Bowa wodyetsedwa - mndandanda wa mayina, ndondomeko, zithunzi

Aliyense amene samvetsa bowa, amangogula kuguleti wawo. Ndipotu, nkhuku ndi oyster bowa, zomwe zimakula pansi pa dzuwa, zimawongolera chidaliro kuposa mphatso zachilengedwe zosadziwika. Koma okonza bowa enieni sangathe kukhutira ndi kukoma kwa zipatso zosapweteka za singano ndipo osasambitsidwa mame. Inde, ndi kudzikana nokha kuyenda m'nkhalango pa tsiku losavuta ndilovuta kwambiri. Kotero tiyeni tione bwinobwino zizindikiro zakunja za bowa wotchuka kwambiri m'deralo.

Makhalidwe abwino a bowa

Mitundu yonse ya tizilombo komanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tomwe timapanga tizilombo timene timakhalako sizingatheke. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa magulu akuluakulu a zamoyo, zomwe zakhala mbali yofunikira kwambiri ya zachilengedwe ndi zakuthambo. Asayansi amasiku ano amadziwa mitundu yambiri ya ufumu wa bowa, koma lero palibe nambala yeniyeni muzomwe asayansi alionse. M'mabuku osiyanasiyana, chiwerengero cha mitundu ya bowa chimasiyana ndi 100,000 mpaka 1.5 miliyoni. Ndizosiyana kuti mitundu yonse imagawidwa m'magulu, maulamuliro, komanso imakhala ndi maina ambirimbiri ndi mafananidwe. Choncho, kutayika kuno ndi kophweka ngati m'nkhalango.

Mukudziwa? Bowa lachilendo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi limaganizira plasmodium, yomwe imakula pakatikati pa Russia. Cholengedwa ichi cha chilengedwe chikhoza kuyenda. Zoona, zimayenda pa liwiro la mita imodzi m'masiku angapo.

Bowa wodyetsedwa amaonedwa kuti ndizo zitsanzo zomwe zimaloledwa kudyetsedwa ndipo sizikhala ndi zoopsa pa umoyo waumunthu. Zimasiyana ndi zipatso za m'nkhalango za poizoni ndi mawonekedwe a hymenophore, mtundu ndi mawonekedwe a thupi la zipatso, komanso kununkhira ndi kulawa. Zapadera zawo ndipamwamba gastronomic katundu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti pakati pa okolola bowa pali mayina ofanana a bowa - "nyama ya masamba" ndi "gologolo".

Gwiritsani ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa.

Zatsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi kuti mphatso zoterezi ndizolemera:

mapuloteni;
amino acid;
mycosis ndi glycogen (shuga weniweni wa fungal);
potaziyamu;
phosphorus;
sulfure;
magnesiamu;
sodium;
calcium;
chlorine;
mavitamini (A, C, PP, D, gulu lonse B);
mapuloteni (omwe amaimira amylase, lactase, oxidase, zymase, protease, cytase, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa amathandiza kuti chakudya chitheke).

Chifukwa cha thanzi lawo, mitundu yambiri ya bowa imalimbana ndi tebulo la Chiyukireniya la mbatata, masamba ndi zipatso. Zomwe zimawathandiza kuti apeze mankhwalawa ndi ochepa kwambiri. Ndicho chifukwa chake zipatso zomwe zouma ndi nthaka zimapindulitsa kwambiri thupi la munthu.

Mukudziwa? Mu ufumu wonse wa bowa, bowa ya Chorioactis imatengedwa kuti ndi rarest specimen, yomwe imatanthauza "ndudu ya mdierekezi". Amapezeka kumadera akutali okha m'chigawo chapakati cha Texas ndi zilumba zina za ku Japan. Chinthu chapadera cha chozizwitsa chachilengedwe ichi ndi mfuu, yomwe imamveka pamene bowa imatulutsa spores..

Malingana ndi momwe chakudya chimakhalira ndi bowa, asayansi a Soviet anagawa gulu lodyera mu mitundu iwiri:

Boleti bowa, bowa ndi bowa.
Bowa wa boletus, bowa aspen, duboviki, mafuta, mafunde, whitegrass ndi maluwa.
Mokhovikov, mtengo wapatali, russula, chanterelles, honey and autumn honey agarics.
Ryadovki, raincoats ndi zina zosazindikiritsidwa, zomwe sizinasonkhanitsidwe nthawi zambiri.

Masiku ano gulu ili likuwonedweratu kuti silimatha. Mabotolo amasiku ano amavomereza kuti kugawanika kwa bowa kukhala chakudya sikungagwiritse ntchito bwino komanso kufotokozedwa kwa mtundu uliwonse wa zinyama kumaperekedwa muzinthu za sayansi.

Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kudziwa momwe mungasiyanitsire toadstool yakuda ndi bowa woopsa womwe ukukula pamitengo, kuchokera ku mafunde odyetsedwa ndi ma boletus.

Otsatsa oyamba bowa ayenera kuphunzira lamulo la golidi la "kusaka mwakachetechete": bowa limodzi loopsa likhoza kuwononga zida zonse za m'nkhalango. Choncho, ngati mupeza chipatso chilichonse chosadulidwa pakati pa mbeu yokolola, tumizani zonse zomwe zili mkati mwa zinyalala popanda kudandaula. Ndipotu, kuopsa kwa kumwa mowa sikumaphatikizapo kuyerekezera kulikonse ndi nthawi yomwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Bowa wodyetsedwa: zithunzi ndi mayina

Pa mitundu yonse ya bowa wodyetsedwa wodziwika kwa anthu, ndi owerengeka okha omwe anawerengedwa. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, gawo la mkango la iwo linapita kwa oimira micromycetes ya minofu. Ganizirani za mitundu yotchuka kwambiri.

Mukudziwa? Mabomba akuluakulu a bowa anapezeka ndi a ku America mu 1985 ku Wisconsin ndi Oregon. Kupeza koyamba kunakhudzidwa ndi masentimita 140, ndipo yachiwiri - ndi malo a mycelium, omwe anatenga pafupifupi mahekitala chikwi.

Bowa wonyezimira

M'buku lazitsamba zojambula m'nkhalangozi zimatchulidwa kuti "boletus" kapena "Boletus edulis). M'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku amatchedwa Pravdivtsev, Dubrovnik, Shchirik ndi Belas. Zosiyana ndi za mtundu wa Boletov ndipo zimatengedwa kuti ndi zabwino kwambiri zodziwika bwino bowa. Ku Ukraine, si zachilendo ndipo zimachitika kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe mpaka m'mawa m'zinthu zam'madzi komanso zam'madzi. Kawirikawiri, bowa amatha kupezeka m'mitsinje, mitengo, maolivi, mitengo ya hazel, mitengo ya mitengo yamtengo wapatali komanso mapiritsi.

Dziwani nokha ndi bowa monga: bowa la satana, nkhumba ndi morel.

Ndilo khalidwe kuti mungapeze zitsanzo zonse za squat ndi chipewa chaching'ono, ndi razlapistye, pomwe mwendo wake uli waung'ono nthawi zinai. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa boletus ndi:

chipewa chokhala ndi masentimita 3 mpaka 20, mawonekedwe a mtundu wa bulauni ndi fungo kapena utoto wofiira (mtundu wa kapu umadalira kwambiri malo omwe kukula kwa bowa: pansi pa mapaini ndi zofiirira, pansi pa mitengo ya oak - msuzi kapena maolivi, kuwala kofiira);
mwendo wa masentimita 4 mpaka 15 wokhala ndi masentimita awiri mpaka 6 masentimita awiri, okongoletsera ndi ubweya wofiira kapena wofiirira;
galasi loyera pamtunda wa mwendo;
zamkati ndi zowirira, zowutsa mudyo-minofu, zoyera, zomwe sizisintha pamene zidula;
timadzi ta azitona tomwe timakhala timene timasintha timene timakhala timene timakhala timene timakhala timene timakhala timene timakhala timene timapanga makilogalamu khumi ndi awiri mpaka khumi ndi awiri;
chingwe chofewa cha kuwala ndi zobiriwira (malingana ndi msinkhu wa bowa), zomwe zimasiyanitsa mosavuta ndi kapu;
kununkhira pamtengo wodula kumakhala kosangalatsa.

Ndikofunikira! Borovik nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi mkwiyo. Izi ndi bowa wosadalirika, omwe amadziwika ndi spores zakuda, manda wakuda pa phesi ndi thupi lowawa.

Ndibwino kuti muzindikire kuti bowa weniweniwo, nyemba zochokera mu kapu sizichotsedwa. Ku Ukraine, mafakitale akukolola m'nkhalangoyi akuchitika kokha m'dera la Carpathian ndi Polesie. Zili zoyenera kudya, kuyanika, kuteteza, salting, pickling. Mankhwala amtunduwu akulangiza kuika kwa Belas mu zakudya ndi angina, chifuwa chachikulu, chisanu, kutaya mphamvu ndi kuchepa kwa magazi m'thupi.

Wolf

Zikhozazi zimaonedwa kuti zimakhala zokwanira. Amadyedwa okha ndi anthu okhala kumpoto kwa dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo anthu a ku Ulaya sawazindikira kuti ndiwo chakudya. Botanists amatcha bowawa Lactárius torminósus, ndi osankha bowa - bowa, mazira ndi rubella. Iwo amaimira banja la Syeraezhkov banja la Mlechnik, ndi pinki ndi yoyera.

Phunzirani mmene mungayamire bowa wa oyster, mapuloteni, mapulawa, bowa zakutchire, chanterelles, bowa wa oyster ndi bowa woyera.

Mafunde a pinki ndi achilendo kwa:

kapu yomwe ili ndi masentimita 4 mpaka 12, ndipo imakhala ndi phokoso lalikulu pakatikati ndi phokoso, mapepala a pubescent, pinki wotumbululuka kapena nsalu ya imvi, yomwe imadetsedwa pamene ikakhudzidwa;
kutalika kwa mwendo wa pafupifupi masentimita 3-6 ndi mamita awiri mpaka 2, masentimita awiri, mawonekedwe amphamvu ndi okonzeka ndi pubescence pa pinki yotumbululuka;
kirimu kapena white spores;
mbalezo ndizofupipafupi komanso zopapatiza, zomwe zimayambira nthawi zonse ndi zigawo zochepa;
mnofu ndi wandiweyani komanso wolimba, wofiira, samasintha akadulidwa, ndipo umakhala wochuluka, wokoma zokometsera, juicing.

Ndikofunikira! Anthu osankha amatha kuwona kuti mphepo imakhala yosiyana, yomwe imadalira zaka zawo. Mwachitsanzo, zipewa zingasinthe mtundu wawo kuchokera ku chikasu-lalanje kupita ku zobiriwira, ndi mbale - kuchokera ku pinki mpaka chikasu.

Mafunde oyera ndi osiyana:

kapu yokhala ndi masentimita 4 kapena 8 masentimita asanu ndi awiri ndi khungu loyera loyera (mwachitsanzo zowonongeka zapamwamba pamwamba pake ndizosalala ndi zachikasu);
kutalika kwa mwendo kuchokera pa 2 mpaka 4 masentimita ndi mphamvu ya masentimita 2, mawonekedwe ozungulira omwe ali ndi tsitsi lochepa, mawonekedwe akuluakulu ndi mtundu wunifolomu;
mnofu ndi onunkhira pang'ono, wofiira, wokhala ndi tinthu tating'ono koma towonongeka;
spores wa mtundu woyera kapena kirimu;
mbaleyi ndi yopapatiza komanso kawirikawiri;
Madzi oyera achikasu, omwe samasintha mukamagwirizana ndi mpweya ndipo amadziwika ndi mthethe.

Mimbulu nthawi zambiri zimakula m'magulu pansi pa zitsamba, pamphepete mwa nkhalango, kawirikawiri m'mapiri a coniferous. Azisonkhanitseni kuyambira oyambirira a August mpaka m'mawa. Kuphika kulikonse kumafuna kutentha mokwanira ndi blanching. Bowa awa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asungidwe, kuyanika, salting.

Ndikofunikira! N'zosavuta kusiyanitsa mafunde odyera ku bowa zina ndi bokosi.

Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, thupi limakhala lofiirira, lomwe silikuwoneka lokongola. Zitsanzo zopanda chofufumitsa zili poizoni, zingayambitse matenda osokoneza ubongo ndi kukhumudwa kwa mucous nembanemba. Mu mawonekedwe a mchere, amaloledwa kudyedwa osati kale kuposa ola limodzi pambuyo pa salting.

Katundu

Mitunduyi imayimiliranso banja la Syraezhkov la Mlechnikov. Mu sayansi, bowa amatchulidwa Lactárius résimus, ndipo mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku amatchedwa chipatso chenicheni. Kunja, bowa uwu amadziwika ndi:

kapu yokhala ndi masentimita 5 mpaka 20 masentimita makumi asanu ndi awiri okhala ndi mapepala ozungulira mkati mwake, ndi khungu lamadzi wonyezimira la mtundu wachikasu kapena wachikasu;
mwendo mpaka masentimita 7 mu volume mpaka 5 masentimita, mozungulira, wachikasu, wokhala ndi ubweya wonyezimira mkati;
zamkati woyera woyera ndi fungo lapadera;
spores wa chikasu;
mbalezo ndizofupipafupi komanso zazikulu, zoyera-zachikasu;
madzi a mandimu amachititsa kuti azimve kukoma, koyera, komwe kumalo amagawo amasintha kumdima wonyezimira.

Nyengo ya gruzdy imayamba kuyambira kuyambira July mpaka September. Pakuti fruiting yawo ndi yokwanira + 8-10 ° C pamwamba pa nthaka. Ma bowa amapezeka kumpoto kwa dziko la Eurasia ndipo amaonedwa ngati osayenera chifukwa cha chakudya kumadzulo. Nthawi zambiri mumapezeka masamba ophatikiza ndi masamba. Pophika ntchito popanga pickling. Otola bowa oyamba kumene amatha kusokoneza chidole ndi violin, mawonekedwe oyera, ndi katundu.

Ndikofunikira! Kusuntha kumakhala kosiyana: bowa wakale amakhala osalimba mkati, mbale zawo zimakhala zachikasu, ndipo mabala a bulauni amawonekera pamutu.

Chanterelle

Bowa wonyezimirawu ndi mawonekedwe apadera amapezeka pazithunzithunzi za positi za Romania, Moldova, Belarus. Chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) amaimira mtundu wa Cantarelova. Ambiri amamudziwa ndi:

kapu - wokhala ndi masentimita awiri mpaka 5 cm, omwe amadziwika ndi mapuloteni osakanizika pamphepete mwawo ndi phokoso lokhazikika ngati pakatikati, utoto wachikasu ndi ubwino wa pamwamba;
mwendo - wamfupi (mpaka wamtali 4 cm), wosalala ndi wolimba, wofanana ndi mtundu wa kapu;
mikangano - kukula kwake sikupitirira 9,5 microns;
mbale - zopapatiza, zofiira, zoyera zachikasu;
zamkati - zosiyana mosiyana ndi zotupa, zoyera kapena zachikasu, ndi fungo losangalatsa ndi kukoma.

Ophunzira omwe ankasankha bowa anaona kuti chanterelles yeniyeni, ngakhale zowonongeka kwambiri, sichisokoneza nyongolotsi. Nkhumba zimakula mofulumira kumalo ozizira, popanda mvula kukula kwa spores kuimitsidwa. Zili zosavuta kupeza zida zoterezi m'dera lonse la Ukraine, nyengo yawo imayamba kuchokera mu July ndipo imatha mpaka November. Ndibwino kuti mupite kukafunafuna malo ophimbidwa ndi mchere, otupa, koma owala bwino, malo okhala ndi udzu wofooka.

Ndikofunikira! Ma chanterelles enieni nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi mapasa awo. Choncho, pamene mukukolola muyenera kusamala kwambiri mtundu wa mpikisano. Mu psevdolisichek ndi pinki yachikasu-lalanje kapena wotumbululuka.

Pankhani iyi, onani kuti pamphepete mwa nkhalango zamtundu uwu mulibe. Kuphika, chanterelles nthawi zambiri amadya mwatsopano, kuzifutsa, mchere komanso zouma. Iwo amadziwika ndi fungo lapadera ndi kukoma. Akatswiri amanena kuti zosiyanasiyanazi zimadutsa mtundu wonse wa bowa womwe umadziwika ndi carotene, koma sichivomerezeka kwambiri chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kudula thupi.

Oyster

M'zinenero za sayansi, bowa wa oyster amachitanso chimodzimodzi amatchedwa boster bowa (Pleurotus ostreatu) ndipo amakhala ndi mitundu yobiriwira. Chowonadi ndi chakuti spores zawo zimatha kufooketsa ndi kudula maatodes omwe amakhala m'nthaka. Mwa njira iyi, thupi limapereka zofunika zake za nayitrogeni. Kuonjezerapo, mitunduyo imatengedwa kuti ndi yotentha kwambiri, pamene imakula m'magulu pa stumps ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya zomera zowonongeka, kuphatikizapo deadwood. Bowa wa oyster nthawi zambiri amapezeka pamakungwa, birchi, phulusa, mapiri, ndi mitengo ya aspen. Monga lamulo, awa ndi magulu akuluakulu a zidutswa makumi atatu kapena kuposerapo zomwe zimamera palimodzi pansi ndikupanga kukula kwakukulu. N'zosavuta kuzindikira bowa wa oyster ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

chipewa chimakhala pafupifupi 5-30 masentimita, minofu yambiri, yokhala ndi makutu okongoletsedwa ndi makutu a mitsempha (zitsanzo zazing'ono zimakhala ndi kugwedezeka, ndipo ukalamba zimakhala zowonongeka), ndizomwe zimakhala zosalala komanso zosaoneka bwino zomwe zimadutsa ndi zofiira, zofiira ndipo adawopsya mdima wonyezimira;
Chidebe cha mycelial chili pokhapokha pakhungu la bowa lomwe limakhala m'malo ozizira;
mwendo mpaka mamita 5 cm ndi 0,8-3 masentimita wandiweyani, nthawizina pafupifupi imperceptible, wandiweyani, mawonekedwe;
mbaleyi ndi yopapera, mpaka 15 mm kupingasa, ndikumadumpha pafupi ndi miyendo, mtundu wawo umasiyana ndi woyera mpaka wachikasu;
spores ndi osalala, opanda mtundu, opatulidwa, mpaka makironi 13 mu kukula;
mapira omwe ali ndi msinkhu amakhala otakasuka ndipo amasiya juiciness, fibrous, sikununkhiza, ali ndi kukoma kwa anise.

Mukudziwa? Chiyukireniya mycelium kuchokera ku Volyn - Nina Danilyuk - mu 2000, anatha kupeza chimphona chachikulu, chomwe sichinafanane ndi chidebe ndipo chilemera pafupifupi 3 kg. Msoza wake unafika pa masentimita 40, ndipo chozungulira cha cap - 94 cm.

Chifukwa chakuti kuuma kwa bowa oyambirira ndi chikhalidwe, bowa okhawo ndi oyenera chakudya, zomwe zimapitirira kuposa masentimita 10. Pankhaniyi, miyendo imachotsedwa pazitsulo zonse. Nyengo ya kusaka kwa kasupe imayamba mu September ndipo imatha mpaka Chaka Chatsopano, pansi pa nyengo yabwino. Zambiri zosiyana siyana sizikhoza kusokonezeka ndi chilichonse, koma kwa Australia pali ngozi yoika omphalotus chakupha m'dengu.

Garland

Honey agarics ndi dzina la mtundu wina wa bowa zomwe zimakula pamoyo kapena nkhuni zakufa. Iwo ali a mabanja osiyana ndi a fuko, ndipo amasiyana mosiyana ndi zokonda za moyo. Kudyetsa chakudya cha bowa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pofuna chakudya. (Armillaria mellea), omwe ali banja la Falariaaa. Malingaliro osiyanasiyana a asayansi, iwo amayenerera kuti azidya mokwanira kapena kawirikawiri amalephera. Mwachitsanzo, pakati pa maolivi a Kumadzulo, kumalowa kumakhala kosafunika ndipo amawonedwa ngati mtengo wotsika mtengo. Ndipo kum'mawa kwa Ulaya - iyi ndi imodzi mwa masewera omwe amakonda okonda bowa.

Ndikofunikira! Bowa wothira mowa amachititsa kuti anthu asamakhale ndi vuto komanso amadwala kwambiri anthu..

Bowa amadziwika mosavuta ndi zizindikiro zakunja. Iwo ali:

kapu kakang'ono kakakula kufika masentimita 10, omwe amadziwika ndi kukula kwa msinkhu komanso ndege mu okhwima, ili ndi ubweya wonyezimira ndi mtundu wobiriwira;
tsinde ndi lolimba, lachikasu, lamasentimita 8 mpaka 10 ndi lalikulu la masentimita 2, ndi timing'ono tating'onoting'ono;
mbaleyi ndi yopyapyala, yofiira, yofiira ndi yofiira ndi mithunzi ya bulauni;
ma spores oyera, mpaka 6 microns mu kukula, ali ndi mawonekedwe a ellipse wambiri;
thupi ndi loyera, yowutsa mudyo, ndi fungo losangalatsa ndi kulawa, wandiweyani komanso minofu pamapopu, ndipo amawombera pakhosi.

Nyengo imayambiranso kumapeto kwa chilimwe ndipo imatha mpaka December. September ndi makamaka opindulitsa, pamene nkhalango zipatso zikuwonekera zingapo zigawo. Ndi bwino kufufuza zipilala mumapiri ochepetsedwa pansi pa makungwa a mitengo yofooketsa, pa stumps, zomera zakufa.

Amakonda nkhuni zotsala kuchokera ku birch, elm, thundu, pine, alder ndi aspen. Pazaka zowonjezera bwino, usiku ukuwala kwa stumps kumatchulidwa, zomwe zimachokera ku magulu a magulu omwe amatseguka. Chifukwa cha zakudya zowonjezera, zipatso ndi mchere, kuzifutsa, yokazinga, zophika ndi zouma.

Ndikofunikira! Mukasankha uchi, muzisamala. Mtundu wa kapu wawo umadalira nthaka imene amamera. Mwachitsanzo, ma specimens omwe amawonekera pamapiri, mabulosi ndi mthethe amasiyanitsa ndi ma tchikasu a uchi, omwe amakula kuchokera ku elderberry ali ndi mdima wofiira, kuchokera ku maluwa omwe amakhala ofiirira, ndipo kuchokera ku thundu muli bulauni. Kaŵirikaŵiri zakudya zodyedwa zimasokonezeka ndi zabodza. Choncho, mudengu mumayenera kuika zipatso zokhazo zomwe zili ndi mwendo pa mwendo.

Mokhovik

Большинство грибников отдают предпочтение зеленым моховикам (Xerócomus subtomentósus), которые являются самыми распространенными в своем роде. Некоторые ботаники их зачисляют к боровикам. Этим плодам свойственны:

kapu yokhala ndi masentimita awiri, masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi (16 cm);
mwendo wa mawonekedwe a cylindrical, mpaka masentimita 10 mmwamba ndi masentimita 2, wandiweyani, ndi mesh;
spores mthunzi wofiira mpaka 12 microns;
mnofu ndi chipale chofewa, chokumana ndi mpweya, chimakhala ndi buluu.

Kufunafuna nyama imeneyi kuyenera kutumizidwa ku nkhalango zakuda komanso zosakanikirana. Mokhovikov imamera pamphepete mwa msewu, koma zitsanzo zoterezi sizinakonzedwe kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa chakudya. Nthawi ya fruiting imakhala kuyambira kumapeto kwa nyengo yopuma. Kukolola kudyetsedwa bwino mu mawonekedwe okonzedwa mwatsopano. Pamene kuyanika kumasanduka wakuda.

Mukudziwa? Ngakhale kuuluka kwa agaric kumawoneka kuti ndi poizoni, koma zinthu zoopsa zomwe zili mkati mwao ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zofiira. Mwachitsanzo, kuti mupeze chakupha chakupha, muyenera kudya 4 kg a amanita agaric. Ndipo toadstool imodzi yokwanira poizoni anthu 4..

Oiler

Zina mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nsomba, zoyera, mvula, chikasu, Bollini, mitundu ya zamoyo ndizofala. M'kupita kwathu, kusiyana kotsiriza kumatchuka kwambiri. Amadziwika ndi:

kapu mpaka masentimita 15 m'lifupi mwake, mthunzi wooneka bwino, wokhala wopanda kanthu, pamwamba pa mandimu yachikasu kapena mtundu wonyezimira-lalanje;
amatha kufika 12 cm wamtali ndi mamita atatu masentimita, mawonekedwe a chibonga, ndi zidutswa zam'mimba zam'mwamba pamwamba, komanso mphete, mtundu wake umagwirizana ndendende ndi cap tonality;
spores ndi osalala, otumbululuka chikasu, elliptical mu mawonekedwe, mpaka 10 microns kukula;
mnofu ndi wachikasu ndi mandimu, pansi pa khungu ndi zobiriwira, zofewa, zowutsa mudyo ndi zowuma, mu bowa wakale zigawo zimatembenuka pang'ono.

Nthawi ya mafuta imakhala kuyambira July mpaka September. Mitunduyi imakhala yofala kwambiri m'mayiko a Northern Hemisphere. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'magulu a m'nkhalango zomwe zimakhala zosavuta komanso zowonjezereka. Pophika, zida za m'nkhalangozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika sopo, mwachangu, salting, pickling.

Mukudziwa? Truffles amachitidwa kuti ndi bowa wokwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ku France, mtengo wokwana kilogalamu ya zokoma izi sizimagwera pansi pa 2,000 euro.

Boletus

Kwa anthu bowawa amatchedwanso Chernogolovik ndi Berezovik. M'buku la botanical limatchedwa Léccinum scábrum ndipo limaimira mtundu wa Obabok. Amamudziwa ndi:

chipewa chokhala ndi mtundu wina, chomwe chimasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zoyera kupita ku imvi;
phesi lopangidwa ndi mphuno, ndi mamba wandiweyani ndi ofunika;
Mtoto woyera, umene sukusintha pa kukhudzana ndi mpweya.

Tastier achinyamata toyesa. Mukhoza kuwapeza m'chilimwe ndi m'dzinja mu birch. Iwo ali oyenerera kufota, otentha, pickling ndi kuyanika.

Russula

Akuimira banja la Syroezhkov ndi milandu pafupifupi makumi asanu. Ambiri a iwo amaonedwa kuti amadya. Mitundu ina ili ndi phokoso lowawa, lomwe limatayika ndi mphatso zowonongeka ndi zophika mosamala. Pa bowa lonse russula ufumu ukuonekera:

ndi mutu wamphepete kapena woweramitsa (mu zojambula zina zikhoza kukhala ngati mawonekedwe), zogwedezeka kumbali, ndi khungu louma la mtundu wosiyana;
mwendo umakhala wozungulira, wokhala ndi dzenje kapena wandiweyani, woyera kapena wachikuda;
mbalezo ndizofupipafupi, zowopsya, zachikasu;
spores wa maonekedwe oyera ndi amdima achikasu;
Manyowa ndi spongy ndi ofooka kwambiri, a nkhungu zoyera ndi a mdima, komanso abiriwuni m'mabuku akale.

Ndikofunikira! Russulae ndi zamoto zamoto zamoto zimakhala zoopsa. Chidutswa chochepa cha zipatso zofiira chingayambitse kupweteketsa kwa mazira, kusanza ndi chizungulire..

Boletus

Kuwombera kwa oimira awa a mtundu wa Obabok kumayambiriro kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe ndipo kumatha mpaka pakati pa September. Amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'madera ozizira pansi pa mitengo yamithunzi. Kawirikawiri katolo wotere amapezeka m'nkhalango zowonongeka. Kupanga bowa ndi wotchuka ku Russia, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi North America. Zizindikiro za zipatso za m'nkhalangoyi ndi izi:

kapu ya mawonekedwe a mpweya, wokhala ndi masentimita 25, wokhala ndi chipale choyera kapena chobiriwira (nthawi zina pali zitsanzo za khungu la bulauni, labluu ndi laukhondo);
nsonga yoboola pakati, yautali, yoyera ndi matalala ofiira-imvi omwe amawonekera patapita nthawi;
mabala a bulauni;
ulusi wofiira ndi woyera-chikasu kapena imvi-bulauni;
Nyama ndi yowutsa mudyo ndi minofu, yoyera kapena yachikasu, nthawi zina imakhala yobiriwira, pamene mpweya wochuluka umakhala wochepa kwambiri, kenako umatembenuka wakuda (mwendo umatembenuka mauve).

Kupanga bowa nthawi zambiri amakolola marinades, kuyanika, komanso kutentha ndi kuwira.

Mukudziwa? Zatsimikiziridwa ndi sayansi kuti bowa analipo zaka pafupifupi 400 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti anawonekera pamaso pa dinosaurs. Monga ferns, mphatso za chilengedwe zinali pakati pa anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mikangano yawo yatha kudzilumikiza ndi zikhalidwe zatsopano kwa zaka mazana, mpaka tsopano kusunga mitundu yonse yakale.

Kufiira

Mamembala awa odyetsedwa ku Syrforaches adagonjetsa onse osankha bowa ndi kukoma kwawo. M'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, amatchedwa kuŵerenga kapena redheads, komanso mu mabuku a sayansi - Lactarius deliciosus. Pakuti zokolola ziyenera kutumizidwa kuyambira August mpaka October. Kawirikawiri, tiyiyi ili m'madera osungirako nkhalango. Ku Ukraine, izi ndi Polesie ndi Prikarpatye. Zizindikiro za bowa ndi:

kapu yomwe ili ndi masentimita 3 mpaka 12, mawonekedwe a leuciform, zomangira kukhudza, imvi-lalanje mtundu, ndi zomveka bwino mikwingwirima;
mbaleyo ndi lalanje yakuya, ayamba kutembenuka wobiriwira atakhudzidwa;
ma spores warty, mpaka ma microns 7;
tsinde ndi lachangu kwambiri, mtunduwo umagwirizana ndi kapu ndi molondola, umafika kutalika kwa masentimita 7, ndipo pamtundu wa masentimita 2.5, umakhala wopanda pake ndi msinkhu;
mnofu uli wachikasu mu kapu ndi yoyera mu mwendo, pamene mukugwirizana ndi mpweya, malo odulidwa amatembenukira wobiriwira;
Madzi amadzi ndi ofiira-lalanje (pambuyo pa maola angapo amakhala wobiriwira-wobiriwira), amakhala ndi fungo lokoma ndi kukoma.

Pophika, bowa yophika, yokazinga, mchere.

Mukudziwa? Maantibayotiki a lactaric asidi.

Champignon

Ku France, bowa amatchedwa bokosi zonse. Choncho, akatswiri a zilankhulo amayamba kuganiza kuti dzina lachi Slavic la mtundu wonse wa zamoyo kuchokera ku banja la Agarikov ndi la chiyambi cha French. Champignons ali:

kapu imakhala yaikulu komanso yowopsya, yomwe imakhala yofiira, yomwe imakhala yofiira, yoyera kapena yofiira, yomwe imakhala ndi masentimita 20;
mbalezo zimayera zoyera, zomwe zimawoneka imvi ndi zaka;
mwendo kufika pamtunda wa masentimita 5, wandiweyani, wokhala ndi chibonga, wokhala ndi mphete imodzi kapena ziwiri;
nyama, yomwe imakhala yofiira yosiyanasiyana, pamene mpweya umapuma imakhala wofiira, yowutsa mudyo, yokhala ndi fungo lotchedwa bowa.

Mu chilengedwe, pali mitundu pafupifupi 200 ya maluwa. Koma onse amapanga kokha pa gawo lapansi lopangidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi. Iwo amathanso kupezeka pa zitsamba, makungwa akufa. Mwachikhalidwe, bowa wina ukhoza kukula m'nkhalango, ena - kokha pakati pa udzu, ndi ena - m'madera a chipululu.

Ndikofunikira! Kusonkhanitsa masamba, samverani mbale zawo. Ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira chokha chimene amatha kusiyanitsa ndi oimira amanyazi a m'banja la Amanite. Kumapeto kwake, gawoli limakhala loyera kapena mandimu m'moyo wonse..

Mkhalidwe wa Eurasian continent, pali mitundu yaying'ono ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya katatu. Anthu osuta amatha kuchenjera ndi khungu loyera (Agaricus xanthodermus) ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya agaricus meleagris. Zina zonse sizoopsa. Iwo amafalikira mochulukira kwambiri pa mafakitale.

Truffle

Kunja, zipatso izi sizosangalatsa, koma mwa kukoma kwawo, zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunika kwambiri. Mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, truffles amatchedwa "mtima wadothi," chifukwa akhoza kukhala pansi pamtunda wa theka la mita. Ndipo iyi ndi "ma diamondi wakuda kuphika." Botanist imaphatikizapo truffles ku mtundu wina wa bokosi la marsupial ndi thupi lachitsamba lokhala ndi mchere. Kuphika, Italy yapamwamba kwambiri, Perigord ndi nyengo yozizira. Amamera makamaka m'nkhalango za oak ndi beech kumwera kwa France ndi kumpoto kwa Italy. Ku Ulaya, chifukwa "kusaka mwakachetechete" amagwiritsa ntchito agalu ophunzitsidwa bwino ndi nkhumba. Ophunzira omwe amapanga bowa akulangizidwa kuti amvetsere ntchentche - mmalo momwe zimakhala zowomba, pansi pa masambawo ndithudi pamakhala mtima wapadziko lapansi.

Dziwani kuti chipatso chamtengo wapatali chingakhale pazifukwa izi:

mchere wofanana ndi zipatso za mbatata, wokhala ndi masentimita awiri mpaka masentimita 8, ndi fungo lokhazika mtima pansi ndi lalikulu pyramidal protrusions ndi mamita khumi mpaka 10 mm, wakuda wa azitona;
thupi ndi loyera kapena lachikasu ndi zofiira, ndipo zimakonda monga mbewu yokazinga yoboola kapena mtedza;
spores wa mawonekedwe a ellipsoidal, khalani kokha mu gawo la humus.

Truffles amapanga mycorrhiza ndi rhizomes ya oak, hornbeam, hazelnut, beech. Kuyambira mu 1808 iwo akhala akulimidwa pazinthu zamakampani.

Mukudziwa? Malingana ndi ziwerengero, zokolola za padziko lonse zimachepa chaka chilichonse. Kawirikawiri, siidapitirira matani 50.

Shiitake

Ichi ndi mtundu wa bowa wodyedwa kuchokera ku mtundu wa Lentinula. Zimakhala zachilendo ku East Asia. Ali ndi dzina lawo chifukwa chokula pa chestnuts. Kutembenuzidwa kuchokera ku mawu achijapani "shiitake" kumatanthauza "bowa wa msuzi." Kuphika, imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzipinda za Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Vietnamese ndi Thai monga zonunkhira zokoma. Ku mankhwala a ku East, palinso maphikidwe ambiri ochizira zipatsozi. M'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, bowa amatchedwanso oak, yozizira, wakuda. Ndizochitika kuti msika wa padziko lonse shiitake umatengedwa kuti ndi bowa wofunika kwambiri womwe umalimidwa m'makampani. Kukula chakudya chokoma kwambiri ndizochitika mu nyengo ya Ukraine. Pachifukwa ichi, nkofunika kupeza gawo lopangira bowa gawo lapansi.

Mukasonkhanitsa shiitake muyenera kuganizira za zotsatirazi:

kapu ya mawonekedwe a mpweya, wokhala ndi mamita 29 cm, ndi mtundu wofiira wa khofi kapena mtundu wa bulauni;
mbaleyi ndi yoyera, yopyapyala ndi yowopsya; m'magulu aang'ono amatetezedwa ndi nsalu yopunthira ndipo imakhala yofiira pamene imafinyidwa;
mwendo wofiira, wozungulira, mpaka masentimita 20 kufika pamwamba, mpaka kufika masentimita 1.5, wandiweyani;
spores wa mawonekedwe oyera ellipsoidal;
Manyowa ndi owopsa, minofu, yowutsa mudyo, yonyezimira kapena yofiira, yofiira, ndi zonunkhira bwino komanso zonunkhira.

Mukudziwa? Chiwerengero chowonjezeka cha shiitake pa msika wa mdziko ndi chifukwa cha zotsatira zake. Wogulitsa wamkulu wa zokometsera izi ndi Japan, zomwe zimatumiza chaka chilichonse chaka chilichonse cha matani 2,000.

Dubovik

Bowa ndi wa banja la Boletov. Mu moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku umatchedwa kuvulaza, kupweteka, bulauni. Nthaŵi ya fruiting imayamba mu July ndipo imatha mpaka m'dzinja. August amaonedwa kuti ndi opindulitsa kwambiri. Mufunafuna kupita kumapiri, kumene kuli mitengo, mapiri, nyanga, mabala. Duboviki amakondanso malo owerengeka komanso malo owala bwino. Zipatso za m'nkhalangozi zimadziŵika ku Caucasus, ku Ulaya ndi ku Far East. Zizindikiro za bowa ndi awa:

kapu yokhala ndi masentimita 5 mpaka 20, mawonekedwe a maselo, ndi khungu lofiira la azitona lofiira lomwe limasokoneza pamene limakhudzidwa;
Manyowa ndi owopsa, osasunthika, ofewa, wachikasu (wofiirira pamunsi mwa tsinde);
mbale zachikasu, pafupifupi 2.5-3 cm masentimita, zobiriwira kapena azitona;
zooneka ngati zala, mpaka mamita 15 masentimita ndi mpukutu wa masentimita 6, mthunzi wachikasu-lalanje;
spores ndi azitsamba za azitona, zosalala, zofiira.

Omwe amapezerapo bowa amalangiza kuti amvetsere mitundu ya chipewa cha Dubovik. Ndizovuta kwambiri ndipo zimasiyana pakati pa tani, zofiira, zofiirira, zofiirira ndi azitona. Zipatso zimenezi zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizofunika kudya. Amakolola ma marinades ndi kuyanika.

Ndikofunikira! Ngati mudya chophika kapena dubovik yaiwisi, poizoni amatha kuchitika. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuphatikizapo mankhwalawa ndi zakumwa zoledzera.

Wokamba

Mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya zipatso izi iyenera kukhala yophika bwino. Zimasiyana ndi zojambula zam'mimba zowala komanso osati kununkhiza. Kawirikawiri govorushki amagwiritsidwa ntchito podzaza mapepala, komanso amadya mu mawonekedwe atsopano. Ophunzira omwe ali ndi bowa amalangiza kuti apite "kukasaka bata" kuyambira chiyambi cha July mpaka theka lachiwiri la mwezi wa October. Kuonjezera kukoma kwa govovushek chakudya, ndizokhazo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mukhoza kuwaphunzira mwa:

kapu yokhala ndi mzere wozungulira mzere mpaka 22 masentimita, ndi m'mphepete mwagubudu ndi phokoso pakati, ndi yosalala pamwamba pa matte kapena mtundu wofiira;
mwendo mpaka mamita 15 masentimita, ndi mawonekedwe akuluakulu, mawonekedwe ozungulira ndi mtundu wofanana wofanana ndi kapu (pali mithunzi yakuda pansi);
mbale zofiirira;
mnofu ndi wathanzi, wouma, ndi zonunkhira pang'ono za amondi, zofiira, zomwe sizisintha m'magawo.

Ndikofunikira! Samalani khungu la chipewa cholankhulira. Chipatso chakuphapo nthawi zonse chimakhala ndi mealy patina.

Golovach

Anthu ambiri okonda kupha bowa nthawi zonse amakopeka ndi maonekedwe a mitu. Zikhozazi zimawoneka bwino kwambiri motsutsana ndi anzawo chifukwa cha kukula kwawo ndi mawonekedwe awo. Iwo ali:

Thupi la chipatso cha kukula kwakukulu, limakhala lalikulu mpaka masentimita 20, osagwirizana ndi gulu lachibonga, lomwe silingagwirizane ndi malingaliro omwe amavomereza kwambiri za bowa;
phazi likhoza kufika kufika masentimita 20 m'lifupi, likhoza kukhala locheperapo kusiyana ndi kapu, mtunduwo ndi wogwirizana ndi pamwamba;
thupi lotayirira, loyera.

Zokonzekera zophikira, zipatso zazing'ono zokha ndizoyenera, zomwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mithunzi yochepa ya thupi la zipatso. Ndili ndi zaka, kapu imakhala yamdima, ndipo ming'alu ikuwonekera. Mutu wokolola ukhoza kukhala m'nkhalango iliyonse. Bowa ena aang'ono amakhala ofanana kwambiri ndi mvula. Koma chisokonezo chotero sichingakhale chowopsa kuti munthu akhale wathanzi, popeza mitundu yonseyo idya. Nyengo ya chimanga imayamba kuyambira zaka khumi ndi ziwiri za July ndipo imatha mpaka kuzizira. Zosonkhanitsa bwino zikuuma bwino.

Mukudziwa? Bowa ukhoza kupulumuka pamtunda wa mamita 30,000 pamwamba pa nyanja, kupirira kuwala kwa mafunde ndi mphamvu ya ma atmospheres 8. Amakhalanso mizu mosavuta pamwamba pa sulfuric acid..

Bowa wonyezimira wonyezimira

Ndi nthumwi ya mtundu wa Borovikov. M'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku, amatchulidwa kuti galer kapena yellow boletus. Zowoneka kwambiri ku Polesie, Carpathian ndi Western Europe. Zimatengedwa kuti ndi yotchedwa thermophilic ya Boletovs. Zitha kupezeka mu thundu, hornbeam, beech plantings ndi mkulu chinyezi ndi dothi gawo. Kunja, bowa amadziwika ndi:

chipewa chokhala ndi masentimita 5 mpaka 20, mawonekedwe okhwima, omwe amatha kukhala ndi msinkhu wa zaka, ali ndi matope ofiira a dothi;
thupi ndi lolemera, ndi nyumba yowuma, yoyera kapena yowala, yomwe siisintha pamene yadulidwa, ndi zokoma, pang'ono zokoma kukoma ndi fungo lofanana ndi iodoform;
mwendo wokhala ndi mphukira, mpaka masentimita 16 mmwamba, kufika pa masentimita 6 mu volume, chiboliboli choboola, popanda manda;
mdima wosakanikirana mpaka masentimita atatu mu kukula, wachikasu ali wamng'ono, ndi azitona mu okhwima;
spores wa chikasu-azitona mtundu, mpaka 6 microns kukula, fusiform ndi osalala.

Bowa wonyezimira nthawi zambiri amakololedwa kuphika marinades, kuyanika. Ndikofunika kuti musagwiritse ntchito powiritsa ntchito zokolola - kenako fungo losasangalatsa limatha.

Mukudziwa? Mbiri ya bowa inalandiridwa ndikuti a Swiss mushroom pickers anagwa mwangozi pachitetezo chachikulu chomwe chinakula zaka chikwi. Nkhumba yaikuluyi inali mamita 800 kutalika kwake ndi mamita 500 m'lifupi, ndipo mycelium yake inakhala mahekitala 35 a paki yapachiweniko mumzinda wa Ofenpass.

Malamulo oyambirira kuti asonkhanitse bowa

Kusaka kwamaluwa kumakhala koopsa. Pofuna kuti asawonekere, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti ndikofunika kwambiri kuti mutenge bowa ndikumvetsetsa mitundu yawo. Kukolola kotetezedwa kwa zida za m'nkhalango muyenera kutsatira malamulo awa:

Pa kufufuza kupita kumalo okondweretsa zachilengedwe, kutali ndi misewu yowopsya komanso katundu.
Osayika zinthu mu sitimu yomwe simukudziwa. Pankhaniyi, ndi bwino kufunafuna thandizo kwa osankha amwawa omwe akudziwa bwino.
Musachotse zitsanzo kuchokera ku zipatso zobiriwira.
Pa "kusaka mwakachetechete" kuti muchepetse kuyanjana kwa manja kumamwa ndi nkhope.
Musatenge bowa omwe ali ndi mapangidwe oyera omwe amawoneka pansi.
Yerekezerani ndi trophies zomwe zimapezeka ndi anzawo oopsa.
Yang'anani mwakuya chipatso chonse: mwendo, mbale, kapu, mnofu.
Musachedwe kukonzekera zokolola. Ndibwino kuti mwamsanga mugwire ntchito yokonzedweratu, chifukwa nthawi iliyonse yopitirira bowa imataya mtengo.
Musadye madzi omwe bowa wophika. Pakhoza kukhala zinthu zambiri zoopsa.
Chotsani zojambula zowonongeka, komanso zomwe zimawonongeka.
M'dengu la wokolola bowa ayenera kugwa ndi zipatso zazing'ono.
Mapepala onse ayenera kudulidwa, osati kutengeka.
Nthaŵi yabwino ya "kusaka mwakachetechete" akuwoneka kuti ndikumayambiriro.
Ngati mupita bowa limodzi ndi ana, musataye mtima ndikufotokozera ana pasadakhale za kuopsa kwa mphatso za m'nkhalango.

Mukudziwa? Makapu a bowa wofewa amatha kupyola asphalt, konkire, marble ndi chitsulo.

Video: malamulo osonkhanitsa bowa

Первая помощь при отравлении

О грибном отравлении свидетельствуют:

chisokonezo;
рвота;
головная боль;
спазмы в животе;
диарея (до 15 раз в сутки);
chifuwa cha mtima chofooka;
malingaliro;
mapeto ozizira.

Zizindikiro zofananazi zikhoza kuchitika mkati mwa theka limodzi ndi theka kwa maola awiri mutatha chakudya cha bowa. Ndikumwa mowa ndi kofunika kuti musataya nthawi. Ndikofunika kuti muthamangire ambulansi mwamsanga ndikupatsani zakumwa zambiri. Amaloledwa kumwa madzi ozizira kapena tiyi wolimba tiyi. Ndibwino kuti mutenge mapiritsi a malasha kapena Enterosgel.

Sizitipweteka kuti mitsempha ya m'mimba ikhale ndi nthenda komanso chifuwa chisawononge dokotala asanafike (kumwa madzi okwanira 2 malita a potassium permanganate kuti apange kusanza). Kupititsa patsogolo ndi chithandizo chokwanira kumachitika tsiku. Pa "kusaka mwakachetechete" musataye mtima, yang'anani mosamala za trophies ndipo, ngati pali kukayikira za kuwoneka kwawo, ndi bwino kuti musatenge nawo.