Dothi lokonzekera bwino ndilofunika kwambiri kuti ukhale ndi chitukuko chochuluka komanso chitukuko cha malo anu obiriwira ndi mbewu za m'munda. Komabe, ziyenera kunyalidwa m'maganizo kuti zomera zosiyanasiyana zimafuna dothi losiyana, lomwe limagwirizana ndi kusiyana kwa chilengedwe cha kukula kwawo ndi zochitika zake. Nkhaniyi ikuthandizani kudziwa m'mene mungapangire nthaka kuti mukhale ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbande ndi manja anu.
Zomwe zimafunikira
Musanayambe kupanga dothi la mbande ndi manja anu, muyenera kulingalira kuti zolemba zake zikhoza kusiyana chifukwa cha zofunikira zosiyanasiyana za zomera zomwe zalinganizidwira kubzala, ndi kumvetsetsa zizindikiro zapamwamba zovomerezeka za nthaka iliyonse yoyenera zomera. 
Mndandanda wawo wamfupi waperekedwa pansipa.
Mukudziwa? Nthaka imakhala yachiwiri pa Dziko lapansi pambuyo pa nyanja ya carbon, yomwe imakhala yaikulu chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zachilengedwe.
- Nthaka iyenera kukhala ndi chonde chokwanira komanso yopanda malire. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuwonjezera pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala, iyenso iyenera kukhala ndi zigawo za mchere zomwe zimapangidwira bwino.
- Dothi liyenera kukhala losavuta, lokhazikika komanso lopanda phokoso kuti likhale lopanda mlengalenga kwa mizu ya zomera.
- Chinthu chofunikira m'nthaka ndikumatha kuyamwa chinyezi bwino osati kuchichotsa mofulumira, chomwe chakonzedwa kuti chiwonetsetse kuti yunifolomu ikuwombera lonse lonse la nthaka ndikuthandizira kuyamwa kwa chinyezi ndi mizu ya zomera.
- Ndikofunikira kufufuza mosamala mlingo wa acidity, womwe umasungidwa bwino pamtunda pafupi ndi ndale (pafupifupi 7.0).
- Chofunikira kuti chitukuko chokhazikika ndi kukula kwa mbande ndi kukhalapo mu nthaka ya tizilombo topindulitsa, zowonongeka zomwe zili zofunika kwa zomera.
Chimene chingathe ndipo sichingathe?
Musanayambe kukonzekera dothi la mbande, ndi bwino kumvetsetsa nokha mndandanda wa zigawo zomwe zilibe phindu lililonse.
M'pofunikanso kudziwa zigawo zomwe zimakhudza malo a dziko lanu ndikuthandizani kuti mubweretse kudziko lomwe mukulifuna mutabzala.
Mukudziwa? Nthaka ndi fyuluta yaikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe imadutsa madzi mamiliyoni ambiri chaka chilichonse.
Zinthu Zophatikizidwa
Kuti mupange dothi pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe, zomwe zimasakanikirana mosiyanasiyana kuti zithe kupeza malo omwe ali abwino kwambiri kwa mbande zanu.
Phunzirani za kukula mbande mu pepala la chimbudzi, mu cassettes, mapiritsi a peat, m'mapiritsi.Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, ziyenera kuwonetsa:
- humus;
- mazira (yaiwisi, youma ndi yosweka);
- phulusa la mitengo (birch ili ndi katundu wabwino);
- mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya moss;
- peat;
- nthaka yobiriwira (masamba ovunda a mitundu yonse ya mitengo, kupatula msondodzi ndi thundu, chifukwa ali ndi tannins ambiri);
- nthaka.
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zipeze dothi lapamwamba:
- osambitsidwa mchenga kuchokera pansi pa mtsinje. Ndikofunika kuti mukhale mthunzi wowala, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti mthunziwo ndi wamdima, ndipamene mawonekedwewa ali ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo manganese ndi chitsulo, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri zomera.
- hydrated laimu (kuchepetsa kukula kwa acidity);
- polyfoam inang'ambika mu zidutswa zing'onozing'ono;
- Hygirogel ndi chinthu chapadera, chomwe chimachokera kumatha kukonza chinyezi, chimalola kuchepetsa kuchulukitsa ndi kuchuluka kwa ulimi wothirira;
- Perlite ndi chinthu chomwe sichivulaza chilengedwe ndipo chimatha kumwa madzi ochulukitsa (pafupifupi 400 peresenti yake) ndipo pang'onopang'ono ziperekeni ku chomeracho. Zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kukonzetsa kutentha ndi mpweya wa nthaka;
- Vermiculite - ili ndi katundu wofanana ndi perlite, koma, kuphatikizapo, ili ndi zinthu zingapo, zomwe zimakhudza kukula kwa mbande. Zinthu ziwiri zomalizira mu mawonekedwe awo oyambirira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira za hydroponic zokula zomera;
- wothira dongo.
Zachigawo zosakondweretsedwa
Mndandanda wa zigawo zomwe sizingatheke mnthaka ndizitali kwambiri. Komabe, m'nkhani ino tidzatha kudziletsa okha ku zigawo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa moyenera, koma kwenikweni siziri.
- Musayambe kuwonjezera dothi, chifukwa chidzawonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe a nthaka, zomwe zidzasokoneza ubwino wake komanso zidzakulitsa kukula kwa mbande.
- Musati muwonjezere kuvulaza zigawo zina za nthaka. Nthendayi imakhala yofunikira kuti chitukuko chikhale bwino, komabe kuwonongeka kwa ntchito kumathandiza kuthetsa mwamsanga zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi nayitrogeni m'nthaka ndikuonjezera kutentha kwa dothi - zonse zoyamba ndi zachiwiri ndizosafunika kwambiri kwa mbande zazing'ono.
- Simungathe kutenga maziko osakaniza nthaka pafupi ndi misewu, mabasi, maulendo a ndege ndi midzi ya maluwa, chifukwa nthaka yotengedwa kuchokera pamenepo imakhala ndi poizoni wambiri zomwe zingasokoneze zomera zanu.
- Mbali zakufa za zomera zowonongeka siziyenera kuwonjezedwa kunthaka, popeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana, mazira a tizirombo ndi fungal spores angapitirire pa iwo.
Gulani kapena kuphika?
Aliyense amene adabzalapo zomera adadzifunsa kuti ndi nthaka yanji yomwe ndi bwino kusankha mbeu - yokonzeka kapena yophikidwa ndi manja anu? Tsoka, palibe yankho lolondola ku funso ili. Mlimi aliyense ayenera kupanga chisankho mogwirizana ndi zomwe akumana nazo.
Nthawi zina zimapezeka kuti nthaka yomwe imapezeka nthawi zonse sichitsata zosowa za mbande. Pankhaniyi, mukhoza kusintha nokha. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kuonjezera chonde cha nthaka yomwe inagulidwa mwa kuwonjezera utuchi kuti pakhale kukula kwa mbande za tomato ndi tsabola.
Zingakuthandizeni kuti muphunzire za kulima mbande za tsabola, tomato, parsnips, beets, eggplants, savoy kabichi.Mndandanda wa zowonjezera kukonzanso katundu wa nthaka yodulidwa ukhale ndi mfundo izi:
- Ndikofunika kufufuza pH ya sing'anga, ndipo ngati mutapeza zotsatira zomwe zimasiyana ndi zilolezo zovomerezeka, zimalimbikitsa kapena kuchepetsa nthaka;
- onetsetsani dothi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zili pansipa;
- Ngati muli ndi peat wambirimbiri, muyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito powonjezera 30-40% ya nthaka yamba yamaluwa;
- Pofuna kuwonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera, onjezerani hydrogel, vermiculite kapena perlite kunthaka.
Kukonzekera kwa dothi
Momwemo nthaka iliyonse, mosasamala kuti ndi mbewu ziti zomwe zimapangidwa - kaya tomato, tsabola, nkhaka kapena kabichi - kumafuna kukhazikitsidwa kwa ntchito zina zomwe zingathandizire kukula bwino ndi kukula bwino kwa mbande.
Muyenera kuyamba ndi kudula nthaka ndi mchenga kupyolera mu sieve, zomwe zimachotsa miyala ikuluikulu, mphutsi ndi mphutsi.
Disinfection
Akatswiri amalangiza kuti achite zimenezi kuti athetse tizilombo toyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana, mphutsi za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mazira a tizilombo toononga. Kawirikawiri gwiritsani ntchito njira imodzi yomwe ili pansipa.
- Kutentha. Pemphani kuti mukhale ndi mwezi umodzi musanafike nthawi yomwe mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito. Pachifukwa ichi, madzi osambira amamangidwa ndipo dothi limathamanga kwa maola angapo. Chivindikiro cha madzi osamba ayenera kukhala chatsekedwa mwamphamvu.
- Kuzizira Nthaka yokolola m'dzinja imasiyidwa kunja, kutsekedwa, potero kumachepetsa ingestion ya mphepo. Mwezi umodzi musanagwiritse ntchito, nthaka imabweretsedwa m'chipindamo, kutenthedwa, zigawo zina zimaphatikizidwanso ndikuyikidwa pamsewu.
- Kuwerengera. Njirayi ikuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito uvuni kapena chitofu. Nthaka imayikidwa pa thireyi, kuigwiritsa ntchito pamtunda wa masentimita 5-6. Kenaka achoke mu uvuni, usavutike mpaka madigiri 40-60, pa ola limodzi.
- Kuwomba Konzani yankho la potaziyamu permanganate, pamtingo wa 0,3 g pa 1 l madzi. Gwiritsani ntchito mosakanikirana ndi nthaka ndi njira yothetsera.
Kusintha kwa acid
Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, acidity ya nthaka iyenera kukhala yosalekeza, kapena kuti 6.5-7.0. Ngati, mutatha kuwona acidity, mumapeza zotsatira zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chimango ichi, kufunika koyambanso kusokoneza.
Ndikofunikira! Pambuyo pa kutayika, ndibwino kuti musalole kuti odwala azilowa m'nthaka, choncho ndibwino kuti muzisungire mu phukusi losindikizidwa komanso kuti muteteze nthaka ndi malo osasinthidwa.Ngati mutapeza zotsatira zomwe zimadalira mbali ya acidic (<6.5), dothi limafuna kutaya, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuwonjezera ufa wa dolomite, simenti, mandimu kapena phulusa padothi.
Ndikofunikira! Musamachite khama kwambiri pakuwonjezera phulusa padothi, chifukwa kuchuluka kwake kungachititse kuwonjezeka kwa nthaka.Ngati zotsatira zake zimakhala zamchere (> 7), m'pofunikanso kuwonjezera alum, citric acid, utuchi, masamba a spruce kapena birch sap yoyera ku nthaka yomwe ilipo.
Kukonzekera nthaka kusakaniza kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana
Mitengo yosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kukhalapo kwa zigawo zofanana zomwe zimapangidwa kwa iwo, zimakhala zofunikira zina zothandizira kuti zikhale bwino.
Mwachitsanzo, nthaka ya mbande ya tomato ndi tsabola iyenera kukhala ndi zinthu zina zamchere, choncho tikulimbikitsanso kuwonjezera phulusa phulusa. M'munsimu mungapeze maphikidwe popanga pochvosmesy yoyenera pa chikhalidwe china.
Kwa tomato
- Ukhondo - gawo limodzi.
- Sod kapena tsamba lapansi - gawo limodzi.
- Zida zojambula - gawo limodzi.
- Wood phulusa - 300-400 g iliyonse 10 kg.
Pakuti kabichi
- Malo a Sod - magawo atatu.
- Malo osayera - magawo atatu.
- Ukhondo - magawo 3.
- Zida zojambula - gawo limodzi.
Tsabola
- Ukhondo - gawo limodzi.
- Dziko la Sod - magawo awiri.
- Zida zojambula - gawo limodzi.
- Phulusa - 300-400 g pa ndowa.
Pakuti biringanya
- Dothi lachonde - gawo limodzi.
- Ukhondo - gawo limodzi.
- Zida zojambula - gawo limodzi.
Pakuti nkhaka
- Ukhondo - gawo limodzi.
- Dziko la Sod - gawo limodzi.
- Wood phulusa - 150-200 g pa ndowa kusakaniza.
Kwa saladi
- Malo osayera - magawo atatu.
- Peat - magawo awiri.
- Zida zojambula - magawo awiri.
Kwa udzu winawake
- Ukhondo - gawo limodzi.
- Dziko la Sod - magawo awiri.
- Zida zojambula - gawo limodzi.
- Wood phulusa - 300-400 g pa ndowa ya nthaka kusakaniza.
Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi ikuthandizani kuthetsa nkhani zokhudza kudzikonzekera kwa nthaka kwa zomera zanu. Kumbukirani kufunikira kokonza nthaka ndikugwiritsira ntchito kufunika kwa chomera pamtunda wina wa acidity - ndipo zotsatira sizidzatenga nthawi yaitali!
