa 8-15 masentimita, chiwerengero chake chimasankhidwa malinga ndi nthaka ndi chinyezi.
Njira zam'mwamba zolima
Mu gulu lino, agronomists akuphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya "malowedwe", omwe amapangidwa mkati mwa 10-16 masentimita, pogwiritsa ntchito dothi lopanda pamwamba. Pali njira zambiri zofanana. Iwo amadziwika kuti mitundu ina ya zipangizo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza njira zosiyanasiyana.
Kusuta
Makamaka "kukwera" njira, yomwe imaphatikizapo kuwonjezeka kwa osachepera 10 cm.
Kutentha dothi lalikulu kumayambiriro kwa nyengo, chisanu chimasungunuka. Kotero ziwombankhangazi zimawonongeka bwino ndipo mbiri ya kumunda imachotsedwa. Pa nthawi yomweyi kutumphuka kumeneku kunachotsedwa m'nyengo yozizira. 
Kusankhidwa kwa zipangizo kumatsikira ku tanthauzo la harrow yabwino. Iwo amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa ntchito pamwamba. Njira zamagetsi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zigawanika, zimagawidwa kukhala zowoneka, zofiira komanso zolemetsa. Nkhumba ndi nkhono zazing'ono, zomwe pang'onopang'ono zimalowetsedwa ndi ma discs, zimatengedwa pang'ono.
Kuonetsetsa kuti thirakita sichikakamira, pitirizani kugwira ntchito. Pano pali mndandanda umodzi - harrow imasankhidwa ku galimoto yowonongeka (iwo ali ndi kupititsa patsogolo).
Dziwani nokha ndi MT3-892, MT3-1221, Kirovets K-700, Kirovets K-9000, T-170, MT3-80, Vladimirets T-25, MT3 320, MT3 82 matrekta omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchito.Munda wapakatikati kapena wolemetsa wosasunthika wamtunda umafika pa 1 kapena 2 nyimbo. Kusankha chinthu "chophatikiza", yang'anani pa mzere wachiwiri. Zomera zachisanu "zimayendetsa" kudutsa chomera, pokhapokha potsatira 1.
Ubwino wa ntchito umatsimikiziridwa ndi zotsatirazi:
- Malo ayenera kukhala osasinthasintha.
- Kukula kwa phula sikuposa 4 cm.
- Namsongole amachotsedwa kwathunthu.
- Kutayika kwa mbewu sikuposa 3% (nthawi zonse harrow imatenga gawo la zomera).
Kutaya
Ndipotu, kumasulidwa "pamwamba" kupyolera mu ziphuphu kapena ziphuphu. Kuwunika kuchuluka kwa njira zisanafesedwe, koma zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'anira nyemba ndi nyemba zina.
Ndikofunikira! Mungathe kusintha maulendo a kuukira kwa "mwatsopano" harrow, poyang'ana zizindikiro zapadera. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi ndi mapulaneti a disk. Kuti uchitidwe opaleshoni, diskyo iyenera kukhazikitsidwa moyenera pa gawo lobiriwira.
Kutaya nthaka kumaphatikizapo zofunikira zomwe agrotechnical zimayendera monga kuyendetsa (tiyeni tiyankhule za pansipa). Onani kuti chinthu chofunika kwambiri ndiyomwe akuyendetsa diski yoyendetsera ntchitoyo poyendetsa kutsogolo. Fotokozerani kuti "mugwire" zakuya, ndikuiwala kusanganikirana kwa nthaka.
Kulima
Amapereka kumasula ndi kusakaniza pang'ono kwa nthaka ndi kukula kwake. Zimathandizanso kuchotsa namsongole. Zina mwa ubwino waukulu wa njirayi ndizoyendera bwino dziko lapansi ndi kutentha kwabwino.
Ntchito zoterozo ndizo mitundu iwiri:
- Zowonongeka (izo ziri masika ndi zisanayambe kufesa), zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi kutenga nawo mbali alimi olimbikitsa mpweya;
- Interrow. Zitha kuchitika panthawiyi poika zigawo zogwirira ntchito kuti zikhale zofunikira. Nthawi zambiri amalonda amagwiritsidwa ntchito (makamaka oyenerera mizere ndi mbewu zazu).
Mtolo waukulu umagwa pa "paws" (mano) a alimi. Kuzama kwa "kuthamanga" kumadalira mtundu wawo. Choncho, chifukwa chokhala ndi lancet, amatha kufotokozera masentimita 12, pamene mitsempha yotsekemera iyenera "kuyikidwa" ndi masentimita 18.
Pofuna kulima malo ang'onoang'ono, wamaluwa amagwiritsa ntchito fosholo ya Krot ndi mlimi wamtundu wotchedwa Tornado.Kulima nthaka kwa nthawi yaitali kumakhala njira yodziwika bwino yopangidwira, imatha kuonanso ngakhale m'minda yaing'ono ya khitchini, yomwe "imagwedezeka" ndi magalimoto.
Zofunikira ndi zophweka:- Kulumikiza molondola (kupitirira "kufalikira" sikuposa 1 masentimita).
- Kuperewera kwa ziphuphu kumunda (kungakhale 1 cm).
- Odulidwa kapena mano ayenera kukhala mu ndege imodzi, popanda zopotoka.
Opaleshoni yotereyi sichimasula woyendetsa galimoto, koma mwiniwake wa motoblock amayenera kugwira ntchito pa luso la kayendetsedwe ka ntchito (kotero kuti chipangizocho sichitha ").
Chiputu chosweka
Kutsegula ndi kusakaniza chapamwamba pamwamba pazitsamba ichi kumaphatikizidwa ndi kusaya namsongole, ndipo, makamaka, mbewu zotsalira. Zimalowa mkati (mpaka 18 masentimita), pomwe pang'onopang'ono zimavunda.
Pambuyo pake, mbeu yamsongole idzayamba kumera - munda uli ndi mphukira zatsopano. Sizowopsya, patangotha masabata angapo pambuyo poyang'ana, chiwembucho chimayimidwa kwa kuya kwa masentimita 23 mpaka 30. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kudula namsongole wamsongo kumapita ku feteleza.
Zikuwoneka ngati zovuta, koma phindu la magawo awiri a feteleza alandira kale, ndipo izi ndizokwanira pavala. Alimiwo amasankhidwa kuti agwirizane ndi kukula kwa munda (njira yaying'ono ndi yokwanira pa njira yaying'ono). 
Mkhalidwe wake umagwiritsidwanso ntchito - ndi zowonongeka zing'onozing'ono zidzakhala zokwanira zokhala ndi diski zokwanira 12 cm, koma pofuna kuthana ndi ming'alu yambiri, nthulayo iyenera kumangidwa ndi thirakitala yokhala ndi masentimita 18. Chifukwa cha dothi lolemetsa, diski yodzala ndi kupha pang'ono imatengedwa.
Mundawo umasindikizidwa pa zolembera, malo onse owopsa (miyala, maenje ndi zinyundo) amadziwika ndi zizindikiro. Njirayi ili kudutsa mbeu.
Ndikofunikira! Kuwaza kwachangu kudzakhala kothandiza pokhapokha ngati mapepala otsekemera akufika pamtunda wa 0.4-0.5 mm (koma osati). Zomwe zingapangidwe - osachepera 12-15 mm.Mtundu uli ndi zofunika izi:
- Kusasowa kwa "malire" a pulawu kapena diski pamene mukukonzekera.
- Magulu otsika otsika (mpaka 2 cm) amaloledwa.
- Zoposa theka la chiputu chimakhalabe.
Kulowetsamo
Izi sizoposa kungogwiritsira ntchito odzigudubuza. Chifukwa cha ntchito yoteroyo, dziko lapansi laphatikizidwa, zotsalira zotsalira zimatha, ndipo pamtunda wochepa dothi lamtunduwu umachotsedwa. 
Chida chachikulu ndichogudubuza. Iwo ali a mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- chosangalatsa;
- kukwera;
- toothed;
- kumveka;
- phala-spurs.
Zonsezi ndizozigawo zitatu zolemera - kuwala (ndi mphamvu ya 0.05-0.2 kg / sq. Cm), sing'anga (0.3-0.4) ndi katundu (0,5 kg / sq. Cm) . Pali kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha magawo - magawo atatu omwe amawoneka kuti ndi opambana kwambiri, okhala ndi madigiri oposa 50 cm.
Pa nthaka yowonongeka, odzigudubuza angagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi yonseyi: musanafese, nthawi ndi nthawi. Koma pa nthaka yonyowa, yolemetsa, rink ndi yopanda phindu - idzagwirizanitsa "vershok".
Kupukuta kwacheperachepera kuti kuyendetsere kuyenda paulendo wotsika (8-9 km / h). Malingana ndi mkhalidwe wa kumunda ndi nthawi ya osiyana odzigudubuza amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- Nthawi yozizizira yozizira imatha "kupitila" matchire a njuchi.
- Kutuluka kwachitsulo kunachotsedwa "mawilo".
- Katemera wachitidwa chithandizo.
- Musanafese, ndibwino kuti mutenge nyemba, yomwe ili yabwino kwa mbewu zing'onozing'ono.
Malovanie
Kulandila, mwinamwake kukumbukira kupukuta. Ntchitoyi ndi yofanana - kukulitsa dothi, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo kuti lisayigwirizane kwambiri.
M'malo mwa ayezi wamphamvu kwambiri, otchedwa aang'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ichi ndibokosi ya kutalika kwasinkhu ndi kupitirira 20 cm (ndi makulidwe khumi). Mphepete mwace amamatira tekitala ndi ndodo ziwiri.
Mukudziwa? Mu Chamber of Weights and Measures ku Paris pali "cube" ya dziko lapansi lakuda. N'zosangalatsa kuti mayesowa adatengedwa pafupi ndi Voronezh.
Pamene ukuyendayenda, imasunthira ndipo imawombera mazati akuluakulu, amagona mabowo omwe amasiyidwa ndikudula mapiri ang'onoang'ono. Njira yabwino yowonjezerera kumunda, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera ulimi wothirira.
Kutsegula
Pafupifupi zolinga zofananazi zimatsatiridwa ndi njira yothetsera. Zonse "zogulitsa" - zinyalala ndi mipiringidzo yolimba, yomwe imagwirizana ndi unyolo. Kawirikawiri pali "kumangirira" ndi mano omwe amaikidwa pamtanda kutsogolo. Kutsogolo kwa khungu, pamtunda, kumayima ndi mano. 
Chipangizochi "chimatseka chinyezi" m'chaka, osakayikira, pamene nsonga za crests pamtunda wouma zimauma. Zida zazing'ono zomwe zimagwidwa ndi zovuta ndizofunika kwambiri kuti zisamalire mbewu zosalala ndi mbewu zomwe zimafuna nthaka yosavuta. Zina mwa izo - fulakesi ndi shuga beet.
Njira zochepetsera zofunikira
Pamene ulimi uli m'mavuto, alimi ayenera kuchita kunja kwa bokosi. Zimakhala kuti njira zamakono zimathandizira pang'ono, ndiyeno muyenera kuphunzira njira yapadera panjira.
Bunk kulima
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa kusintha kwa malo a sod ndi sod-podzolic. Ili ndi njira yabwino kwa iwo omwe akukonzekera maphunziro a zikhalidwe zamakono.
Ndikofunikira! M'minda yaing'ono, zopangidwa ndizing'ono zopangidwira zimapezekanso mu mawonekedwe a barani yokhala ndi chitsulo. Phindu la "kulingalira" koteroko pa malo pang'ono - Zofanana zomwezo sizimapereka mphamvu zofunikira (zina zimalondola, kutenga mankhwala olemera).
Mlimi wamba si wothandizira pano - amatha kupanga zigawo ziwiri ndi zomangira. Kulima ndi kuya, mpaka masentimita 40. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo kumasulidwa kwa "pansi" pansi ndi kukulumikiza chapamwamba chapamwamba kumachitika.
Ngati mutsegula mapesi pamwamba, pamene mukudutsa m'munsimu, mungathe kukonza bwino mbande zamsongole.
Kulima katatu
Zitatu zitatu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana. Kuya kwake ndi kwakukulu kwambiri (mpaka theka la mita). Imeneyi ndi njira yokhayo yobweretsera moyo mvula yamchere. 
Mlimi ndi "atatu". Pakati pa "ndime", gawo lochepetseka la nthaka lasiyidwa pamwamba, ndipo mbali ziwiri za m'munsi zimayenda. Zotsatira zake, "bottoms" zimalimbikitsa mpira wouma, zakudya zimayambitsidwa, ndipo kutuluka kwa namsongole sikungatheke.
Konzani kulima
Mothandizidwa, mabokosi amamera, amakonza malo a mitengo (kuphatikizapo zipatso). Zozama zapamwamba - mkatikati mwa 50-70 masentimita.
Musanayambe kulima khasu ndi mano okwera mu nthaka, yesetsanso kuyang'ana zoopsa. Kulima kwakukulu sikukuyenera kugwira ntchito ndi malo okolola mbewu kapena mbewu. Inunso simungathe kuigwiritsa ntchito pamtunda ndi madzi okwera pansi - izi zidzachititsanso kuti salinization iyambe.
Mukudziwa? Ku boma la Alabama ku United States, chimangidwe chachitsulo chopangidwa ndi weevil chimamangidwa. Ichi chinali tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe anakakamiza alimi am'deralo kuti asiye kulima coton zaka zana zapitazo (tizilombo timadya mbewu zonse). M'malo mwake, anayamba kuyambitsa nthanga, zomwe zinapindulitsa kwambiri. Kotero chikumbutso ichi - Izi siziri nthabwala, koma ndi mtundu wa msonkho wopindulitsa.
Dziwani kuti khama silibweretsa zigawo zowonjezera kwambiri, zomwe zimakhalanso ndi zotsatira zoyipa pa zokolola. Pachifukwa ichi, pambuyo pake panagwiritsidwa ntchito feteleza, zomwe zidzabwezeretsanso zakudya zoyenera.Kutseka
Kulandira kumeneku kumapangitsanso kukonzanso malo osungira malo omwe ali pamtunda. Mpeni wapadera kapena splitter wothandizira amachititsa kuti zidutswa zikhale zakuya 40-60 masentimita.
Nthawi yomwe ili pakati pawo imayang'aniridwa ndi diso pa chilengedwe cha chinyezi. Pakuti malo owuma nthaka adzakhala 1 mamita, ngati chinyezi chikadalipo, mukhoza kuyeza ndi 1.5 mamita.
Kuthamanga
Kuwonjezera ngalande ndikuyendetsa aeration. Zipangizo zamakono zimayikidwa pa khama - zowonjezera, zomwe zimapangitsa nyama zam'madzi kukhala akuya 30-35 masentimita. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minks zikhale zosapitirira masentimita 8. Musanachoke, zowonjezera zimayikidwa m'kati mwa 1 kapena 2 m. 
Mukudziwa? Chitsanzo choyamba cha mgwirizano weniweni wapadziko lonse ndi chomwe chimatchedwa Columbus kusinthana. Pambuyo popeza America ku Old World, mwa zina, anayamba kuitanitsa chimanga ndi mbatata. Индейцы, в свою очередь, с удивлением взирали на невиданные доселе рис и капусту, рожь и фисташки.
Ntchito yotereyi ikuchitika mu kugwa kotero kuti matalala aatali komanso osungunuka sadzataya pansi - madzi adzatsikira ku mabowo osankhidwa. Tsopano mukudziwa momwe mungagwirire chiwembu chanu. Tikukhulupirira kuti mudzasankha woyenera kwambiri ku mitundu yonse yamakono. Lembani zokolola!
