Kodi nsomba ya nkhunda inayamba bwanji?

M'malo mwa anthu ambiri amakono, makalata a njiwa ndi anachronism, mawu ofanana a kale lomwe, olembedwa ndi aura of romance.

Ndipo komabe, posachedwa, kugwirizana koteroko kunali njira yowonjezera yowankhulana, ndipo mofulumira kwambiri.

Kodi nsanamira ya nkhunda inkawoneka liti?

Amakhulupirira kuti bamboyo adayimitsa njiwa zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo, ndipo monga mwadzidzidzi, mbalameyi yakhala ndi ife zaka pafupifupi zikwi khumi. Kwa nthawi yayitali, okhala m'mayiko osiyanasiyana adatha kuona mbalame zoterezi ndizofunikira kwambiri - kuthekera kwawo kupeza nyumba yawo molondola. Ngati titembenukira ku nthano, njiwa yoyamba iyenera kuganiziridwa, mwachionekere, iyo Nowa anatumiza nthawi ya Chigumula kufunafuna sushi.

Ndikofunikira! Malingana ndi msanga pamtunda wautali, kokha chimmeza, nkhwangwa ndi nyulu yakupha mapiri akhoza kukangana ndi nkhunda-postman. Nkhunda ikhoza kuwuluka kwa nthawi yaitali pa liwiro la makilomita 100 / h ndi zina.

Kodi amadziwa bwanji komwe angathamangire ndi kutalika kwake?

Pali malingaliro angapo ponena za momwe mbalame imapezera kumudzi kwawo. Mwina monga kayendedwe ka maulendo, nkhunda zimagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe zakuthambo zapadziko lapansikapena mwinamwake zonse zokhudzana ndi dzuŵa, pa malo omwe iwo akuyendetsera mu danga.

Palibe kukayikira kuti njiwa zimangobwerera kwathu, ndiko kuti, kumalo kumene adamutenga. Nthaŵi zambiri mbalame zinkayenda patali kuposa makilomita 1000.

Mbiri ya makalata a Pigeon

Pali chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti maimelo a nkhunda anawonekera ndipo anayamba kutchuka ngakhale asanayambe nthawi yakale. Mipingo ing'onoing'ono yomwe inafalikira kudera lopanda malire inaloŵa m'malo mwa mayikowo, kufunika kofunika kutumiza mauthenga pakati pa likulu ndi zigawo. Kulankhulana kunali kofunika kwambiri pazankhondo. Ndipo popeza kuti ng'anjo yamoto kapena ng'anjo inkapatsira chizindikiro kwa kanthawi kochepa chabe, sakanatha kulimbana ndi mbalame zolimba komanso zolimba.

Ndizosangalatsa kuwerenga za chiyambi ndi mbiri ya nkhuku.

Kale ndi Middle Ages

Kukhoza kwa njiwa kubwerera ku chisa chawo kunadziwika Greece, Rome, Egypt ndi Middle East. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, mafuko a Gauls ndi Germany sanangogwiritsa ntchito nkhunda ngati anthu aumphawi, koma amagwiritsanso ntchito luso lawo polimbana ndi nkhondo komanso malonda.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1200 Egypt inali imodzi mwa malo opititsira patsogolo kulumikizana kotereku.

Chifukwa cha ichi chinali chisomo chosayembekezereka cha akuluakulu apanyumba, omwe anavomera kulipira ndalama zazikulu kwa anthu ophunzitsidwa bwino.

Pambuyo pake, m'zaka za makumi asanu ndi ziwiri za m'ma 1600, pazaka makumi asanu ndi zitatu za nkhondo, njiwa zinathandiza kwambiri pozungulira mzinda wa Leiden wopondereza a ku Spain. Pamene anthu okhala mumzinda wozunguliridwa, atataya mtima, anali okonzeka kudzipereka, mtsogoleri wa asilikali a Dutch, William wa Orange, adawatumizira uthenga mothandizidwa ndi njiwa, pomwe adawauza anthu a m'mudziwo kuti azikhala nawo miyezi itatu. Pamapeto pake, Leiden sanalandidwe konse.

Mukudziwa? Belgian Pigeon Sports Society, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1818, iyenera kukhala ngati gulu loyamba la okonda mapiko a positi. Ndiye mongaMaofesi a E adayamba kutseguka ku Ulaya. Pambuyo pa zaka 100 ku Paris wokha, kunali anthu oposa 8,000 ophunzitsidwa ndi nthenga.

M'zaka za m'ma 1800

Asanafike komanso kufalikira kwa telegraph, panali mitundu iwiri yokha ya mauthenga ofulumira kwambiri: mtumiki wamtendere ndi nkhunda zonyamula katundu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mauthenga atsopano atsopano anali patsogolo pa oyambawo. Friedrich von Amerling (1803-1887) "Pigeon Mail" Ngakhalenso m'zaka zamakono zotsitsimutsa, abusa ojambula nsalu nthawi zambiri ankangowonongeka. Kwazing'ono, chifukwa cha iwo, maulamuliro azachuma amtsogolo adamangidwa - makolo a makampani opanga zamakono.

Chitsanzo cha izi ndi ntchito yomwe yabweretsa Nathan Rothschild Phindu lalikulu: mu 1815, chifukwa cha mauthenga a nthenga, mabizinesi uyu adamva za kugonjetsedwa kwa Napoleon ku Waterloo masiku awiri oyambirira kuposa omenyana naye. Nathan Rothschild Mwachibadwa, zotsatira zachuma chifukwa chogonjetsedwa ndi asilikali zinagwidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi luso la malonda.

Podziwa momwe nkhaniyi idzakhudzire zivomezi za ku France masiku angapo, adachita ntchito zoyenera kusintha, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali imodzi mwazofunikira, ngati sizowonjezera yekha (wopindula).

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma la Netherlands linakhazikitsa malo osungiramo zida, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito potsata zankhondo komanso zosowa za ankhondo, pazilumba za m'madera ake - zamakono Indonesia. Monga njira yoperekera pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa njiwa za Baghdad.

Ndikofunikira! Musamaphunzitse mbalame yosagwedezeka, imatha kupeza mzake payekha. Pa chifukwa chomwecho, sikoyenera kumasula mbalame zosiyana pa nyumba ya nkhunda.

Nthawi Nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia ya 1870-1871, njira yokha yolankhulirana ndi kuzunguliridwa ndi Germany ku Paris anali anthu odzaza nthenga. Kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso kumadabwitsa - 150,000 zikalata zovomerezeka zokha, komanso mauthenga aumwini maulendo asanu ndi awiri. Panthawi imeneyo, kuyankhulana kotereku sikudapitabe patsogolo chitukuko: mauthenga adakonzedwa, kuti adziwitse zambiri, mothandizidwa ndi njira zokulitsa chithunzi. Motero, chojambula chithunzicho chinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chidziwitse kutumiza.

Malo otsegula kuchokera kumene makalata anatumizidwa ku Paris anali mzinda wa Tours; nkhunda zochokera ku likulu la France zinatengedwa mu buluni. Ajeremani anayesera kulimbana ndi amuna otumiza mpweya mothandizidwa ndi akalulu, koma njira yolankhulana idakalipobe. Mwina kuzunguliridwa kwa Paris, ndipo mwina china chake chinali chifukwa chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya anayamba ntchito yamapiko a nkhunda kuti apange zosowa za nkhondo. Koma osati asilikali okha omwe amagwiritsira ntchito talente ya mbalame - osamveka sanamusiye osasamala. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi yotchuka kwambiri pa regattas inali yotsekedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Anthu ankafuna kudziwa za zotsatira za kusambira mwamsanga. Choncho, nyuzipepalayi, yomwe poyamba inapereka umboni wodalirika wokhudzana ndi zotsatira za mafuko, inagulitsa makope ambiri kuposa ochita mpikisano. Ndi nthawi yomwe amishonale anayamba kukambirana ndi eni ake ndi abwanamkubwa a nsomba, kuti atenge maulendo obwera mwamsanga.

Onani ndondomeko yobereketsa nkhunda, ndipo werengani za moyo wa nkhunda.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 Hawaii Sipanakhale imodzi mwa mayiko a US komanso malo olemekezeka. Anali kagulu kakang'ono ka zilumba zomwe zinatayika m'nyanja ya Pacific, yomwe nthawi zambiri sitinkayendera ndi sitima kapena sitima zonyamula katundu - komanso nthawi zambiri pofuna kubwezeretsa madzi kapena zipatso. Zaka zitatu zisanafike kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, sizinangokhala msonkhano wa positi kuzilumbazi, koma chiwonetsero cha makampani amakono - omasulira ndalama: kuwonjezera pa makalata, ntchitoyi inatumiza ndalama.

Ndiyenera kutchulaponso za Chipatala chachikulu cha Pachilumba cha Zisumbu. Kuchokera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka 1908, pamene chingwe cha telegraph chinayikidwa pansi pa nyanja, chinagwirizanitsa chilumbachi ndi likulu la New Zealand - Auckland. Msonkhanowu unayitanidwa Service bluegram. Kampaniyi inasiyanitsidwa ndi njira yolimba, yophunzitsira: idaperekanso sitampu zake. Utumikiwu unali ndi olemba mbiri komanso wogulitsa mbiri yake - njiwa yotchedwa Velocity nkhunda, imene inagonjetsa makilomita oposa 100 mu mphindi 50.

Mukudziwa? Kalonga wa Prussia Frederick Karl anapatsa amayi ake nkhunda yochokera ku Paris. Pambuyo pa zaka 4 mbalameyo idatuluka, kuyesetsa kupeza "msewu" ndi kubwerera kwanu.

Nkhondo Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse

Zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri, ngakhale kuti zonsezi zinasintha, sanaiwale za nkhunda: adapitiliza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa nkhondo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Nkhunda ya nkhondo ya ku Britain, Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse. Mbalamezi zinapulumutsa miyoyo ya asilikali ndi oyendetsa sitima kamodzi, kupereka malipoti m'madera omwe palibe wina kupatulapo iwo atatha kuchita zimenezo. Kuwonjezera pa kupulumutsa miyoyo, mbalame zathandizira kupambana muzooneka ngati zopanda chiyembekezo. Asirikali achifaransa ali ndi njiwa, 1914-1915 Mungathe kukumbukira nkhani yotchuka Viti Cherevichkinakuti mwana aliyense wa ku Soviet ankadziwa. Mnyamata wazaka khumi ndi zisanu (15) anawomberedwa ndi chipani cha Nazi popeza, mosiyana ndi malamulo a ku Germany, iye sanawononge nkhunda zake, kuzigwiritsa ntchito polankhulana ndi a Red Army atagwidwa Rostov. Chikumbutso Vite Cherevichkina

Kodi amazigwiritsa ntchito masiku ano?

Nkhondoyo itatha, bungwe lodziwika bwino la Reuters linagwiritsa ntchito mbalame za mbalamezi kuti zikatumize makalata otumiza uthenga chifukwa cha magalimoto omwe anathandiza kuti galimotoyo isadutse. Ku Yalta, nyuzipepala ya Kurortnaya Gazeta inagwiritsanso ntchito njira imeneyi yolankhulirana.

Pakali pano, makalata a njiwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha - malonda, malonda, chifukwa chochita zochitika zikondwerero za kukumbukira, zochitika za philatelic.

Pali magulu ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe amachititsa msonkhano, congresses ndi mpikisano - osati mu klabu imodzi kapena mumzinda, komanso m'mayiko ena.

Ndikofunikira! Chofunika kwambiri ndi malo omwe nkhunda ikhoza kubwerera kwawo. Ndikofunika kusankha kukwera komwe kumatsegulidwa kumbali zonse. M'chigwacho, postman wamphongo sakuwona malo omwe amadziwika. Zosadziwika bwino za malo (mapiri, zigwa zazikulu) ndi nkhalango zowopsya zimatha kuwopsya mbalameyo.

Nkhunda zotulutsa

Ngakhale kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana inkagwiritsidwa ntchito pa positi, anayi anali odziwika kwambiri:

1. Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi - mbalame yaikulu yaikulu yomwe imakhala ndi maluwa ndi mulu wopangidwa bwino ndi fupa lachilendo lopangidwa mozungulira.

2. Flanders (Brussels) - kukula kwakukulu, kwakukulu kuposa ena oimira mabungwe a ku Belgium, ndi khosi lolimba lomwe lili ndi khosi lalifupi, lokhala ndi mapiko mwamphamvu kwambiri.
3. Antwerp - Mtundu wina, wochokera ku Belgium. Makhalidwe abwino ndi mchere wofewa kwambiri ndi khosi.

4. Luttih - yaing'ono kwambiri, koma ili ndi makhalidwe abwino a positi.

Pali mitundu yambiri yambiri yomwe ili pafupi ndi makhalidwe awo kwa omwe adatchulidwa pamwambapa, koma chifukwa cha zifukwa zosiyanasiyana iwo sakondwera kwambiri ngati olemba ntchito - mwachitsanzo, rock pigeon, Dutch tumler.

Onaninso za mitundu ya nkhunda: nkhanga, Nikolaev, njiwa (Baku, Takla, Uzbek, Agaran), nyama (mtundu, kubala).

Kodi maphunzirowa ndi otani?

Kawirikawiri chiyambi cha maphunziro ndi akuuluka mozungulira dovecote. Zimayambika palibe kale kuposa mbalame za mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Panthawiyi, mtsogoleri wam'tsogolo ayenera kukhalitsidwa kwathunthu, ndi kukhala masiku osachepera atatu pa dovecot, pomwe adzalangiza ndege.

Ndege zoterezi zatha pafupifupi miyezi 1.5, kenako zimapita ku gawo lotsatira la maphunziro: mbalame imachotsedwa kutali ndi nyumba ya nkhunda, ikuwonjezeka ndi nthawi.

Mukudziwa? Nkhondo yoyamba ya ku Russia yotchedwa post-pigeon inakhazikitsidwa ku Kiev mu 1890.

M'chaka choyamba cha maphunziro, anthu am'mbuyo am'tsogolo samatenga makilomita 320. Kuphunzitsa pali lamulo: kuchepetsa mtunda, mbalame zomwe zimauluka, siziyenera kukhala. Kupanda kutero, khalidwe la mbalame limakhala lopanda phokoso, lofooketsa ubwenzi ku chisa chakwawo.

Ndi kuphunzitsa pamtunda wa makilomita 100 Mbalame zimapatsidwa tsiku la mpumulo. Pakati paulendo wautali, mbalameyo imatha pafupifupi maola 90. Maphunziro onse, ndege ndi mfundo kuchokera kumene anazipanga zinalembedwa.

Ntchito yopindulitsa kwambiri imachokera pakati pa masika mpaka kumapeto kwa September.

Phunzirani zambiri za zomwe nkhunda zimapanga: momwe mungamangire dovecote, momwe mungadyetse nkhunda (anapiye).

Poyambira maphunziro, nyengo yabwino ndi yabwino, ndipo maphunziro owonjezera amachitika nyengo iliyonse. Pofuna kukhalabe ndi nkhunda zophunzitsidwa, kuti azikhala bwino, kamodzi pa masabata anayi amayamba kufika pamtunda wotalikirana, patapita nthawi.

Otsatira am'tsogolo omwe amasankhidwa kuti aziphunzitsidwa amakhala pambali pawokha, ndi amuna, amuna khumi ndi awiri mu fuko limodzi. Ndikofunika kuti nyamayo iziponya mbozi kuti ziwatengere kumalo otsiriza. Khalidwe loipa, lodziletsa, kapena kusamvetsetsa kwa kulankhulana ndi manja kungalepheretse mbalame kubwerera kwawo. Ndi bwino kugwira nkhunda mothandizidwa ndi ukonde, pozizoloŵera izo pasadakhale. Koma usiku mbalameyi imakulolani modzichepetsa kuti muigwire. Njiwa iyenera kutengedwa kumalo osungirako mwamsanga mwamsanga, ngati nthawi yayitali mudekete imayendetsa mbalameyo ndi kuipangitsa kukhala waulesi. Kutumiza mbalameyo ayenera kuti nkhunda idziwe ndipo sachita mantha. Kawirikawiri, ndege isanayambe kuyendetsa bwino kuti mbalame zizikhala bwino, kotero kuti azilakalaka kubwerera kwawo. Tulutsani mbalame muulendo wophunzitsira uyenera kukhala usanafike masana.

Ngati mtunda wa nyumba uli mkati mwa 100-150 km, 50-60 mphindi isanayambe, otsogolera amapatsidwa madzi ndi tirigu wambiri. Kuti muyambe kusankha malo osangalatsa, dengulo latsegulidwa ndipo lamanzere. Nkhunda imanyamuka, imayang'ana pozungulira pomwepo, imamupeza yekha chizindikiro chodziwika bwino ndikuyamba kuthawa.

Ndikofunikira! Malo otere amachititsa mbalame kuthawa. Nkhunda idzagonjetsa mtunda wa makilomita 200 mu malo osatsekemera mofulumira kuposa 70 km kudera lovuta.

Mbalame zamatsenga zimafunikira ufulu wochuluka. Ndi okhawo omwe amadziwa zoyenera kuyenda pakasankha njira. Mbalame zimafunika kudzifufuza mozungulira malo omwe ali pafupi ndi nyumbayo, ndi kuzidziwa bwino nthawi zosiyanasiyana za chaka. Komanso, moyo wokhutira salola kuti iwo azikhala ndi mafuta - njiwa si broiler, kuti awonjezere kulemera sikusowa kalikonse.

Video: maphunziro a nkhunda

Kutalika kwa nkhunda kuthawa ndi mamita 100-150. Kumakhala bwino kwambiri pamtunda umenewo, monga momwe amagwiritsira ntchito kuwona zinthu muzithunzi zoyenerera. Ngati pazifukwa zina muyenera kukhala ndi luso lopeza nyumba ndi malo kuchokera kutalika kwambiri, ndiyenera kuigwiritsa ntchito, pokhapokha mavuto angabwere panthawi yobwerera. Pamwamba pa mawonekedwe, njiwa yophunzitsidwa imatulukira zaka pafupifupi 3-3.5.

Pezani momwe nkhuku za nkhunda zimawonekera ndi kuzibisa.

Njiwa zamoto

Mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse, njiwa yamoto inabweretsedwa kuchokera ku USA kupita ku France Sher Amizomwe zinapangika zambiri ndi malipoti; Panthawi yoopsa ya Meuse-Argon, chifukwa cha iye, asilikali pafupifupi 200 anapulumutsidwa. Nkhunda yaing'ono idavulazidwa, koma idawulukira mpaka kumalo ake popanda diso, paw, ndi chilonda cha chifuwa. Anapatsidwa Mpando Wachigwirizano ndi Gold Medal wa American Society of Carrier Pigeons. Scarecrow Sher Ami Njiwa ziwiri, Commando ndi Msilikali Joe, anapatsidwa mphotho mu 1945-46 Medal Mary Deakin (mphoto yamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa zinyama za ku Britain, Great Britain) chifukwa cha zida zankhondo zomwe zinawonetsedwa pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Nkhunda G.I. Joe, anapereka Medal Maria Deakin Panthawi Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, asilikali a ku Danish omwe anali pansi pamsasa analandira uthenga wofunikira womwe ungathe kuperekedwa kokha ndi thandizo la nkhunda. Postman wamphongo anapirira ndi ntchitoyi. Mercury, komwe adalandira mphotho Deakin. Nkhunda ya Mercury Winky anali kulemekezedwa ndi chifaniziro cha mkuwa ndi medali ya Deakin. Anapulumutsa anthu ogwira ntchito pansi pa Chingerezi akugona pansi, akuuluka pafupifupi 5,000 miles maulendo m'masiku 12. Winky Irish Postman Paddy Pa September 1, 1944 analandira mphoto chifukwa cha mbiri ya kulumpha kwa Allies ku Normandy. Mu maola 4.5 mbalameyo idatha pafupifupi 400 km. Izi ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Nkhunda Paddy ndi Gustav ndi medali Maria Deakin, 1944 Msilikali Darling - Njiwa ina yamphongo yomwe inapulumutsa sitima zapamadzi za Soviet, kuphwanya makilomita 1000 mu masiku awiri.

Nkhunda yamagalimoto "48", ndi kuphwanya paw ndi bala lalikulu, anapereka uthenga kuchokera ku chipani chasunthi amene anazunguliridwa.

Mukudziwa? Mtsogoleri wa njiwa ya utumiki wa positi wa gulu la France, Captain Reno, kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, adayesa kuti njiwa idzawuluka pamtunda wa makilomita 3,000 kukafika pamtunda.

Video: nkhunda zotumiza nkhunda

Ngakhale makalata a njiwa sali otchuka ndipo pakufunidwa, iwo akadali nawo othandizira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhunda ndi zolengedwa zamapiko okongola zomwe zaonetsa mobwerezabwereza chikondi chawo ndi kudzipereka kwawo. Anthu ayenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse ndikuwathandiza.