Bowa wa govorushka: khalidwe ndi oyimira wamkulu wa mtundu

Osankha bowa omwe amasonkhanitsa govorushki amadziwika bwino - pakati pa bowawa pali mitundu yosawerengeka. Musanayambe kupeza zomwe mwapeza ku dengu, muyenera kudziwa ndondomeko ya oyankhula. Ngati ndikukayikira pang'ono kuti ndi bowa wodyedwa, ndibwino kuti musamalitenge. Pansipa tikambirana za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya govorushek: lalanje, nyengo yachisanu, nyerere, zigoba ndi zina (chakudya ndi inedible).

Zamkatimu:

• Thupi la zipatso
• Hat
• Mwendo
• Zolemba
• Spore powder
• Kufalikira ndi zachilengedwe govorushek
• Nkhumba Zodyera mitundu
• Voronchataya
• Kusuta kofiira
• Zima
• Momwemo zimadyera
• Aniseed
• Zosangalatsa
• Goblet
• Bulavonogaya
• Kusuta
• Orange
• Undercut
• Snowy
• Chimake
• Omwe amalankhula mawu owopsa
• Wachizungu
• Zakale (imvi)
• Brown chikasu
• Anagwedezeka
• Grooved
• Cash
• Kusinthidwa
• Wofooka wamanyeketsa
• Ndemanga

Makhalidwe onse ndi kufotokoza za mtundu

Mu anthu, bowawa amadziwika pansi pa mayina govorushka, kapena ryadovka. Ku Russia, bowa amatchedwa kubwereza chifukwa cha kukula kwa mulu: pafupi ndi woimira mitundu imeneyi padzakhalanso achibale ake ena khumi osiyana, ngati kuti khamu lonse linasonkhana kuti liyankhulane.

Kafukufuku wa sayansi govorushek:

• mtundu - Clitocybe;
• ali a dipatimenti ya basidiomycetes;
• gulu la agaricomycetes;
• dzina lavalinali - agaric;
• a m'banja ryadovkovyh.

Ndikofunikira! Si zachilendo kwa osankha bowa kuti azilakwitsa ndi bowa wofanana kwambiri ndi mabanja ena kuti apite govorushkas. Ndibwino kuti musonkhanitse govorushki (ryadovki) osankha bowa "ndi zodziwa", chifukwa ndi kosavuta kulakwitsa mu mitundu yosiyana siyana.

Oyankhula akugawanika:

• kudya;
• kudya;
• woopsa.

Zakudya zolimbitsa thupi zimatha kudya pambuyo pa kutentha kwa chisanafike (kutentha). Kusiyanitsa kwawo ndi anzawo omwe ali ndi poizoni ndikuti makapu awo ali obiriwira kwambiri ndipo fungo siliri lofewa kwambiri.

Dziwani mitundu yambiri yomwe imapezeka ndi bowa.

Thupi la zipatso

Kawirikawiri pamene thupi la chipatso lifika kukula, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zimakhala zofala, ndi zipewa zosaposa masentimita asanu. Pamene bowa ali wamng'ono, thupi loyera limatuluka. Mu bowa wakale, imakula, imatha kutaya ndipo imakhala yochepa.

Hat

Mitundu yodabwitsa ya mafelemu a chipewa ndi aang'ono, mpaka 6 cm, ngakhale, mwachitsanzo, chipewa chachikulu chingakhale ndi masentimita 20 cm. Bowa lomwe langoyamba kutuluka pansi liri ndi kapu yozungulira, m'mbali mwake imatembenuzidwa mkati. Patapita nthawi, chipewacho chikuwongolera ndipo chikuwonjezeka m'mimba mwake. Mu bowa wokalamba, amatha kutsogolo ndipo amatha kutenga mawonekedwe a goblet. Kunja kwa chipewa cha bowa kulibe kukula, kopanda phokoso, kosalala, koma pakhoza kukhala madontho achilendo pa izo, monga mawonekedwe a nkhungu - izi ndizochepa za bowa mycelium. Zitha kukhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: zofiira, zoyera, zofiirira, zofiira, zobiriwira kapena mitundu yonse ya ocher. Pakati pa chipewa, mtundu umakhala wokhutira kwambiri, ndipo pamphepete mwawo umakhala wotentha komanso wotumbululuka.

Mwendo

Msola suli wandiweyani, mu mawonekedwe a silinda, kutalika kwake kumadalira mtundu wa mizera ndi msinkhu wawo. Kawirikawiri kutalika kwa mwendo kumachoka pa masentimita 3 mpaka 8, makulidwe ake amasiyana ndi 5 mm mpaka 2-3 masentimita. Nthaŵi zambiri kuli koweta kwa nthaka pafupi ndi phazi la bowa.

N'zosangalatsa kudziwa kuti bowa amadyera bwanji mu May.

Zolemba

Mabala pa mizere ali ndi kuwala kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, iwo amagwirizana ndi diagonally, kutsika mwendo. Masamba olankhulira anise

Spore powder

Kukonzekera-kubala (okhwima) spores amaoneka ngati woyera kapena wofiira-pinki ufa.

Mukudziwa? Chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa za bowa za govorushki ndizo mitundu yawo yachilendo ya kukula. M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, bowa limakula ngati malo osayera ndipo sizinatchulidwe china "mphete zamatsenga". Ndiye iwo ankaganiza kuti zizindikiro zoterozo zikanakhalabe zitatha pambuyo pa kuvina kozungulira komwe kutsogoleredwa ndi mizimu yoipa.

Kufalikira ndi zachilengedwe govorushek

Mtundu wa Clitocybe uli ndi mitundu 250 ya makoswe. Ku Russia, Ukraine ndi Belarus pafupifupi mitundu 100 ya bowawu imakula, ndipo ena mwa iwo amakhala oopsa kwambiri. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa mitundu ya poizoni kuchokera ku zakudya kapena kudya, monga momwe zimayanjanirana.

Bowa lolankhula lilime likupezeka paliponse m'mayiko ozungulira nyengo: ku Russian Federation (kuchokera ku Far East mpaka ku Moscow), Ukraine, Belarus, Britain, Belgium, ndi mayiko ena a ku Asia. Clitocybe amapezeka pamadyo, m'minda, m'nkhalango za spruce.

Popeza bowa mwatsopano amawasungira kwa nthawi yochepa kwambiri, muyenera kudziwa momwe mungayamire mchere, kuzizira, kuziphika kapena kuwuma.

Nkhumba Zodyera mitundu

Zakudya zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motere:

• pamene mukuphika supu za bowa;
• yokazinga ndi masamba;
• Ikani udzu wa bowa;
• pogwiritsa ntchito iwo kukonzekera bowa gravy ndi sauces;
• msilikali wamchere wamchere;
• kuzizira ndi kuzungulira m'nyengo yozizira;
• mitundu ina yauma.

Bowa awa ndi oyenera zakudya zamtundu uliwonse, chifukwa ali ndi zakudya zochepa. Ziphuphu za bowa pang'ono zili ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimathandiza anthu:

• mapuloteni a masamba;
• fiber;
• amino acid;
• mineral substances;
• Mavitamini B;
• macronutrients;
• kufufuza zinthu.

Nkhumba zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta a m'magazi m'magazi a munthu, kuika nawo zakudya m'thupi kumakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya m'mimba ndi m'matumbo. Omwe amamwa mankhwala amatha kudziwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera antibacterial a bowa awa, amachiza chifuwa chachikulu cha TB ndikuthandizira, ndipo klitocybin mmenemo ndi mbali ya mankhwala oletsa khunyu.

Mukudziwa? Bowa yaikulu kwambiri ya mtundu wa Armillaria uli ndi mahekitala pafupifupi 15 a nthaka. Asayansi atsimikiza kuti dera lonseli lakhala pansi pa nthaka ndi padziko lapansi mwa njira zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi bowa. Izi zinauzidwa kwa owerenga ndi nyuzipepala ya "New York Times" mu 1992.

Voronchataya

Phokosoli, dzina lachilatini la Clitocybe gibba, ndi bowa wabwino kwambiri, ndipo mwina bowa wambiri m'nkhalango zathu. Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewa cha bowa wamkulu chikukwera mmwamba ngati mawonekedwe a mbale, m'lifupi mwake kuchokera m'mphepete mpaka pamtunda ndi 10-12 masentimita. Kulemera kwake kwa kapu kumakhala kochepa kwambiri ndipo kumakhala kofiira. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana ndi bulauni (wofiirira) kupita ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ocher (chikasu, fawn). Thupi la kapu lili ndi mtundu woyera kapena wobiriwira, utoto wochepa wa amondi, umatha mosavuta.
• Msola uli wofewa, monga mawonekedwe a kanyumba kakang'ono kapenanso kowonjezera kumtunda ndi longitudinal grooves. Miyendo imatalika kufika pamasentimita 6-6.5 Mtundu ndi umodzi kapena ziwiri zizindikiro zowala kuposa mtundu wa kapu.
• Ma mbalewo ndi opapatiza, omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mtungwana waung'ono ndi woyera, wakale - wachikasu, kuchokera pamphepete mwa kapu pang'onopang'ono amatsikira ku tsinde la bowa.
• Malo ogawidwa - Russia, mayiko a ku Ulaya, North America.
• Kumene kumapezeka: m'mapaki ndi m'nkhalango. Amakonda mapulaneti awiri oyenda pansi ndi nkhalango zapruce. Amakonda malo abwino kwambiri, choncho kawirikawiri kufalitsidwa kwa mizere kungapezeke pambali mwa msewu wa nkhalango, pamtunda wodula kapena m'nkhalango.

Voronovaya govorushka zakudya, koma thupi lake ndi lalikulu komanso lolimba. Kuphika amagwiritsa ntchito bowa pang'ono. Chofunika chophika cha miyendo ya bowa ichi ndi chochepa, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha.

Pezani zomwe bowa zodyedwa komanso zowawa zimakula pamtengo.

Kusuta kofiira

Lilime lachibvundi loyera, dzina lachilatini la Clitocybe robusta, ndi bowa wokoma ndi wodyedwa.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewa chimakhala champhongo ndi chotalika, masentimita 5 mpaka 20. Chipewa chachinyamatayi chimakhala chokwera, chokwera pansi, pamene chimakula, chimakhala chokwera pansi kapena chimayang'aniridwa pang'ono ndi mpweya wokongoletsedwa kapena wokhota. Mtunduwu umachokera ku zoyera zoyera (imvi) kupita ku chikasu chodetsedwa, mu bowa wakale chikhotocho chimakhala choyera, pamwamba pa pang'ono. Zowononga spores zimawoneka ngati ufa woyera.
• Mwendo. Pa bowa aang'ono pali kuphulika pansi pa nthaka (mawonekedwe a chibonga), pamene kukalamba kumakula, kuzungulira kumatulutsa kunja, koma mwendo umapeza zidule zambiri pafupi ndi mizu. Masamba aang'ono amamasuka, fibrous, opanda voids. Mu bowa wakale, mwendo umakhala wofewa, wofiira, wonyezimira komanso ndi fungo la zipatso.
• Plate - nthawi zambiri ili pansi pa kapu, kumatsika pang'ono. Pa bowa achinyamata - woyera, wochuluka - wachikasu kapena pang'ono kirimu.
• Malo ogawanitsa - dera la Europe, Far East.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: amasankha nkhalango ndi mitengo yambiri ya mitengo yamtengo wapatali kapena mitengo yosakaniza ya spruce ndi mtengo. Amakonda malo otentha (m'mphepete mwa nyanja, glades) ndi chotupa kapena coniferous malita. Amakula m'magulu a zidutswa zisanu kapena zisanu, bowa amaikidwa m'mphete, mphete zapakati kapena mizere, sizibala zipatso chaka chilichonse ndipo zimakhala zochepa.
• Chimene chingasokonezeke: osankha omwe ali ndi bowa osadziŵa akhoza kusokonezeka ndi kupalasa koopsa, chowonekera kwambiri ndi fungo losasangalatsa la bowa woopsa.

Chokoma kwambiri bowa, ntchito zosiyanasiyana zophikira mbale: yophika, yokazinga, stewed, mchere ndi marinated. Musanayambe kukonzekera kwa mbale iliyonse, nthawi yowonjezera yophika ndi yofunikira kwa mphindi 15-20, kenako bowa wophika amatsukidwa ndi madzi. Katemera woterewu ndi wokonzeka kupeza mankhwala owonjezera.

Mukudziwa? Mitundu ina ya ryadovok imatha kutulutsa kuwala kwa phosphorescent, mwachitsanzo, miseche yofiira (Clitocybe rivulosa) usiku imatulutsa mtundu wobiriwira.

Zima

Govorushka yozizira, dzina lachilatini la Clitocybe brumalis, ndi bowa wabwino wodyedwa. Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewacho chimakhala chapakati pa 5-6 masentimita; mu bowa umene wangotuluka kuchokera mu nthaka, ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, ophwanyidwa pansi. Mu bowa lalikulu, imasunthira pansi (pansi), m'kale imatenga kapu kachiwiri. Pakatikati chipewa chili chokwera, kumbaliyo chimakhala chochepa kwambiri ndipo chimakhala chowopsa. Mtundu wa chipewa ndi mkaka, wosuta fodya, ndi msinkhu kuwala kwake kwa mtundu kumatayika. Thupi la bowa ndi labwino, loperekera ndi fungo lokoma. Pamene zouma, thupi limakhala loyera, komanso kuchapidwa spores.
• Msola ndi utali wotenga nthawi, ngati mawonekedwe a silinda. Kutalika - 3-4 masentimita, makulidwe - mpaka 50 mm. Mtundu wa miyendo kawirikawiri umagwirizana ndi mtundu wa chipewa, ndi nthawi yomwe mtundu wa umodzi ndi winayo umakhala wochepa kwambiri.
• Ma mbalewo amapezeka mobwerezabwereza, opapatiza, amatsikira pansi. Mtundu wa mbalewo ndi wofiira kapena wofiira.
• Malo omwe akugawidwa ndi mbali ya Ulaya ya Russian Federation, mapiri a Far East, mapiri a Caucasus, Ukraine, Poland, Germany, Denmark, Africa (kumpoto) ndi America.
• Kumene amachitikira: nyengo yozizira imakula bwino pa zowola zinyalala za vegetative. Makamaka amakonda kukula mu pine minda.

Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga Bokosi labwino kwambiri la bowa, lili ndi chidwi kwambiri, likugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera maphunziro oyambirira ndi achiwiri. Komanso zabwino kwambiri mu pickles ndi marinades.

Momwemo zimadyera

Kusiyana pakati pa bowa ndi zakudya zomwe zimapezeka ndi bowa ndizoti sangagwiritsidwe ntchito popanda chithandizo. Mitundu ina imayenera kutentha (mwinamwake kangapo) ndikusambitsanso m'madzi oyera. Mitundu ina ya bowa yomwe imatha kulowera maola angapo m'madzi kapena m'madzi ambiri. Bowa awa akhoza kudyedwa, koma ayenera kuyamba kukhala ochizira.

Aniseed

Kulankhulana, mu Chilatini dzina limveka ngati Clitocybe odora. Kawirikawiri bowa uwu amatchedwa kutsekemera kokometsetsa kapena kununkhira. Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chophimbacho chikutalika masentimita 4 mpaka 9, mawonekedwewo amayamba kugwedezeka pang'ono, akukula, akuwonekera ngakhale ku dziko. Nthawi zina pakati pa chipewa chimapweteka fossa. Mtunduwo ndi wodabwitsa, wofiira wabuluu, kofunda ndi kosalala. Manyowa a bowa ali ndi madzi ofanana kwambiri, mtundu wa imvi ndi fungo looneka bwino la nyerere. Fungo ili linakhala ngati maziko a zinthu zina zotchulidwa pamwambapa.
• Msola ndi wofiirira, wamtengo wapatali kapena wokhala ndi azitona tinge, monga mawonekedwe a tinthu tomwe timakhala tomwe timakhala tomwe timapanga pansi. Thupi la tsinde pafupi ndi nthaka limakonzedwa pang'ono ndi mycelium.
• Ma mbalewo ali kwambiri pansi pa kapu, lonse. Chobiriwira chobiriwira.
• Malo ogawa - Kumapiri a Kum'maŵa, kumapiri a Caucasus, Europe.
• Kumene amachitikira: mu spruce ndi chomera chomera. Chimake cha kukula kwa bowa chiri pakati pa September.
• Zomwe zingasokonezeke - mzere (govorushku) anise amawoneka ofanana ndi govorashka onunkhira. Mukhoza kuzisiyanitsa ndi mitundu: yotsiriza ndi yachikasu.

Bowa ndi wa mtundu wa zakudya zomwe zimadya, choncho ziyenera kukhala zophikidwa kwa mphindi 15-20. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha kumataya fungo lake losazolowereka. Zimatengedwa kuti ndi bowa labwino kwambiri, ndipo makamaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa salting.

Zosangalatsa

Fungo ndi zonunkhira, dzina lachilatini ndi Clitocybe zonunkhira.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chophimbacho ndi kukula kwapakatikati, m'lifupi kuchokera pamphepete mpaka kumapeto - kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 masentimita. Kumayambiriro kwa kukula kumakhala kozungulira, kenaka imawongoka ndipo imayendayenda mosiyana, imakhala m'mbali mwake. Mtundu wa chipewacho umasiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wochokera ku chikasu chachikasu mpaka phokoso lowala, mithunzi imakhala yosiyana. Msuzi wamadzi ndi ofewa, ofooka kwambiri, oyera. Pamene zamkati zimathyoka, kununkhira kwa madontho a anise kumamveka. Zowononga spores zimawoneka ngati ufa woyera.
• Miyendo ya msinkhu imakhala ya 3-5 masentimita, makulidwe - kuchokera 50mm mpaka 1 masentimita. Maonekedwe a mwendo ndi amtundu wapatali, ngati mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Mtundu nthawi zonse umagwirizana ndi mtundu wa kapu, makamaka izi ndi mitundu yambiri ya chikasu.
• Ma mbalewo ndi opapatiza, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala pamutu, pang'onopang'ono akutsikira ku tsinde. Mtundu wa mbalewo umakhala woyera, mu bowa wakale umakhala wofiirira.
• Malo ogawanitsa - dera la Ulaya, South America, North Africa.
• Kumene amachitikira: mu conifers, komanso mu zosakanikirana, kufalitsa maluwa kumayambira pakati pa mwezi wa September. Nkhumba zimakula mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zoyambirira za October, panthawi yamvula ndi yamvula, fruiting ikhoza kutha mpaka kumapeto kwa October. Kupalasa ndi zonunkhira ndi gulu lalikulu kapena mizere, kuchokera ku 5-7 mpaka 50 bowa pamalo amodzi.
• Chimene chikhoza kusokonezeka ndi bowa chodyera ndi kulemba kwa anisic, kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa mitundu iyi ndi mtundu wachikasu wa kapu yamoto.

Osatchuka kwambiri pakati pa osankha a bowa, koma ali ndi malonda abwino. Zili m'gulu la zakudya zomwe zimadya, zimadya pambuyo pa chithandizo choyambirira cha kutentha (kutentha kwa mphindi 20). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga pickling ndi pickling.

Goblet

Govorushka goblet, dzina lachilatini limawoneka ngati Clitocybe cyathiformis. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti bowa amatha kudya.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Tsambani makapu 4 mpaka 8 masentimita, mu mawonekedwe a chikho chachikulu kapena ndodo. Mphepete mwa chipewacho ndi osagwirizana, nsalu, nkhope ndi yofewa komanso yopanda madzi (m'nyengo yozizira), ndi mvula yambiri. Mtundu ndi wofiirira, imvi, mtundu wa zamkati ndi wofanana (mithunzi yochepa imakhala yowala). Makhalidwe abwino ndi madzi. Zowononga spores zimawoneka ngati ufa woyera.
• Lamulo lalitali (4-7 masentimita), loonda (mpaka 50 mm), pubescent pafupi ndi nthaka. Mtundu wake ndi wofanana ndi wa chipewa, kapena matani 2-3. Mphuno yamagazi yambiri, yovuta.
• Ma mbalewo sapezeka, pang'onopang'ono amatsika kuchoka pa kapu kupita ku tsinde, mtundu wawo ndi mthunzi womwewo ndi chipewa, koma pang'ono.
• Malo ogawidwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi dera la Ulaya la Russian Federation.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: spruce ndi zomera zosakanikirana, mabotolo a m'nkhalango ndi madera ozungulira. Mycelium amamera pazitsulo zamatabwa ndi coniferous pillow. Khalani m'magulu ndi amodzi.
• Chomwe chingasokonezedwe ndi: bowa amawoneka ngati mzere wodula, koma amasiyana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a kapu, mtundu wofiirira wofiirira, tsinde lakuya ndi tsinde lakuda.

Pambuyo pa kuchepa kwa madzi otentha (mphindi 20), mukhoza kuthira mchere kapena kukonzekera nyengo yozizira mu marinade.

Bulavonogaya

Lilime laling'onoting'ono, dzina lachilatini Clitocybe clavipes. Ali ndi mayina angapo (Tolstonog, ngati mpira).

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewacho ndi chachikulu kwambiri, mpaka masentimita 8. Wachinyamata amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a phokoso, kenaka amadziwongola pang'ono pang'ono ndi bowa lamphongo, lopangidwa ndi chipewa chomwe chimakongoletsedwa mu ndodo. "Mng'oma" yomwe ili ndi ngodya yaing'ono, mtundu wake ndi wosakaniza mtundu wa bulauni ndi imvi, ndipo nthawi imatha. Mphuno ya kapu ndi madzi, okoma ndi ophwanyika, ali ndi fungo lokoma.
• Tsinde limayendetsedwa pansi, kenako limakhala lozungulira, ndipo mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi nsabwe yosasunthika. Kutalika - kuyambira 5 mpaka 8 masentimita, makulidwe - 50-70 mm. Manyowa amtundu wambiri, wofiirira, wopanda voids. Pa zotupa m'munsi, mukhoza kuwona macelilium ngati mawonekedwe.
• Ma mbalewo amakhala okonzeka kwambiri, poyera imvi, monga bowa amakula amatha kukhala ndi chikasu. Ali pansi pa chipewa ndipo pang'onopang'ono amatsikira kumlendo.
• Malo ogawawa ndi dera la Ulaya, mapiri a Caucasus, mapiri a Far East ndi kum'mwera kwa Siberia.
• Kumene amachitikira: m'mabzala a masamba ndi conifers osakanikirana ndi birch. Mutha kuona chipinda cham'madzi chimakhala chochulukira komanso chokha. Первые грибы вырастают во второй декаде августа, наибольшее плодоношение наступает в сентябре, последние грибы можно встретить даже в конце октября.

Вкус у них весьма посредственный, хотя после термической обработки можно кушать. Msuzi umene bowawu umaphika umatenthedwa (uli ndi poizoni), bowa amatsukidwa bwino mumadzi abwino ndipo atatha kuphika. Wophika uwu ndi wophika, wophika, wokazinga, wamchere komanso wamchere.

Ndikofunikira! Ngati mukufuna kupanga phwando ndi kumwa mowa, palibe chithandizo chomwe chidzagwiritsidwe patebulo - kuphatikiza ndi zakumwa zoledzera, bowa uwu umakhala woopsa kwambiri.

Kusuta

Kusuta fodya, m'Chilatini dzina lake limawoneka ngati Clitocybe nebularis. Izi zosiyanasiyana zimatchedwanso govorushkoy smoky gray. Makampani opanga mankhwala amapanga mankhwala ophera antibiotic omwe ali mu bowawa ndikukonzekera mankhwala omwe amachokera.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Kapuyo ndi yaying'ono kapena yayikulu kwambiri, yomwe imafika kufika masentimita 23, pamwamba ndi yosalala ndi yofiira. Mitundu yake imatha kukhala yofiira, yofiira kapena yofiirira. Chipewa cha bowa chaching'ono ndi chozungulira, chophwanyika pang'ono, pansi pamtunda wina akhoza kuona kuphulika koyera. Patapita kanthawi, kapu imakhala yosalala, m'mphepete mwayo ndi yopapuka komanso yopota. Patsikuli, thupi ndi lofiira, losasangalatsa, loyera. Mtundu wa zamkati mlengalenga sukusintha, kukoma kumakhala kosangalatsa. Kununkhiza kwa fodya ryvodovki kumapereka zipatso zowola, ngakhale nthawi zina zimakhala ngati zolimba zonyezimira.
• Mng'oma uli wozungulira ndipo mbali imodzi ya pansi ndi yozungulira ndipo kawiri ndi yochuluka ngati yaikulu, kutalika kwake kumakhala kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 15 masentimita. Iyo ikhoza kukhala yosalala bwino kapena yokutidwa ndi kukhudza koyera-imvi. Nkhumba zazing'ono zili ndi tsinde lakuda, zimakhala zosalala. Mtundu wa mitundu yambiri ndi yowala kusiyana ndi mtundu wa chipewa.
• Ma mbalewo ndi owonda ndipo nthawi zambiri amapezeka, a mchenga wosiyanasiyana, osagwirizanitsa ndi tsinde la bowa, ndipo amalephera kugwiritsira ntchito kapu.
• Malo ogawidwa - m'mayiko omwe ali kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, bowa ngati nyengo yozizira.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: m'mapaki a m'nkhalango, m'minda yamapiri, m'mapaki, mumapiri a coniferous ndi coniferous-acidousous. Zipatso kuyambira zaka khumi zoyambirira za mwezi wa August mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa November (pang'onopang'ono). Mycelium amakonda kukhala pansi pa mitengo yovunda, pafupi ndi mitengo ya mitengo yamitengo ndi birch. Amakula m'magulu akulu, nthawi zambiri "matsenga".
• Chimene chingasokoneze: kusuta kumafanana ndi bowa la entomine (Entoloma sinuatum). Kusiyana kwake ndi kuti Entoloma sinuatum ili ndi mbale zofiira ndi chipewa cha mtundu wakuda.

Izi govorushki ziyenera kuti zizigwira ntchito yapadera (yophika m'madzi otentha kwa mphindi 20-25). Ngati simutentha kwa nthawi yayitali, mungapeze kudzikuza kwakukulu. Pambuyo kuphika, voliyumu yafupika ndi theka. Kukoma kwawo sikokwanira kwambiri.

Orange

Kukamba malalanje, dzina lachilatini la Lepiota aspera, bowa lalikulu lomweli ndi la bowa limatchulidwa ndi chipewa chake chokongola.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewacho ndi chotalika, m'lifupi - kuchokera pa masentimita 5 mpaka 22, pamwamba sikowala, kosalala. Mtunduwo ndi wowala: Bowa lonse la bola lalanje, lopitirira kwambiri limakhala losalala ndipo limakhala loyera lachikasu, kapena mawanga akutupa amaonekera. Pazochitika zazing'ono, chipewacho chimaoneka ngati belu losasunthika, pamene chikukula, chimatuluka ndipo chimakhala chowongoka pomwepo, ndipo kenako chimakhala ndi vuto lopsinjika maganizo. Kachilombo kakang'ono kakuwonekera pakati, m'mphepete mwake mumatengedwa. Pamphepete mwace, thupi la chipewa ndi loyera, pamene mpweya umapuma, mtundu sukusintha, fungo la amondi likuwoneka.
• Msola uli ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, kutalika kwake kumakhala kuchokera pa 6 mpaka 15 cm, ndipo matope ake ndi amtengo wapatali. Mtundu wa miyendo nthawi zambiri umagwirizana ndi mtundu wa chipewa, kapena uli ndi pang'ono.
• Plate bulauni kapena kirimu.
• Malo ogawa - mayiko a Eurasia, momwe nyengo imakhala yosavuta.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: m'mphepete mwa misewu yamapiri, m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, nkhalango yaikulu. Amakonda nkhalango zosakanikirana (mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndi spruce), kuyatsa bwino.
• Chomwe chingasokonezedwe ndi: lalanje ali ofanana ndi chimphona chachikulu, koma amasiyana ndi kondomu pakati pa chipewa, ndi mzere woopsa wofiira, yemwe chipewa chake chimayambira ndi kukhudza kuwala (kufanana ndi ufa).

Govorushka lalanje mudulidwe Zomwe zimakhala zokoma zamkati za zipewa, ndi zoyenera koyamba ndi yachiwiri maphunziro (popanda kugwiritsa ntchito broths).

Mukudziwa? Mmodzi mwa bowa wosadziwika kwambiri padziko lonse ndi Penn's hydnellum, dzina lake lachiwiri lomwe limamasuliridwa ngati "dzino likutuluka kunja". Dziwani kuti dzina limatanthauzira maonekedwe a bowa. Bowa lodabwitsa ndiloti sili poizoni, koma ilo limayankhira nyama ndi anthu ndi kuyang'ana kodabwitsa ndi kulawa kowawa. Chozizwitsa chimenechi chimakula ku Ulaya komanso pazilumba zina za Pacific Ocean m'mapiri a coniferous.

Undercut

Govorushka bent, Latin dzina Clitocybe geotropa. Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewacho ndi chachikulu ndipo champhongo, imvi, chikasu - kuyambira 12 mpaka 20 masentimita, poyamba mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi kamtunda kakang'ono, kenaka imakhala yofanana (ndi khola pakati). Mkati mwa kapu ndi wandiweyani. Pamphepete mwa bowa aang'ono, thupi la chipewa ndi louma, lotayirira, loyera, lakale - bulauni, ndi fungo losasangalatsa.
• Msola uli ndi masamba akuluakulu ndi maonekedwe a chibonga (pubescent mycelium) kuphulika pamunsi, kutalika - kuchokera 10 mpaka 20 masentimita, mamita 2-3 masentimita.
• Ma mbale amapezeka nthawi zambiri, pang'onopang'ono akutsikira ku bowa. Mtundu wa bowa watsopano ndi woyera, wakale - wachikasu.
• Dera logawidwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya, dera laku Far East.
• Kumene amachitikira: m'mabzala ndi m'nkhalango, pamphepete mwa nkhalango. Amakonda mapaki odyetserako nkhalango ndi nthaka ya mandimu, amakula mu mphete zazikulu, zomwe zimakhala ndi bowa 20 mpaka 50 (zazikulu ndi zazing'ono). Amayambitsa fruiting m'chilimwe, kuyambira m'nyengo ya chilimwe, ndipo kukula kwa mycelium kumapitirira mpaka kumapeto kwa October.
• Chimene chingasokonezedwe ndi: ngati pang'ono ngati poizoni entolome. Zimakhala zosavuta kusiyanitsa, popeza bowa wosadulidwa alibe: chipewa chokhala ndi kondomu pakati ndi mawonekedwe a chingwe chomwe chimatsitsimutsidwa, mwendo wake ulibe nsonga pansipa, ndipo thupi limakhala losasangalatsa. Ngati mukulakwitsa ndikudya entomus, mukhoza kutenga vuto lalikulu m'mimba.

Chakudya chodyera ndi chokoma, makapu ang'onoang'ono ali oyenera mbale iliyonse. Ndibwino kuti musamakhale bowa wakale, pamene amakhala olimba kwambiri komanso osakoma mukatha kuphika.

Snowy

Wotulutsa chipale chofewa, m'Chilatini wotchedwa Clitocybe pruinosa.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chophimbacho chimakhala chapakati pa 3 mpaka 4 cm, mawonekedwe oyambirira ndi malo osokoneza, patapita kanthawi - mochuluka kwambiri, mozungulira, nthawi zina kumphepete. Mtunduwu ndi wofiirira kapena wofiirira ndi chipewa choyera. Pulogalamu yopuma ndi yoyera, wandiweyani. Lili ndi fungo losiyana la nkhaka. Ma spores okonzeka amaoneka ngati poyera powdery.
• Msola ndi wochepa thupi, wokhala wowala kwambiri, wofiira mpaka masentimita 4, mpaka 30 mm wakuda. Mwendo wopanda voids, wozungulira, wofewa, mtundu wake umaphatikizana ndi chipewa cha bowa.
• Ma mbalewo ndi opapatiza, nthawi zambiri amapezeka, pang'onopang'ono akutsikira ku mwendo. Pa bowa wakale - wachikasu, wachinyamata - woyera.
• Dera logawidwa ndi mayiko a dera la Europe.
• Kumeneko zimapezeka: spruce, pine komanso zosakanikirana ndi nkhalango zakuda kwambiri. Zimakula kumayambiriro kwa masika (May onse), zimadutsa mosavuta komanso osati pachaka.

Ndikofunikira! Kuyenera kwa chakudya sikudziwika - mauthenga osiyana siyana nthawi zambiri amatsutsana.

Chimake

Govorushka chimphona, dzina la sayansi Leucopaxillus giganteus, ndi bowa wosadziwika kuchokera ku gulu lomwe limadya.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Kapuyo ndi yaying'ono, ndipo nthawi ikamawonjezeka ndikusandutsa ndodo yoyang'ana mmwamba, m'mphepete mwao ndi yopapuka, imakwera mmwamba. Makapu ambiri amatha kufika 13-15 masentimita, koma nthawi zina pali zimphona zomwe zimakhala ndi masentimita 30-35 masentimita. Pamwamba popanda gloss, yosalala, koma (malingana ndi nthaka) ili ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. Mtundu wa chipewa ndi chipale chofewa, nthawi zina palinso mtundu wa beige wooneka bwino, thupi panthawi yopuma ndi loyera, liri ndi fungo labwino la ufa ndi kukoma kokoma. Ngati mulawa zamkati zobiriwira za bowa wakale kuti mulawe, zidzakuwawa.
• Phazi liri lalikulu (masentimita 8-10) ndi lakuda (3-4 cm) yoyera pa nthawi yopuma.
• Ma mbalewo ndi a beige, amakhala achikasu pamene amakalamba, ndipo ali mu njira yopita pansi kuchokera ku kapu mpaka kutsamba.
• Malo ogawidwa ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya ndi madera a ku Ulaya a Russia.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: kumphepete mwa nkhalango, malo odyetserako ziweto. Mycelium imayamba chaka chilichonse, ndipo fruiting yambiri imayamba kuyambira zaka khumi zachiwiri za mwezi wa August ndikukhalapo mpaka masiku oyambirira a November. Mycelium ili mu mawonekedwe a lalikulu m'mimba mwake "matsenga".

Bowa wokoma kwambiri kwambiri, amafunikira kuyambirira kutsitsa. Oyenera onse zophikira mbale, komanso pickles ndi marinades. Mu nthenda ya bowa ya mitundu iyi pali antibiotic zachilengedwe (Klitocybin A ndi B), zomwe zimawononga bacillic bacilli.

Bowa si zokoma zokoma zokha, komanso machiritso ena. Phunzirani, kuposa bowa, shiitake, boletus bole, boletus, mapepala ndi birch bowa ndi zothandiza.

Omwe amalankhula mawu owopsa

Sitiyenera kuiwala kuti m'kupita kwanthawi, bowa lirilonse likhoza kupeza zitsulo zolemera ndi poizoni mu thupi la chipatso, ndipo oyankhula sizomwezo. Ndicho chimene chimatsimikizira kuletsa kwa osonkhana (oyendayenda) pafupi ndi makampani akuluakulu mafakitale ndi misewu yothamanga kwambiri. Kudya bowa ngati umenewu kungayambitse kuledzeretsa kwambiri.

Mitundu ya poizoni ya govorushek - magwero a muscarin, omwe ndi poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri. Zizindikiro zoyambirira za kumwa mowa zimaonekera mkati mwa maola atatu:

• kunyoza, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, zipsinjo m'mimba ndi matumbo;
• kuponderezedwa kumadontho koopsa ndi sinus bradycardia kumachitika;
• amaponyedwa mu thukuta lozizira, amayamba kusamba kosadziletsa;
• mwamunayo akung'amba.

Ndikofunikira! Choopsa kwambiri cha mtundu wa Clitocybe ndi tsamba loopsa kwambiri la masamba kapena la mbuzi. Bowa uwu ali ndi kukoma kwabwino komanso kununkhira kokoma, koma pambuyo pake, munthu amafa patapita masiku asanu ali ndi poizoni pang'ono kapena ayi - impso zake zimangobwera.

Wachizungu

Oyera (azungu), dzina lasayansi dzina la Clitocybe, ndi bowa kwambiri poizoni. Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Kapuyo ndi yaing'ono, m'lifupi - kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 masentimita, kumamira kapena kugwedeza pang'ono, ili ndi muscarin (poizoni wamphamvu). Pakatikati pa chipewacho ndi chofiira, pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwasanduka mdima wakuda. Pa zipewa zazing'ono pali chikhomo chowala (chimene chimakhalapo), chimene sichikupezeka pa bowa wambiri. Nthendayi imangomveketsa bwino, pali kufanana kofanana ndi kununkhira ndi masamba obiriwira a tomato akugwedezeka.
• Msola ndi wochepa thupi, wokhazikika, wokhala ndi ubweya wofewa kapena wautali, kutalika ndi 2-4 masentimita. Mtundu uli wofiira-pinki, pafupi ndi nthaka ndi mdima wakuda.
• Ma mbalewo ndi ofunika kwambiri, akupita pansi kuchokera ku kapu mpaka kumapazi.
• Malo ogawirako ndi gawo la Ulaya la continent, North ndi Latin America.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: tsamba la chaka chatha kapena coniferous pillow, muzitsamba zosakaniza ndi zosakaniza, m'madera otseguka. Fruiting imayamba mkatikati mwa chilimwe ndipo imatha mpaka zaka khumi ndi zitatu za September.

Zakale (imvi)

Kulankhula pang'ono kapena wotuwa, dzina lachilatini la Clitocybe metachroa, ndi loopsa kwambiri. Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewa m'lifupi kuyambira 3 mpaka 5 masentimita, poyamba chozungulira, ndi pakatikati, pamphepete; Patapita nthawi - anawongoledwa, ali ndi nkhawa pakati ndi knoll pakati. Mphepete ndi yopyapyala ndi yavy, mvula imakhala yokhazikika. Bowa lachinyamata lili ndi chipewa chofiira chokhala ndi chovala choyera cha pakati, chimakhala madzi pang'ono kenako n'kusintha mtundu wa mtundu wofiirira, pamene imvula, imakhala yonyezimira, imakhala yoyera kapena yofiira. Ndi kusintha kulikonse kwa mtundu, pakati nthawizonse imakhalabe mdima wambiri kusiyana ndi mtundu wa m'munsi. Tsamba yamkati imakhala imvi, madzi, odorless. Mitundu yowononga imaoneka ngati woyera-imvi ufa.
• Kutalika kwa miyendo kuyambira 3 mpaka 6 cm, makulidwe - 30-50 mm. Smooth, kapena tapering pansi, dzenje, poyamba kumera ndi kuvala kofiira, kenako imakhala mtundu wofiira.
• Ma mbalewo ndi opapatiza, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala, ogwirizana ndi kapu ndipo pang'onopang'ono akutsikira ku tsinde.
• Malo ogawirako ndi Europe, mapiri a Caucasus, mapiri a Far East.
• Kumene zimapezeka: mu spruce, pine, zosakaniza zosakaniza, zokonzedwa m'magulu. Fruiting imayamba mu August ndipo imatha mpaka chisanu.
• Chimene chingasokonezedwe ndi: ali ndi kufanana ndi lilime lokulankhula, lomwe liri ndi fungo lokoma bwino. Govorushka wachinyamata wotuwa kwambiri amaoneka ngati mbuzi yozizira (Clitocybe brumalis).

Ndikofunikira! Pongoganizani pang'ono za poizoni wa bowa, pempherani mofulumira vuto linalake.

Brown chikasu

Gulu la chikasu lachikasu, dzina la sayansi Clitocybe gilva, ndi bowa chakupha, lomwe liri ndi mayina ena: mzere wamadzi, mzere wa golidi.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Kapuyo ndi yowopsya, koma yoonda, pamtsinje woyera ndi wachikasu ndi fungo lodziwika bwino la tsabola, malinga ndi deta yosatsimikizirika, kukoma kwake kumakhala kowawa pang'ono. Kulemera kwake kwa kapu kumachokera ku 3 mpaka 9 cm, mawonekedwe ake amakhala ozungulira ndi mapiri ndi ogulidwa, kenako - mkati mwake mkati mwake, mkati mwake, ndizowoneka bwino. Mawanga ooneka bwino aang'ono amakhalabe pa chipewa chotsalira pambuyo pa mvula - ichi ndi chodziwika kwambiri kwa mitundu iyi. Mvula ndi utsi, kapu imakhala madzi, popanda kuwala. Kujambula m'matuni achikasu, ukalamba umatha ndipo umakhala wofiira kwambiri, pomwe mawanga ofiirira amawonekera. Ma spores okonzeka bwino amawoneka ngati ufa wonyezimira.
• Msoka wa 50-100 mm wakuda, kuchokera kutalika 3 mpaka 5 cm, wokhala ndi phokoso kapena wokhota, umakhala wochepa kwambiri kunthaka, ndipo umadzazidwa ndi white mycelium pansi, popanda voids. Mtundu wa utoto wofiirira, mtundu womwewo ndi mbale kapena ochepa amameta mdima.
• Ma mbalewo ndi opapatiza, omwe amakhalapo, akutsikira ku mwendo, nthawi zina amawombera. Mtundu wa mbale za bowa wachinyamata ndi wachikasu, kusintha kwa bulauni ndi bulauni.
• Malo ogawanika - Madera a ku Ulaya, ku Far East.
• Kumene zimapezeka: m'minda yamitengo yambiri yomwe imaphatikizapo, imabala chipatso chilimwe mpaka kumapeto kwa mwezi wa Oktoba. Chidulecho chiri pakati pa August. Zimakula m'magulu.
• Chimene chingasokonezeke ndi: Wowonongeka-wofiira ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi kuyenda mozungulira, mosiyana ndi umene uli ndi mtundu wofiira mbali zonse. Popeza mitundu yonseyi ili ndi poizoni, n'zosatheka kuwasonkhanitsa ndipo kusiyana kwawo kuli kochepa kwa osankha bowa. Komanso, bulauni-chikasu ali ndi zofanana ndi mzere wofiira (Lepista inversa).

Osadziwika bwino, akatswiri a zachuma omwe amitundu ina akunena kuti ndi bowa lomwe lili ndi muscarin.

Anagwedezeka

Govorushka inayamba, mu Latin Clitocybe phyllophila. Bowa ndi owopsa kwambiri, omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa poizoni muscarin. Amakhalanso ndi mayina ena: tsamba lokonda kapena lachikondi lokha.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewacho chimachokera pamtali 6 mpaka 8 masentimita, ndipo chimakhala chosalala kwambiri, chojambulidwa ndi zida zoyera, m'mphepete mwake zimakhala zowonongeka.
• Kutalika kwa mimba kuchokera pa 3 mpaka 4 masentimita, zoonda, zozungulira, mtunduwo ndi wofanana ndi mtundu wa kapu. Pakati pa miyendo ndi nthaka pali kuphulika kumene pamphepete mwace wa mycelium ndiwonekera.
• Gawo lofalitsa ndi mayiko a Eurasia.
• Kumeneko kumachitika: kutayika, spruce kapena kusakanikirana, kumakula pa singano kapena piritsi. Fruiting mu kugwa, mpaka woyamba chisanu.

Ndikofunikira! Ku Russia, pali lingaliro lakuti ngakhale osadya bowa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito "pansi pa zana la magalamu" sangathe kuvulaza yemwe amadya. Izi siziri choncho, mitundu yambiri ya govorushek imakhala yosagwirizana ndi mowa; pakadali pano, ngakhale kayendedwe ka bowa zomwe zimadya zimatha kuledzeretsa kwambiri thupi.

Grooved

Lilime likufalikira, dzina lachilatini limveka ngati Clitocybe vibecina.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewa ndi chaching'ono, chosalala, m'lifupi - mpaka masentimita asanu. Poyambirira, pamapeto pake imakhala yokhazikika. Zimatengera mtundu wochepa wa khansa ya m'magazi ndi chimdima chakuda pakati. Mtunduwu ndi wofiira kapena wofiira, womwe umawotchedwa chifukwa cha ukalamba wa bowa. Thupi liri lotayirira, loyera mu zolakwika (mu mvula - imvi). Ili ndi kukoma kosangalatsa komanso fungo la poda. Mu kutentha, chipewa cha skukozhivaetsya ndipo chimakhala chochepuka mchenga, mvula, mitsinje ya wavy amakhala mdima wa mdima. Zowononga spores zimawoneka ngati ufa woyera.
• Mphepete mwachitsulo kapena chowongolera, mu mawonekedwe a silinda kapena ngakhale, mu bowa wakale imakhala yopanda kanthu. Mtundu wapamwamba umakhala woyera (ndi kupopera ufa), imvi pansi, yokutidwa ndi mycelium pamphepete mwa nthaka. Mu kutentha kumakhala yakuda bulauni.
• Ma mbalewo ndi opapatiza, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka, akutsikira ku tsinde, kutalika kwake pa bowa limodzi kungakhale kosiyana. Mtundu ndi wofiira kapena wofiirira wofiira.
• Kugawa kumeneku ndi mayiko a ku Ulaya.
• Kumene kumapezeka: imakula ngati gulu kuchokera bowa 5 mpaka 10 kumalo kumene mitengo yamapine ikukula, ndi yosawerengeka. Amakonda mapilo a moss ndi makungwa ovunda. Zipatso kuyambira November mpaka Januwale. Amakonda acidified, osauka mu nthaka.
• Chimene chingasokonezedwe ndi: chikufanana ndi nyama yochepetsetsa (Clitocybe ditopa), imasiyana mofanana ndi kuti kapu yachiwiri imaphimbidwa ndi zokutira komanso alibe mphete, mwendo umakhalanso wamfupi kwambiri. Ndiponso, govorushka ya mtundu wachikasu (Clitocybe metachroa), yomwe imakonda kukula m'minda yamasamba ndipo ilibe fungo lokoma, imawoneka ngati chomera.

Cash

Dzina la tsambali ndi dzina la sayansi la Clitocybe phylophila.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Шляпка диаметром от 4 до 10 см, изначально сферическая, имеющая по центру высокий бугор, краешки подогнутые. Впоследствии принимает слабо вдавленную форму (поверхность бугорчатая), с опущенным вниз, тонким и изогнутым краем. Окраска белёсая или серо-коричневая, со светлым налётом, в дождь становится водянистой, с отчётливо выделяющимися мокрыми бурыми пятнышками. Созревший споровый порошок приобретает охряно-кремовый цвет. Мякоть в разломе водянистая белая, но мясистая, пряно пахнущая.
• Ножка длиной от 4 до 8 см, шириной 50-100 мм. Fomuyi ikhonza kukhala yosiyana: yowonjezera pansi, yotsika pansi, ndi kutupa koboola kapena kugunda pansi. Msola ndi fibrous, pamalo olankhulana ndi nthaka, pubescent ndi woyera mycelium, umakhala wotsika monga zaka. Mtunduwu umakhala woyera nthawi yoyamba, ndiye umakhala wofiira wofiirira kapena wachikasu brownish ndi kusintha kwa pinki yotumbululuka.
• Ma mbalewo ndi ochuluka, osapezeka pomwepo, akutsika kuchokera ku kapu kupita ku mwendo, utoto - kuchokera ku whitish to cream.
• Malo ogawirako ndi dera la Ulaya.
• Kumene zimapezeka: ku birch, nkhalango ndi mitengo ya pine, zimakonda kukula pa tsamba lala. Zimakula m'magulu, mizere, magulu. Zimapezeka nthawi zambiri, fruiting imayamba mu September ndipo imatha ndi November chisanu.
• Chimene chingasokonezedwe ndi: Chimodzimodzi ndi govorushka waxish (Clitocybe cerrussata), kapu yake, pamene inang'ambika, exudes fungo losangalatsa, ndi govorushka Belovatoy (Clitocybe dealbata), yaying'ono kukula ndi kukula m'mphepete.

Kusinthidwa

Kulankhula mozondoka, dzina lachilatini limawoneka ngati Clitocybe inversa. Bowawu ali ndi poizoni wina dzina lake govorushka wofiira-wofiira, mu zamkati za bowa pali poizoni zofanana ndi muscarine.

Mukudziwa? Truffles amachitidwa kuti ndi bowa lamtengo wapatali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, amasaka mothandizidwa ndi nyama zophunzitsidwa bwino (agalu kapena nkhumba). Nthaŵi ya kusaka kotere ndi usiku wapatali, ndi nthawi yeniyeni yomwe nyama zosaka zimamva kununkhira kwa truffles bwino. Nkhumba zodabwitsa izi zimakula pansi.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chipewa chokhala ndi masentimita 4 mpaka 10, mu bowa laling'ono - mozungulira, mwamsanga limapita ndipo limatenga mawonekedwe a chingwe chachikulu, chomwe chili m'mphepete mwake. Mtundu ndi dzimbiri, zofiirira kapena zofiira, mtundu wa njerwa zofiira, ndi mawanga owoneka bwino. Mitundu yowononga imaoneka ngati ufa wonyezimira. Mnofu uli mu vuto ndi utoto wofiira, wandiweyani, fungo ndi lakuthwa, mwachindunji.
• Lembani mamita 4 mpaka 6 masentimita, mpaka 100 mm m'kati mwake, sinewy ndi fibrous, kuwala pang'ono kuposa kapu.
• Ma mbalewo amakhala okonzeka, okometsetsa, pang'onopang'ono akutsikira ku mwendo. Young bowa - zonona, pamene akukalamba, atenge mtundu wopota.
• Malo ogawanika - dera la Ulaya, Far East, Caucasus.
• Kumeneko zimapezeka: m'mapiri ndi m'nkhalango za pine, nthawi zambiri mitundu imeneyi imapezeka maluwa osakanikirana. Fruiting ikuyamba mu August ndipo imatha mpaka kumapeto kwa October. Zimapezeka nthawi zambiri, zimakula m'magulu omanga (m'mizere, "matsenga").

Wofooka wamanyeketsa

Chombo chaching'ono chokoma kwambiri, dzina lachidziwitso Clitocybe ditopa limatanthawuza fungayi zosaopsa.

Makhalidwe ndi ndondomeko

• Chophimbachi mpaka masentimita 6, mu bowa aang'ono, ozungulira ndi m'mphepete mwake, kenako amatha kukhala wozungulira kapena amawoneka mmbali mwake ndipo amatha kuoneka ngati kamvekedwe kameneka, ndipo mbali zake zochepa zimakhala zocheperapo. Mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana kuchokera ku beige kupita ku bulauni, pamakhala chipewa choyera kapena chofiira pamutu, chigawo chapakati cha chipewa chiri ndi mitundu yambiri yodzaza ndi yakuda. Chifukwa chopanda chinyezi, mtundu wa fungo lokhazika mtima pansi umasintha kuphulika. Anatulutsa spores oyera. Thupi liri loyera-imvi, ndi fungo losangalatsa la ufa, popanda kupweteka.
• Lamulo la 5-6 masentimita yaitali, ndi lalikulu kwa 100 mm, mawonekedwe - cylindrical kapena pang'ono flattened, ndi nthawi kukhala osaya. Mitundu ya miyendo ndi makapu ndi ofanana, pansipa - pubescence ndi mycelium.
• Ma mbalewo ndi aakulu, okonzedwa bwino, okhala ndi kutalika kwake. Zithunzi zojambula zamkati.
• Malo ogawirako ndi gawo la Ulaya la Russian Federation ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya.
• Kumeneko kumapezeka: nkhalango zowonongeka. Zipatso m'nyengo yozizira (December ndi January).

Govorushka bowa (ryadovki) ndi malo omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku bowa ku Ulaya, kuphatikiza mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zili zofanana kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kudziwa ngati zowoneka ndizoopsa kapena zodyedwa. Ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti onse oyankhula, ojambula ndi mitundu yoyera, ali ndi mizere yoopsa. Mitundu yonse ya govorushek - bowa wabwino kwambiri, kotero simuyenera kukhala wonyada ndi kusonkhanitsa kudya bowa, movomerezeka omwe mulibe chidaliro chonse.

Ndemanga