Kutembenuzidwa kwa mawu akuti "chikhalidwe" kuchokera ku Latin kumatanthauza "kulima, kukonza." Ntchito inali yovuta komanso yowonongeka pa kulima zomera zakutchire zomwe zinayambitsa mbewu.
Zikhalidwe zatsopano zamakono zamakono zimawonekera chifukwa cha zamoyo zomwe zapeza ndi zochitika za majini.
Za zomera zolima
Zitsanzo zoyamba za kulima zomera zinkachitika mu Stone Age. Munthu wamtengo wapatali, kusonkhanitsa zipatso zodyedwa, mizu, zipatso, mbewu, ndi zina zotero, adalongosola kuti angathe kudzala zomera zomwe amafunikira pafupi ndi malo okhalamo.
Akuponya mbeu mu nthaka yosasunthika pansi ndipo atalandira zipatso zoyamba za ulimi, pang'onopang'ono anaphunzira kuthetsa zomera zomwe zimakula.
Kuthirira kwa nthawi yake, kuwonongedwa kwa namsongole, kutetezedwa ku chiwonongeko mwadzidzidzi cha mbewu ndi nyama ndi tizilombo, kusankha kwabwino kwambiri, kukoma ndi kukula kwake kwa zomera kunapangitsa kusankha kosadziwika. Patapita kanthawi, osankhidwawo adawonetsera maonekedwe a zomera zoyamba kulima.
Ndipo zochitika za kukula ndi kusamalira zomera zinasonkhanitsidwa ndikuperekedwa kwa mibadwo yotsatira. Kukula kwa ulimi kunapanga malo omwe kulima mbewu zina. Kufalikira kwa zomera zomwe zalimidwa kunathandizira nkhondo, malonda, kayendedwe ndi maulendo. 
Mitengo yambiri yamalima yakula kale, koma zitsanzo zina zakhala zikulima posachedwapa. Chitsanzo ndi shuga beet, yomwe inayamba kulima kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, pamene tirigu anakula mu zaka chikwi zisanu ndi ziwiri BC.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa zomera zowalidwa ndi zomera zakutchire?
Maonekedwe a nthaka, kukhalapo kwa mphepo, mlingo wa zizindikiro za kutentha, msangamsanga wa kayendetsedwe ka mpweya sizimadalira munthu, koma zimalengedwa mwachibadwa ndipo sizitsatira malamulo (makamaka pa siteji iyi ya chitukuko cha anthu).
Zinthu zoterezi zimatchedwa zachilengedwe. Zomera zakutchire zasinthidwa ku malo ndipo zimagonjetsedwa ndi chisankho chachilengedwe ndi kubereka.
Video: zomera zakutchire ndi zolima
Mukudziwa? Pali wachibale wokondweretsa wa tomato omwe timagwiritsa ntchito - tomato ya Porcupine: masamba ake ali ndi zitsulo zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zili ndi poizoni, koma zipatso zimakhala ngati tomato wambiri wamtengo wapatali ndi mtundu, koma musamawawononge, chifukwa amakhalanso olemera poizoni. Mwamwayi, amapezeka makamaka ku Madagascar.
Chikhalidwe chiri mu mphamvu ya munthu. Kukula kwawo, kubereka, chitukuko, zokolola, malo okula, kubzala nthawi zimadalira anthu. Popanda kusamalidwa bwino ndi kusamalidwa, gawo lokolola silidzapezeka.
Ndi zomera zotani zomwe zimatchedwa chikhalidwe
Zomera zomwe zimakula ndi munthu kuti zigwirizane ndi zolinga zawo, zotchedwa chikhalidwe. Zolinga zikhoza kukhala zosiyana kwambiri. Zina mwazo ndizo kupeza chakudya, kudzaza chakudya cha ziweto, kupanga mankhwala kuchokera ku zipangizo zam'mimba ndi zina. 
Kusankhidwa, kusakanizidwa, zomangamanga ndi njira zazikulu zosinthira zomera zakutchire kukhala zolima. Akumapetowa adagawidwa m'magulu 11.
Kukongoletsera
Zomera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza malo okhala ndi malo, kukongoletsa minda, malo odyera, malo, misewu, zokongoletsera zipinda komanso nyumba zina zimatchedwa zokongola. Pali mitundu yoposa 10 zikwi zokongola.
Pali:
- paki mitengo;
- maluwa;
- chokongoletsera;
- udzu;
- chitetezo cha nthaka;
- kubwezeretsa zomera.
Posankha chikhalidwe chokongoletsa, ganizirani mtundu wa masamba kapena singano, kukula ndi kununkhira kwa maluwa, nthawi ndi nthawi ya maluwa, komanso maonekedwe pambuyo maluwa. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali ndiyo yosungirako zokongola (chaka) chaka chonse. 
Zokongoletsera zokongola za maluwa ndizofala kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangidwa, zomangidwe ndi chisamaliro.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya maluwa, zina mwazo zimangobzala kunyumba (zokongoletsera begonias, dieffenbachia, mitundu ina ya violets), zina zimakula bwino pansi pa mlengalenga. Pali mitundu yomwe ingakondweretseni nonse pawindo ndi kumbuyo, mwachitsanzo, maluwa osiyanasiyana.
Mitengo yowonongeka ndi yotchedwa coniferous, mitengo yobiriwira ndi zitsamba ndi masamba ogwa akuyesedwa ngati mapaki okongoletsera. Kutalika, mitengo yapamwamba, yamapakati ndi yotsika ndi yosiyana.
Mitundu yambiri yokhala ndi zomera zokwawa komanso zokongola (phiri la pine, juniper, cotonaster), zomwe zili zokongola kwambiri m'minda yamtengo wapatali, mapiri a mapiri, ndi mapiri otsetsereka. Chofunika kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a korona.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuwerenga za momwe mungapangidwire ndi manja anu, komanso momwe mungasankhire zomera za alpine.
Zina mwa izo ndi:
- pyramidal (poplar, cypress);
- globula (linden, mthethe);
- phokoso (spruce, fir);
- zokwera (phulusa, thundu, mkuyu);
- chowoneka ngati ambulera (silky acacia);
- kulira (msondodzi, kulira birch);
- zovuta (ivy, mphesa).
Zomangamanga zimakongoletsedwa ndi zomera ndi korona yolira, ndi misewu, mabwalo, mapaki - ndi conical, yozungulira, pyramidal. Pakulimidwa kwa mtundu umodzi, zikhalidwe zazomwe zimapangidwira ndi mawonekedwe a ambulera zikupezeka. Kukula kwa zomera kumapanga zomangamanga zooneka bwino.
Ndikofunikira! Zomera zooneka ngati zosavomerezeka za zipatso zina ndi mbewu zokongola zingawononge zokolola. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo ya apulo sichigwirizana ndi mabokosi a akavalo, viburnum, lilac, fir, jasmine komanso birch.
Zomera za zomera zotetezera nthaka zimateteza ku mphepo, kuwonetsera malire a nthaka, kukongoletsa malo. Kukonzekera kwa nthaka kumayimitsa nthaka (eukalyti), kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa nthaka (pine, mbewu ya thundu), ndi kukonza dothi la mchenga (msondodzi-sheluga). Kwa zomera zabwino kwambiri, pali chimphona chachikulu, udzu ndi udzu wofiira sizitsika.
Nkhosa ndi tirigu
Mbewu zowonjezera kugwiritsira ntchito tirigu ndi tirigu. Nthanga za tirigu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira, kusamalira zinyama, tirigu, mafakitale a tirigu ndi mafakitale ena.
Malo oyamba pa kusonkhanitsa katundu wambiri ndi chiwerengero cha malo ofesedwa ndizo kulima mbewu za tirigu:
- tirigu;
- mpunga;
- oats;
- balere;
- chithandizo;
- chimanga.
Sizinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala za tirigu, mwachitsanzo, pali zotchedwa mbewu zoyera zomwe zimayimira banja la legume, izi ndi monga soya, nyemba ndi nandolo. Ndipo chikwama chotchulidwa pamwambacho chimachokera ku banja la buckwheat.Mukudziwa? Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu olemera adya mkate woyera, ndi osauka - akuda (rye). Komabe, zaka zapitazi, zinthu zinayamba kusintha: anthu ambiri omwe amasamala za thanzi lawo, anayamba kusankha chakudya chochokera ku ufa wandiweyani chifukwa cha mchere wambiri.
Mitundu
Mbewu zowonjezera ulimi ndi nyemba (soya, nyemba, nandolo, mphodza) ndi nyemba zobiriwira (nandolo, nyemba) zimatchedwa nyemba.
Zili pamsonkhano wachigawo:
- zamasamba, zimalimidwa kuti zibereke nyemba zabwino ndi nyemba (kuwonjezera pa pamwambapa, mukhoza kutcha nkhuku, mung, Urd, udindo);
- chakudya, alipo kudyetsa ng'ombe (clover, lupine, alfalfa, sweet clover).
Palinso gululi limaphatikizapo nthanga, zomwe zimatchedwa mtedza.
Zolinga zamakono, masamba ndi zamasamba zimakula kuti apeze mankhwala opangira mankhwala, zobiriwira zobiriwira (kuonjezera nthaka yosanjikizana ndi zinthu zowonongeka ndi nayitrojeni polima zobiriwira), chomera chophatikizana (mwachitsanzo, nyemba za nyemba ndi mbatata) kuti uwonjezere kukula kwa mbewu zonsezi, wireworm). Zomera zosiyana zimakongoletsedwa ndi zojambula zokongoletsa (lupine, pea yotsekemera).
Wokhuta
Mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi chiwerengero chochulukira cha otchedwa otchedwa starchy. Mbatata ndizomwe zimayambitsa chikhalidwe cha ulimi. Izi zingaphatikizepo mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chimanga ndi zokhuta zambiri.
Ena mwa oimira mitundu iyi ndi awa:
- yam (omwe amapezeka makamaka m'mayiko a ku Africa);
- chimanga (okula m'madera otentha);
- mbatata kapena mbatata (imalimbikitsidwanso m'madera otentha ndi subtropics).
Nyenyezi ndi chakudya cha anthu, chakudya cha zinyama, zopangira ufa, wowonjezera, mowa, molasses kuti adye chakudya komanso maluso.Pakati pa zikhalidwe zimenezi, pali mitundu yambiri ya zamoyo zomwe sizikufala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, koma kuyambira kale zakhala zikulimidwa ndi mayiko ena. Izi ndi zikhalidwe za tuberiferous za South America: Canna, arrowroot, diso, uluko ndi annu.
Mukudziwa? Mbatata ya La Bonnotte, yomwe idalidwa pachilumba cha Noirmoutier (France), inadzitamanda kuti ndi yotchuka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Chilogalamu ya mankhwala osakhwima kwambiri ndi okoma amawononga pafupifupi 500 ma euro.
Kutulutsa shuga
Zomera zowonjezera sucrose mu matenda ambiri, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga shuga, zimatchedwa shuga yobala. Mbewu zazikulu za mtundu umenewu ndi nzimbe ndi beets shuga. 
Chikhalidwe chosatha cha banja la bluegrass - nzimbe - chimakula m'madera otentha ndi kumadera otentha (India, China, Africa, Cuba, Philippines, Central ndi South America).
Chomera chimakhala ndi 18-20% shuga. Chitsimikizo chachikulu cha shuga m'zigawo zowonongeka ndi shuga beet. Sargo shuga, shuga ndi mgwalangwa wa vinyo, mapulo a shuga, mavwende (kutulutsa mavwende uchi, mavwende, carb (chipatso cham'madzi muli shuga 50%) amadziwikiranso.
Mafuta a mafuta
Mbewu zomwe zimakula kuti zikhale ndi mafuta a mafuta zimatchulidwa ngati mafuta odzola.
Zina mwa izo ndi:
- rapeseed (kabichi banja). Ndalama zachuma za kugwiriridwa m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri zawonjezeka kwambiri chifukwa cha kuthekera kopezera biodiesel;
- mafuta a kanjedza (banja la kanjedza)Amathandiza kuti apange mafuta odyera komanso apamwamba. Kumadzulo kwa Africa amaonedwa kuti ndi malo omwe amatsogolera mafuta otsogolera padziko lapansi;
- Nkhumba (banja la legume). Peanut bata wakhala akufalikira padziko lonse lapansi kuchokera ku United States, monga zokoma za mandimu, zomwe zimaphatikizapo batala;
Mukudziwa? Mafuta a Sesame kuyambira nthawi zakale anali ofunika kummawa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mayendedwe a ayurvedic, ndipo Avicenna, dokotala wodziwika kwambiri wa ku Persia, anali ndi maphikidwe pafupifupi zana a mankhwala ochiritsira.
- Mpendadzuwa (Aster banja) omwe akhala akudziwika kwa nthawi yayitali, ulimi wake unayamba ku North America, ndipo mamita 87% ali ndi malo odyetsera mafuta;
- Olivi wa ku Ulaya (azitona za banja). Mu mawonekedwe achilengedwe, mtengo sunapezeke kwa nthawi yaitali, wakhala ukulima kuti upeze mafuta kuyambira kale;
- banja laling'ono (lalakisi) amapeza zakudya zamtengo wapatali ndi mafuta;
- soya (banja la legume), adalandira dzina lakuti "chozizwitsa chomera" chokolola chabwino komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito m'thupi, chomwe chimadziwika kuchokera m'zaka za m'ma 1000 BC. (kumudzi kwawo - East Asia).
Zimathandizanso kutchula zomera zomwe maolivi amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu zodzoladzola: awa ndi apurikoti, pichesi, amondi, kokonati, mphesa, avocado.
Zosangalatsa
Zomera, zomwe zimaloleza kupeza zinthu zamagetsi kuti apange nsalu, pepala, zinthu zina zapakhomo.
Kugawidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha ntchito pa:
- zokopa, zomwe zimakupangitsani kupanga nsalu zosiyanasiyana (fulakesi, hemp, thonje);
- Chingwe chowombera, chokhala ndi zowonjezereka (agave, jute, kenaf, chingwe, hemp, yucca, nettle);
- pepala, zomwe zimapanga makapu ndi mapepala (mabulosi, nzimbe, nettle, drock, spruce, pine, birch);
- maburashi, kulola kubweretsa maburashi a nyumba zosiyanasiyana (mgwalangwa, agave, mabulu);
- basket-basket, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zowomba (Rogoz, msondodzi, bango);
- kupaka zinthu, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyala, mipando yowonjezera, etc. (Ivan-Chai, udzu wa thonje, vatochniki, rogoz, kendyr);
- kusamba bwino, kupereka zowonjezera zokhala ndi nsalu zachapa komanso nsomba (linden, luffa, chayote, dzungu).
Zowonjezereka zowonjezera mbewu ndi thonje. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'matenda, mafuta amachokera ku mbewu, ndipo zinyalala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chakudya cha nyama. China, Uzbekistan, India, USA, Pakistani, Australia, Brazil ndi omwe amapanga makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi.
Gourds
Zinyama (kumamatira) zomera zimakhala za banja la dzungu ndipo zimakula pa "vwende", yotchedwa vwende. Mavwende ambiri ali ndi mizu yolimba, amadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzimadzi, masamba obiriwira ndi mazalala akuluakulu, koma pali zomera za bushy.
Tropical ndi subtropical states akuonedwa kukhala kwawo kwa mavwende mbewu. Gwiritsani ntchito zipatso zodyera komanso zipangizo zamankhwala, kuwonjezera pa chakudya cha ziweto. 
Zomera zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- chivwende;
- vwende;
- mphukira;
- zukini.
Ndikofunikira! Kulakalaka mavwende kumatha kusuntha mchenga ndi miyala mu impso ndi chikhodzodzo cha ndulu, chomwe chimatha ndi opaleshoni. Mavwende ndi vwende ndi zabwino kudya kamodzi patsiku komanso moyenera. Ngati chipatso chosadulidwa sichidyetsedwa mkati mwa maola 24, zimatha kupezeka mowa mwauchidakwa, chifukwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timachulukira mofulumira mu zitsulo zowonongeka.
Zamasamba
Zomera zaulimi, ziwalo zomwe zimapangidwirazo zimakula kuti anthu azidya komanso zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi "masamba", amatchedwa masamba. Zomera pafupifupi 120 za mtundu umenewu zimakula pa dziko lapansi, pafupifupi 55 mwa iwo amakula m'madera onse a dziko lapansi.
Njira yayikulu yogwiritsira ntchito mbewu za masamba ndi mtundu wa zakudya zonse zomwe zimayambira ndi kuyambitsidwa (kuyanika, kufinya madzi, salting, chithandizo cha kutentha). Palinso mbewu za chakudya zomwe zimayenera zinyama. 
Thupi lothandiza, lotchedwa masamba, limafotokoza zigawo zotsatirazi za mbewu za masamba:
- zipatso ndi masamba (masamba, phwetekere);
- Zomera zamasamba zakuda (kabichi);
- ziphuphu (anyezi, adyo);
- Muzu wa mbewu (beets, kaloti, radish).
Mitengo iliyonse ya zamasamba imakhala ndi mitundu yambirimbiri, imafalikira pa makontinenti osiyanasiyana, imalimidwa pamtunda ndi kumalo obiriwira.
Zipatso zomera
Zomera zimalima pakupanga zipatso, mtedza ndi zipatso zimatchedwa chipatso. Mitengo yonse ya zipatso ndi zomera zosatha; zomera zimadulidwa, koma palinso masamba obiriwira. Chikhalidwe chirichonse chimatanthauzidwa ndi chimango cha chipatso, umoyo, zofunikira kuti ukhale wabwino ndi nthaka ndi chilengedwe. 
Mwamwayi, chipatso chagawidwa m'madera a nyengo:
- otentha zone (apulo, mphesa, peyala, chitumbuwa, maula, quince, currant, jamu, rasipiberi, sitiroberi, etc.);
- mazira amchere (citrus, persimmon, nkhuyu, makangaza, pichesi, etc.);
- malo otentha (banki, chinanazi, mango, kanjedza kanjedza).
Mukudziwa? Zikodzo zimakhala zosangalatsa chifukwa zimatha kusambira kwa nthawi yaitali panyanja, ndikufika pamphepete mwa nyanja, kumera ndikukula kutali kwambiri ndi kwawo. Ndicho chifukwa chake mitengo ya kanjedza ikhoza kupezeka kumadera akutentha.
Kulimbikitsa
Mbewu zomwe zimapatsa zinthu zolimbikitsa ndi zamano, zotchedwa zolimbikitsa. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zomera zimaphatikizapo alkaloids, zomwe zimakhala ndi zing'onozing'ono kuti zisangalatse maselo ndi mitsempha.
Zina mwa zomera, pali:
- mtengo wa khofi Kumwa kuchokera ku mbewu zake kumakhudza dongosolo la mitsempha, kumachepetsa mwachidule kutopa, kuwonjezereka kuvutikira ndi kugwira ntchito kwa munthu;
- tiyi, kapena camellia chinese. Tea ili ndi katundu wapadera - imatha kumachepetsa munthu nthawi imodzi, ndi kuchepetsa kugona, ndi kuonjezera bwino;
- fodya Pewani kumbali ya njala, yanizani magazi. Ndiloledzera, lomwe liri ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana;
- poppy, mitundu yambiri ya alkaloids imachotsedwa: morphine, narcotine, papaverine, codeine, thebaine, narcein, ndi zina. Zimasonkhanitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pazamalonda, komanso kupanga mankhwala osokoneza bongo;
- hemp. Kusuta marijuana kuli ndi vuto linalake la munthu ndipo sikuletsedwa m'mayiko ambiri, ngakhale kuti m'mayiko ena amaloledwa chifukwa cha mankhwala, mwachitsanzo, kuti athetse vuto la anthu omwe ali ndi chiphunzitso cha oncology.
Chifukwa chiyani zokolola za zomera zomwe zimalima zimachepa
Timafotokoza zifukwa zazikulu za zochitika izi:
- mankhwala. Kulima mbewu kumalo amodzi kumapangitsa kuti nthaka iwonongeke, zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola. Zitha kuwonjezeredwa ndi feteleza, kuchepa kwa nthaka ndi chithandizo cha nthaka;
- thupi. Dothi la nthaka likuwonongedwa ndi kulima ndi mizu ya mbewu zomwe zimakula, zomwe zimaphwanya kutentha, mpweya, madzi a nthaka, kuchepetsa zokolola. Kubwezeretsa mapangidwe a nthaka kumathandiza kuthetsa malo ena onse;
- zamoyo. Kulimidwa kwa mbeu kumalo amodzi kumabweretsa chitukuko cha namsongole ndikuyamba matenda. Namsongole amatsata mbewu, zomwe zimachepetsa zokolola zawo. Choncho, ulimi wambewu wa nthawi yaitali umaonjezera chiopsezo cha nthaka kuwonongeka ndi wireworm. Njira yothetsera nkhondo idzakhala yolima mwapadera ndi kusintha kwa mbewu zomwe zimalima.
Ndikofunikira! Sinthani mbewu zowonongeka (mbeu yoyendayenda) nyemba - zitsamba zazing'ono sizikulekerera, kotero zimasiya malo.
Kusintha kwa nyengo kungakhudzenso zokolola ngati zoyenera zisanatengedwe nthawi (malo okhala, nthaka mulching, etc.).
Choncho, njira yabwino yosinthira mbewu, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino feteleza, kuteteza namsongole, tizirombo, matenda, "mpumulo" wa panthaŵi yake, makina opangira mankhwala opangira nthaka amathandiza kuti nthaka iwonongeke ndi kuonjezera zokolola.
Chifukwa chomwe kulima kumalimbikitsa zamoyo zomwe zimalima zomera
Kulima kwa nthawi yake kumathandiza kuti imfa imere, kumachepetsa mpikisano pakati pa mbande, kumathandiza kusunga madzi okwanira m'nthaka kumathandiza kupeza madzi, mpweya ndi zakudya ku mizu ya zomera, motero kumachepetsa mikhalidwe ya kukula kwawo.
Tikukulangizani kuti mudziwe bwino za mndondomeko wa namsongole, komanso phunzirani momwe mungamenyere ndi kuchotsa namsongole m'munda.
Zomera zomwe zimalima zimakula m'mapiri
Ngakhale kuti pali madera ena a mapiri, sizingalepheretse alimi ndi alimi, choncho, malingana ndi nyengo ya m'dera lino, mungathe kukumana:
- minda ya zipatso (apricots, mapichesi, mapeyala, mitengo ya citrus);
- minda yamphesa;
- bahchi;
- mbewu (balere, mapira, chimanga);
- masamba (mbatata, tirigu, beets);
- tiyi;
- khofi;
- fodya
Zomera zomwe zimalima zimabweretsa zokolola zabwino ndipo zimatikondweretsa ndi maonekedwe awo ngati zimapatsidwa chisamaliro choyenera. Ndipo chifukwa cha ichi munthu ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito yake ndi chidziwitso.
