Makhalidwe abwino ndi nthaka zomwe zili pamtengowu ndi zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa zimachokera ku izi zimadalira zokolola za mbewu zomwe anabzala. Lero tiyang'ana mitundu yambiri ndi mitundu ya kubereka, komanso kuyang'ana momwe mungadziwire ubwino wa malo m'munda wamunda ndipo ndi njira ziti zowonjezera ubwino wake.
Kubzala kwa nthaka
Nthaka, yomwe ingakhale yokwanira kapena yokhutiritsa zowonjezera zosowa za zomera zothandiza zinthu, imatengedwa kuti ndi yachonde. Izi zikutanthauza kuti zigawo zonse zofunika ndizoyendetsa bwino, zomwe zimalola kuti mbewu zobzala zidzuke ndikukula. Osakhala chonde kapena chochepa chonchi amatengedwa ngati nthaka, yomwe ilibe zinthu zina. 
Ndi nthaka ya mtundu imagawidwa mu:
- chonchi;
- mchenga;
- mchenga;
- loyamy;
- chiwonongeko;
- mphukira;
- nthaka yakuda
Ndikofunikira! Kubereka kwa nthaka kunakonzedweratu ndi kukula kwa kugwirizana kwa zigawo zake zonse.
Mitundu yobereka
Dziko lapansi likhoza kukhutira ndi zakudya chifukwa cha masoka ndi kukulitsa khalidwe lake mothandizidwa ndi njira zamagetsi. Chiberekero chikhoza kuwonedwanso kuchokera kumbali ya zokolola kapena phindu loperekedwa kukolola. Malingana ndi mfundo izi, kubala kumagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa.
Zotheka
Tanthauzo limeneli ndilo nthaka yomwe imakhala ndi zokolola zambiri nthawi ndi nthawi. Pankhaniyi, zimatengera zinthu monga nyengo ndi zida zaulimi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malo ena. 
Mwachitsanzo, m'nyengo yozizira nthaka yobiriwira - dothi lakuda - idzapatsa mbewu zocheperapo kusiyana ndi podzolic.
Tikukupemphani kuti muwerenge za mtundu wa nthaka ndi feteleza.
Zachilengedwe
Ichi ndi mtundu wa chonde, chomwe chimachokera ku zolemera za nthaka, mosasamala nyengo ndi ntchito zachuma.
Zopangira
Nthaka imadzaza ndi zinthu zofunikira phindu la ntchito zaumunthu, ndiko kuti, sizongowonjezedwa ndi njira zachirengedwe, koma ndi feteleza ndi kubzala.
Zochita (zachuma)
Kubereka kotereku ndikophatikizapo chikhalidwe chapamwamba ndi teknoloji yaulimi yomwe anthu amagwiritsa ntchito. Chigawo cha muyeso mu nkhaniyi ndi mbewu kapena mtengo wake. 
Momwe mungazindikire chonde pa siteti ndi zomwe zimadalira
Kubzala kwa malo pamalowo kumapangitsa kuti kulima bwino ndi kubzala zipatso zomwe zimabzalidwa, choncho ndikofunikira kudziwa momwe mbeuyo imabereka asanayambe kubzala.
Mukudziwa? Poyamba, dziko lathuli linali malo opanda miyala, ndipo panapita zaka zambiri kuti zikhale pansi. Zinachitika chifukwa cha nyengo - mphepo, mvula, madontho otentha ndi zina zambiri.
Thupi
Chimodzi mwa njira zoyenera kufufuza dothi ndikulingalira kwa thupi lake, monga: mapangidwe, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe, komanso malo a pansi pa nthaka. Zonsezi zingatsimikizidwe ndi diso, mutayang'anitsitsa mosamala malo omwe ali pa tsamba. Dothi lachonde liyenera kukhala lotayirira, porous ndi textured.
Kapangidwe kawo kamasamalidwa bwino ndipo kumapangitsa kuti aeration akhale abwino, kugawa bwino komanso kusungidwa kwa chinyezi, komanso kuwonetseratu nthawi zonse nthaka, ngati kuli koyenera kubzalidwa ndipo, ngati kuli kotheka, ndi feteleza osiyanasiyana. 
Chemical katundu
Kusanthula kwa mankhwala kumathandiza kwambiri kuti mudziwe za ubwino wa nthaka, pakati pa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo, tikhoza kusiyanitsa zotsatirazi:
- humus;
- phosphorus;
- potaziyamu.
Ngati panthawi yafukufuku, zizindikiro zonsezi zimakhala zosiyana, ndiye nthaka yotere imatha kuonongeka.
Ndikofunikira! Zakudya za potaziyamu, mchere komanso zowonongeka mosavuta zimachotsa nthaka yachonde.
Ngakhale kuti maphunziro sanawonetsere zotsatira zabwino, ndipo zinaoneka kuti pali kusowa kwa zigawo zothandiza, koma zoipa ndi zowopsa zilipo zochulukirapo, simuyenera kukwiyitsa, chifukwa mungathe kuzikonza. Momwe tingachitire izi - tidzangoyang'ana mtsogolo.
Zachilengedwe katundu
Kupezeka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya m'nthaka sizomwe zimakhala zolakwika, koma, mosiyana, ndikofunikira kuti zibereke. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timatha kusintha bwino dothi, kutulutsa chinyezi, kutentha, kutentha ndi mpweya wabwino. 
Nthaka imene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya akusowa kapena palibe kwathunthu amaonedwa kuti ndi osauka.
Mukudziwa? Dothi ndi fyuluta yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yothandiza kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuyeretsa ndi njira zitatu zomwe zimapangidwira ndikupanga fayilo, thupi ndi mankhwala.
Mmene mungakulitsire chonde
Ngakhale kuti mapangidwe ndi zolemba za nthaka ndi zovuta kwambiri zachilengedwe, timakhalabe ndi mwayi wogwira chonde ndikusintha. Kuti tichite zimenezi, m'pofunika kuganizira zovuta zambiri, komanso kuyambitsa feteleza, kutsata malamulo a kusintha kwa mbewu ndi teknoloji yaulimi ndizofunikira. 
Ngakhale nthaka ili ndi chonde bwanji, pali malamulo ambiri okhutira kapena kukonza:
- kubzala mbewu zapakati pa chaka chobiriwira;
Zokongola kwambiri za nthaka ndi lupine, mafuta odzola mafuta, oats, rye ndi phacelia.
- Nthaka ina iliyonse zaka 4-5, ndiko kuti, palibe mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa, nthaka "amayenda", koma nthawi yomweyo imalimidwa ndi feteleza ndi zinthu zakuthupi mu kasupe ndi yophukira;
- Chodzala zomera: Zimatha kukhala adyo, marigold, chitsamba chowawa kapena zomera zina zomwe zingathe kusokoneza nthaka.
Clayey
Mbali yachitsulo imayikidwa ngati yopanda chifukwa cha:
- nyumba yokhwima;
- kutentha kwakukulu;
- kufalitsa mpweya wosakwanira;
- Kusagwirana bwino kwa chinyezi (icho chikusungidwa pamwamba ndipo sichilowetsa m'munsi).
Koma, ndi zonsezi, nthaka ya dongo imatengedwa kuti ndi yolemera kwambiri, ndipo ngati ikuyendetsedwa bwinobwino, mukhoza kukula bwino zomera zambiri. 
Zomwe zingathandize kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino ayenera kukhala motere:
- Ndikofunika kumasula dziko lapansi kuti liwone masentimita oposa 25 ndipo potero limapereka mazira, izi zikhoza kuchitika pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga kapena peat, pamtunda wa makilogalamu 30 pa 1 mita imodzi. m
- Pofuna kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mabakiteriya, manyowa kapena kompositi amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
- Kuchepetsa acidity yogwiritsira ntchito liming.
Ndikofunikira! Mitengo iyenera kufesedwa mozama mu nthaka ya dothi, izi zidzathandiza mizu kukhala bwino, kupeza chinyezi chofunikira ndi zakudya.
Sandy
Nthakayi imaonedwa kuti ndi yosauka, chifukwa ili ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi. Koma makonzedwe ake sangathe koma kusangalala, chifukwa mchenga umathamanga ndipo mpweya umayenda bwino.
Amapereka madzi bwino, osateteza kuti asadwale, koma nyengo yotentha imakhala yogwirizana ndi zochepetsetsa za nthaka ino, chifukwa chinyezi chimatuluka pang'onopang'ono, choncho muyenera kuika peat, manyowa ndi kompositi mmenemo kuti muonetsetse kusungidwa kwa madzi.
Izi ndizochitika bwino m'dzinja. 
Nthawi zonse feteleza ndi zovuta zamchere feteleza ndi zofunika kwambiri.
Ndibwino kuti abwere nawo nthawi ndi nthawi, komanso m'zigawo zing'onozing'ono, kuti zakudya zisamatsukidwe ndi mvula, koma zimaperekedwa ku zomera.
Kukulitsa nthaka pogwiritsa ntchito zida. Ayenera kufesa mozama masentimita 13-15, kuti apeze chinyezi chokwanira.
Mukudziwa? 95% mwa zomwe anthu amadya akukula padziko lapansi.
Msuzi wa Sandy
Nthaka yotereyi ndi njira yabwino kwambiri, yomwe imagwirizanitsa bwino dongosolo labwino komanso zakudya zambiri. Kudyetsa dothi la mchenga ndilofunikira kokha pamene latha kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, zovuta zamchere feteleza ndi zinthu zakuthupi zimayambitsidwa. 
Loamy
Nthakayi ili ndi maonekedwe abwino ndipo ili yoyenera kubzala mbewu zambiri. Palibe chofunika kuti mukhale ndi ubwino wake, ndizofunika kuonetsetsa kuti sizingatheke, ndipo pazimenezi mumayenera kusungunula nthawi zonse ndikupanga feteleza zovuta m'thupi mwanthawi yake. 
Limescale
Nthaka yosauka kwambiri, yomwe imakhala ndi miyala yambiri, koma ikhoza kukhala yabwino ngati mugwiritsa ntchito zidule zingapo, monga:
- nthawi zonse kumasula nthaka;
- kudyetsa mineral complexes;
- mulch nthaka;
- chomera manyowa;
- nthawi zonse urea ndi ammonium sulphate kuti acidification.
Pezani chomwe chili chofunika kwambiri cha nthaka kwa zomera, momwe mungadziwire acidity ya nthaka pamtengowo, komanso momwe mungasokonezere nthaka.
Pokumbukira malamulo ophweka a sayansi yamagetsi, n'zotheka kukula mbewu iliyonse pamwala wamatumbo. 
Marshland
Dothi ngatilo limasankhidwa kukhala losabala, koma panthawi yomweyo ndi losavuta kulima ndi kulipitsa, chifukwa ichi muyenera kuchita zotsatirazi:
- kukumba mozama kuti akweze mchenga wa mchenga;
- kupanga manyowa, kompositi, slush kapena zowonjezera zowonjezerapo kuti zikhazikitse chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda;
- Dyetsani nthaka ndi feteleza ndi phosphorous ndi potaziyamu.
Ndikofunikira! Kukulitsa dothi la nthaka ndi lalikulu chifukwa chodzala currants, gooseberries, strawberries ndi chokeberry, ili ndi zakudya zokwanira pamoyo wawo wamba, ndipo safuna kusowa kowonjezera.
Kuti normalize acidity kupanga laimu. 
Chernozem
Malo okongola - dothi lakuda - ndi nthaka yabwino, yomwe siimasowa kukonzanso khalidwe, ndipo kuipa kwake kungangoyesedwa chabe chifukwa cha kusowa kwake. Ngati pali malo oterewa, muyenera kuyamikila, kuti: kuteteza kuwonongeka kwake, kupanga mchere ndi zakudya zamchere m'nthawi yake, chomera manyowa ndi kuzisiya ngati kuli kofunika. 
Video: Njira zisanu ndi zitatu zowonjezera chonde
Ndemanga kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti
Nsomba ya zaka khumi ndi zisanu (10) ya mpiru imabzala kawiri pa chaka popanda kubzala. Pali udzu wochuluka ndipo dziko silimveka. Inu mumayenda pa iyo ngati msewu wotsekedwa. Pamabedi, nditatha kukolola, ndimabzala mpiru, ndipo kugwa pansi pa mafoloko ndimakulungira m'mabedi. Malinga ndi zomwe ndaphunzira, maphala a kompositi amapereka zotsatira zabwino, ndikuyika zonyansa zonse (udzu, zotsalira za zakudya, ndi zina zotero) zokhudzana ndi manyowa (kukhala moyo) komanso zaka 2-3 sindimakhudza muluwu, monga feteleza. Pambuyo pa kuwonjezera pa mabedi kuphatikiza mchenga (Ndili ndi nthaka yakuda ndi kusakaniza pang'ono kwa dothi), zotsatira za zokolola zimawoneka ndi zofunikira.
Siderata mu lingaliro langa sizosangalatsa mtengo. Phacelia mpaka ruble 300 pa kilogalamu imabwera. Ndipo iye ali nane mwachangu kwambiri kuposa mpiru. Zosakaniza, pofesa, ndizofunika kuzizira kwambiri (burashi ikamera) ndiye pangakhale pang'ono. Chaka chino ndikufuna kuyesa kosatha - kubzala woyera clover. Pankhani ya udzu, kuyambitsa udzu m'nthaka kumapangitsa kuti tizilombo timene timayambitsa nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous kuti tipewe minda ya udzu, yomwe imayenera kukhala ndi nayitrogeni wambiri, motero kuwononga chakudya cha zomera. (Andrei Mikhailovich Gradzinsky "Pulani Physiology ndi Biochemistry"). Monga akunenera, udzu ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunthaka, koma kokha komanso chifukwa chodyetsa rye kapena oats. Okondedwa othandizira, ndinakufotokozerani zomwe ndakumana nazo.
Tsopano mukudziwa kuti zambiri zimadalira khalidwe, lomwe ndilo kubereka kwa nthaka, koma nthawi zonse pali mpata wokonza. Chinthu chachikulu: kuti mudziwe bwinobwino za dera lanu, ndiyeno, kumanga pa zotsatira zake, kusintha kapena kusunga bwino nthaka.
