Zamoyo zazikuluzikuluzi zimatha kugogoda ng'ombe yaikulu yamphongo. Ndipo ngakhale ngakhale tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tokha, koma ochepa kwambiri. Mafinya opangidwa ndi bowa amachititsa kuti nyama ndi anthu azivulazidwa kwambiri. Kukhoza kunena kuti m'mayiko osauka pafupifupi 40% mwa matenda onse a anthu ndi nyama ndi njira zina zokhudzana ndi poizoni zopangidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kotero ndikofunikira kudziwa za mliriwu mochuluka.
Kodi mycotoxins ndi chiyani?
Zomwe zimapanga zinthu zooneka bwino za poizoni, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nkhungu zochepa kwambiri, ndipo ndi mycotoxins. Iwo amapangidwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero chochepa cha mankhwala osavuta ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha kwa mankhwala kamodzi, chifukwa chakuti ali ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana.
Mukudziwa? Nkhumba si chomera kapena nyama, kapena kani, onse awiri panthawi yomweyo. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kwambiri kuti bowa zazikuluzikulu zili ndi malingaliro apadera.Asayansi atha kale kukhazikitsa mitundu yoposa mazana atatu ya nkhungu, yomwe imakhala ndi mbiri yowonjezera zinthu zowonjezera mazana anayi. Kulowa m'thupi la munthu mwachindunji, kapena kudzera mwa nyama ndi mkaka wa nyama, mycotoxins ikhoza kuyambitsa matenda ambiri, kuphatikizapo khansara.
Mycotoxins
Pafupifupi chakudya chilichonse cha masamba chimanyamula nkhungu za nkhungu. Pakubwera kwabwino kwa kutentha kwake, komanso ndi chinyezi chokwanira, spores zimere. Ndipo pokhala ndi zovuta zapangidwe za bowa, zomwe zimasonyezedwa ndi kusiyana kwa kutentha ndi kutulukira kwa mankhwala, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timayamba kutulutsa zinthu zoopsa.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito chakudya komanso nkhuku, nkhuku, zinziri, abakha a musk, nkhunda ndi nkhanga.
Akatswiri apeza njira zisanu zomwe zimapangidwira zamoyo za mycotoxins, zomwe ziri:
- polyketides omwe amachititsa kupanga aflotoxins, ochratoxins, patulin, sterigmatocystin;
- terpenoid, kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe ka mychootoxins ya trichothecene;
- tricarboxylic acid cycle ikupanga kupanga rubratoxin;
- amino acid kumayambitsa kaphatikizidwe ka ergoalkoloids, sporidesmin, cyclopiazonoic asidi;
- kuphatikiza, kuphatikiza njira zingapo zomwe zimayambitsa cycloridasonic asidi.
Mwachidziwitso mtundu uliwonse wa mtundu wa nkhungu zofiira kwambiri zimachokera kunthaka zake za poizoni.Chotsatira chake, kubereka kwawo kwa chakudya cha nyama kumabweretsa:
- kuchepa kwakukulu m'thupi labwino, kuwonongeka kwa kukoma kwake ndi zonunkhira katundu;
- chifukwa cha izi - kugwa kwa kuchuluka kwa chakudya chomwe amadya ndi nyama, kuchepa kwa kuyamwa kwa zinthu zothandiza;
- kuchepetsa ntchito za endocrine ndi machitidwe a exocrine;
- kuchepetsa chitetezo.
Mukudziwa? Ntchentche zazing'ono siziwopa kutentha kulikonse kapena kutentha kwa Arctic, kapena kutentha kwa dzuwa, ngakhale malo otseguka. Pokhala mlengalenga, nkhungu za nkhungu sizinawonongeke "kumera".Ambiri omwe amakhudzidwa ndi poizoni wa nkhungu nkhungu ndi nyama ndi mbalame.
Pakalipano, ofufuza amagawaniza ma mycotoxins m'magulu akuluakulu asanu ndi limodzi:
- aflatoxins;
- katemera;
- mafoni;
- zearalenone;
- ochratoxins;
- Zidzakhala zovuta.
Ngakhale zinthu zosayenerera zazing'ono zingathe kuvulaza kwambiri nyama ndi mbalame.
Phunzirani zambiri za zakudya zowonjezera.
Aflotoksin
Kawirikawiri, nkhunguyi imapezeka m'magawo opangidwa ndi soya ndi chimanga ndipo ili pakati pa poizoni woopsa wa nkhungu. 
Zingawathandize:
- Matenda ndi ziwalo za chiwindi;
- kuwonongeka kwa chipangizo cholowa cha maselo;
- matenda;
- kuchepetsa ntchito zoteteza chitetezo cha mthupi;
- zotsatira zovuta pa mazira oyamba.
Kukonzekera kwamakono ndi zamakono za mankhwala a poizoni uwu sizimakhudza izo.
Werengani zambiri za momwe mungaperekere nkhuku nkhuku, udzu, chakudya, nyama ndi fupa, mafuta a nsomba, yisiti, komanso ngati n'zotheka kupereka nkhuku, mchere, adyo ndi thovu.
Deoxynivalenol
Nkhumba za nkhungu za nkhungu, zomwe zimatchedwanso DON ndi masitoxin, zimapezeka kawirikawiri pa tirigu. Ikhozanso kupezeka pa chimanga ndi balere. Zizindikiro zazikulu za poyizoni ndi poizoniyi zimawonetsedwa pakana chakudya, kutsegula m'mimba ndi kusanza. Zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa nkhumba, ndipo nkhuku zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, popeza kuti microflora ya mbalameyi imayika kwambiri. 
Fumonisin
Bowa limene limabweretsa poizonili limapezeka kwambiri pa chimanga. Iwo amachititsa kuti azidziwika kuti ali ndi khansa. Chowopsezedwa kwambiri ndi mankhwalawa ndi nkhumba, zomwe zimakhudza mtima, kupweteka kwa mpweya kumayambitsa, ndipo chiwindi ndi kapangidwe zimakhudzidwa.
T2-poizoni
Kukula kwakukulu kwa poizoniyu kumapezeka pa tirigu ndi chimanga. Nkhuku, abakha ndi nkhumba zimavutika kwambiri. Utsi umakhudza matumbo a m'mimba, omwe amachititsa kutupa kwa ntchentche yake.
Ndikofunikira! Choopsa chachikulu cha poizoni wa nkhungu kwa anthu ndi kusowa kwa fungo, kulawa ndi mtundu, komanso kukana kutentha ndi kutentha.Kuonjezera apo, zimakhala ndi zotsatira zolakwika pa mfupa wofiira, kupondereza ntchito yake. Mu nkhuku zowonongeka ndi poizoni, kupanga mazira kumagwa ndipo dzira la dzira limakhala lochepa.
Zearalenone
Kawirikawiri poizoni amapezeka pa mbewu ndi zipatso:
- chimanga;
- rye;
- oats;
- tirigu;
- mitengo;
- mpunga;
- mtedza;
- nthochi;
- amaranth;
- tsabola wakuda.
Zingakhale zothandiza kuti muwerenge zomwe ziri komanso chifukwa chake nyama zimasowa ma pulosi.
Pafupifupi poizoni onse mu thupi la nyama amatembenuzidwira ku alpha zearalenone, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri njira yobereka ya nyama. Koma thupi la abakha ndi nkhuku sizimadwala ndi poizoni iyi, polowera m'thupi la mbalame, pafupifupi zonse zimasanduka beta-zearalenone. 
Adsorbent
Pofuna kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa zotsatira zovulaza za poizoni nkhungu pa nkhumba, nkhumba kapena nkhuku, akatswiri akhala akufufuza zinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi njira. Masiku ano, zotsimikizirika, zogwira mtima komanso zowonongeka ndi njira yotsatsira malonda, ndiko kuti, kuyamwa kwa poizoni ndi zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito padera kwambiri.
Pali kale malonda otsatsa m'mibadwo itatu:
- Choyamba chimaphatikizapo malonda otengera mchere, omwe ma aluminosilicates amagwira ntchito ngati yogwira ntchito. Makhalidwe othandizira amchere amadziwika ndi kugwirizana kwa malo osokoneza malonda a adsorbent ndi chithandizo chabwino cha "miyeso" ya maselo a mycotoxins. Izi zimagwiritsanso ntchito poizoni ngati ma aflotoxins, fumonisins, ceralenones, koma osagwirizana bwino ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mycotoxins yolemera kuchokera mthupi. Pofuna kukonza malonda awo, amalondawa amafuna kuti majekeseni apitirire kudyetsa nyama, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mavitamini ndi amino acid mu chakudya.
Choncho, njira izi zothana ndi poizoni zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono. Mtundu uwu wa adsorbent umafuna kuyambika kwa 5-7 kilogalamu imodzi mwa tani la chakudya. - Mbadwo wachiwiri unali adsorbents wochokera acid kapena enzymatic hydrolysis wa organic kanthu ndi yisiti maselo. Mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zamagulu, zomwe zimakhala ngati mankhwala othandizira oterewa, pafupifupi mycotoxins yonse imachotsedwa. Komabe, kuipa kwa ndalamazi kuyenera kukhala chifukwa cha mtengo wawo wamtengo wapatali, chifukwa kupanga kwawo kumafuna ndalama zamphamvu. Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwalawa pamtundu wa 1-2 kilogalamu imodzi mwa tani.
- Mbadwo wachitatu wa ndalamazi, zomwe zangoyamba kumene kupangidwa ndi mafakitale, zimaphatikizapo adsorbents, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mchere ndi magawo a organic. Gawo la mchere limaphatikizapo zinthu zofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa zowonjezera m'badwo 1, zomwe silicon dioxide ndi calcium carbonate mu mawonekedwe awo amadziwika.
Zinthu izi sizinayambe kugwira ntchito bwino mu ulimi, ndipo mtengo umene ali nawo ndi wapamwamba kwambiri.
Choncho, njira izi zothana ndi poizoni zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono. Mtundu uwu wa adsorbent umafuna kuyambika kwa 5-7 kilogalamu imodzi mwa tani la chakudya.
Zinthu izi sizinayambe kugwira ntchito bwino mu ulimi, ndipo mtengo umene ali nawo ndi wapamwamba kwambiri.Ndikofunikira! Zakudya monga mkaka, mazira, nyama kapena chiwindi, komanso mbewu, mycotoxins ndizoopsa kwa anthu momwe zingathere.
Zina mwazolemba ndi organic adsorbents ku makala a nkhuni chiyambi. Iwo ali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri opusa komanso ndalama zotsika mtengo, koma mpaka posachedwapa ntchito zawo zimangokhala ndi khalidwe losasangalatsa lomwe amamwa mavitamini othandiza komanso amino acid monga mwamphamvu monga mycotoxins zovulaza.
Chilichonse chinasintha pamene njira yakhazikitsidwa pofuna kupanga malasha ndi pyrolysis ya nkhuni yamitengo, yomwe imathandiza kuti mugulitse mankhwalawa ndi ma pores akuluakulu omwe amamanga ma mycotoxins ndi ma micropores osachepera omwe amatenga ma molekyulu a mavitamini ndi mankhwala. 
Kutsiliza
Asayansi anayamba kuthana ndi vuto la mycotoxins kwambiri kuposa zaka makumi anayi zapitazo. Panthawiyi, adapeza mfundo zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa kuwonongeka kwa nkhungu za nkhungu ku ulimi.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge za momwe mungaphike ndi manja awo okha nkhuku ndi mbalame zazikulu, komanso abakha.
Zinatsimikizira kuti mycotoxicoses, mwachindunji kapena mwachindunji, koma nthawi zonse zimakhudza:
- kuchepetsa kukolola kwa zinyama ndi mbalame;
- kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa chakudya chogwiritsidwa ntchito, chokhudza chogulitsa chomaliza;
- ntchito zobereka za nyama ndi mbalame, zimawasokoneza kwambiri;
- kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zofunikira kuti athetse nyama ndi njira zothandizira;
- kupambana kwa katemera ndi mankhwala, kuwafooketsa iwo.
Kuonjezerapo, kuphatikizapo kuchepa kwa zokolola za ziweto ndi nkhuku, ma mycotoxins amagwera mwachindunji ku ziweto ndi nkhuku, kuwatengera kuopsa kwa thanzi laumunthu.
Kwa zaka zoposa 40 ndi theka, munthu sanangodziwa zoopsa zazikuluzikuluzi zimabweretsa, koma adapezanso zina mwazochita bwino. Ma mycotoxins sagonjetsedwa, koma pa minda yokhazikitsidwa bwino iwo aphimbidwa kale ndipo amaletsedwa kwambiri.
