Imodzi mwa mitundu yofala kwambiri ya mbalame m'nkhalango yam'mudzi ndi nkhunda. M'dziko lapansi muli mitundu yoposa 800 ya mbalamezi, koma mu nkhunda zathu nkhunda zambiri nkhunda zimapezeka.
Amakonda kuyendayenda m'mabwalo a midzi, mapaki ndi malo, ngati kuti akuwonetsa kuti uwu ndiye mzinda wawo, ndipo ndizo zokopa zapanyumba.
M'nkhani ino tidzanena za Sizom kapena, monga momwe zimatchulidwira, mzinda wa njiwa, moyo wawo, adani achilengedwe komanso momwe mbalamezi zimapangidwira.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe apansi
Nkhunda ya buluu yadziwika kwa anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale. Kutchulidwa koyambirira kwa iwo kunapezeka ku Mesopotamia, ndipo ili zaka zoposa 5000. Panthawi imeneyi, mbalamezi zimawomba. M'manda akale a ku Aigupto anapezeka zotsalira za mbalame.
Izi zimatsimikiziranso mbiri yakale yakuti kuyambira kale njiwa imatengedwa kuti ndi yopatulika. Akatswiri osiyana siyana amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya mbalamezi: zakutchire ndi zamatawuni.
Onani mitundu khumi yodabwitsa ya njiwa.
Komabe, mosasamala kanthu za malo okhala, ali ndi thupi lomwelo:
- mtundu - Mbalame ya imvi imakhala yowonjezereka mwa mitundu iyi. Komabe, oimira m'mizinda, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu 28. Kusiyanasiyana uku ndiko chifukwa chakuti m'mizinda yamakono kupanga zosankha zimapezeka. Mphuno ya mutu, khosi ndi chifuwa ali ndi chikasu, chofiirira kapena chitsulo chofiirira. Mitundu ina ingakhale ndi malo oyera kapena amdima. Malinga ndi mtundu wa nthiti, m'lifupi ndi mtundu wa mikwingwirima pamapiko ndi kumbuyo, amwenye amadziŵitsa mitundu yoposa 10 ya njiwa ya buluu;
- kulemera - mwa oimira zinyama zakutchire, kulemera kwa thupi kumasiyanasiyana ndi 230 mpaka 400. Komabe, kulemera kwa mbalame za m'mizinda nthawi zina kungapitirire pazinthu zoyenera. Izi ndi chifukwa mbalame zimatha kunenepa kwambiri;
- torso - zazikulu, ndi kutalika kwake zikhoza kufikira masentimita 37. Kwa mbalame zochepetsetsa, sizingafike pamtunda 29 cm. Nkhunda ya buluu imapereka mbalame yochepa kwambiri, koma ili ndi mafuta ochepa kwambiri, omwe ndi oposa theka la thupi lake, ndipo amalemera 0, Kulemera kwa thupi kwa 1%;
- mapiko - khalani ndi mawonekedwe oonekera, ndipo chiwerengero chawo chikhoza kufika pa 67-73 cm. Nthenga za ntchentche zimakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Nthawi zambiri, njiwa imatha kuuluka mpaka 900 km patsiku, ndipo mapiko ake amphamvu amalola kuti ifike msinkhu wa 70 km / h. Mbalame zakutchire zimatha kupitirira 180 km / h;
- mchira - wozungulira mawonekedwe. Mphuno imakhala ndi mdima wakuda. Kutalika kwake kungapangidwe masentimita 13 mpaka 14;
- mutu wawung'ono. Bill ndi wovuta, mawonekedwe ozungulira pang'ono, mtundu wakuda. Kutalika kwake sikupitirira 2.5 masentimita. Malo amtundu woyerawo amafotokozedwa momveka bwino, ndipo pamunsi pake muli ming'oma. Makutu amabisala, koma izi sizimasokoneza maulendo omwe sungathe kulamulira khutu laumunthu (kumvetsera kwa sisar kumachokera ku 10 mpaka 12,000 Hz;
- maso - kawirikawiri amapezeka ndi iris ya golide kapena yachikasu, koma mungathe kukumana ndi anthu okhala ndi lalanje kapena ngakhale iris yofiira. Masomphenya a mbalamezi ndi opangidwa bwino kwambiri: amawoneka mosavuta mumlengalenga ndipo amatha kusiyanitsa mtundu wonse wa mtundu, kuphatikizapo ultraviolet. Zochitika zachilendo za njiwa zimatanthauzidwa ndi mfundo yakuti pang'onopang'ono muyenera kuyang'ana maso ake;
- khosi - Mwachifupi, kumapeto kwake, kumene kuli goiter, kutuluka kwa mphutsi kumatengedwa ndi vinyo wofiira;
- paws --fupika, kutalika kwa bobini ndi masentimita 3.5. Mtundu wa paws ukhoza kukhala wosiyana. Pali oimira mapepala awiri a pinki ndi akuda;
- mau - bata, kuyaka. N'zosavuta kusiyanitsa pakati pa mzinda ndi chisokonezo. Akatswiri osiyana siyana amasiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuyimba: kuwonetsa njira yowopsya, yopondereza, yowonongeka, yodyetsa, ndi kuyanika.
Werengani zambiri za momwe mungayankhire nkhunda kuchokera kumalo osungiramo malo ndi malo ena ofunikira, komanso momwe mungagwire nkhunda ndi misampha yambiri.
Munthu wamkulu wamkulu amakhala ndi nthenga pafupifupi 10,000. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi cholinga chake. 
Motero, magulu atatu a nthenga amasiyanitsa: zina zimathandiza mbalame kuti ifike mumtsinje wamphamvu, ena amafunika kuti apulumuke pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zina zimabweretsa mawu omwe mbalameyo imalankhula panthawi yomwe ikuuluka.
Kumakhala komwe ndi moyo wambiri
Nkhunda ya buluu inafalikira m'mayiko onse kupatula ku Antarctica. Komabe, mlengalenga mbalamezi zimangokhala kumadera akutali ndi kumwera kwa Eurasia ndi Africa.
Malo akuluakulu a mtsogoleri wa ku Eurasia ali pakati pa mapiri a Altai, kummawa kwa India, Tien Shan, Myanmar ndi kudera la chigwa cha Yenisei kupita ku Atlantic, komanso ku Africa - m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Gulf of Anden, Darfus ndi kumpoto kwa Senegal.
Pezani zomwe nkhumba zimakhalapo kuthengo ndi kunyumba.
Nkhumba ya synanthropic (yokhazikika) ya mbalamezi yafala padziko lonse lapansi. Ku makontinenti ena, nkhunda yoyera imabweretsedwa mwadala: mwachitsanzo, mu 1606, a colonist a ku France anabweretsa ku New Scotland (m'chigawo chakummawa cha Maritime ku Canada). 
M'madera ena a Soviet, mtundu waukuluwu wafalikira kummwera kwa 48 ° kumpoto kwa chigawo, ndipo m'madera ena umatsika kuchokera ku 55 ° c. sh. (mwachitsanzo, pa Yenisei). Ku Ulaya, malo ake amayamba pa 54 °. sh. Nkhunda ya buluu imapezeka ku Faroe ndi Canary Islands, ku UK, Mediterranean ndi Lakshadweep ndi Sri Lanka.
Mukudziwa? M'nthaŵi za Baibulo, mtengo wa njiwa unali wofanana ndi mtengo wa Arabia.
Ku Australia, njiwa ndi woyera mtima wa akazi, kotero anthu amdziko lino nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nyama yakufayi kuti azikwiya kapena kubwezera akazi awo. Babulo ankaonedwa ngati mzinda wa njiwa. M'kati mwa makoma ake panali nthano kuti Mfumukazi Semiramis inasandulika nkhunda ndikupita kumwamba.
Kumtchire, anthu amtunduwu amapezeka m'madera a miyala ndi mapiri, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, komanso m'madera otentha. Nthawi zambiri amawoneka pafupi ndi zitsamba kapena pafupi ndi nthaka yaulimi. Nyama yamkuntho ya pigeon ikuchepa, koma izi sizinafikirepo pang'onopang'ono kuti zitha kutetezedwa ndi Greenpeace.
Nthaŵi ya moyo wa mbalame yamphongo kuthengo ndi zaka zitatu, ndipo anthu ofanana nawo amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka pafupifupi 15. Komabe, panalibiretu sizaris, omwe zaka zawo zidakwanira ngakhale zaka 30. 
Moyo ndi khalidwe
Nkhunda zazikulu zamtundu zimayendetsa moyo wokhutira. Chiwerengero cha nkhosa nthawi zina chifikira anthu 1000, koma zimasiyana malinga ndi nyengo. Kutentha kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu.
M'magulu a njiwa, palibe olamulira, ndipo oimira onse amakhala mwamtendere. Komabe, kukhala mwamtendere koteroko sikungowonjezere kwa amuna mu nyengo yochezera. Zimayenda mobwerezabwereza, ndipo kusamukira kumagwirizana ndi kufunafuna chakudya.
Zingakuthandizeni kuti muwerenge matenda omwe mungapeze kuchokera nkhunda.
Madzulo, mbalamezi zimayenda nthawi zonse, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zikufufuza chakudya. Sizar amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu 3 peresenti paulendo. Nkhunda zakutchire zomwe zimakhala m'madera owala zimasuntha pokhapokha m'nyengo yozizira.
Pa nthawiyi, amatsika kuchokera kumapiri kupita ku zigwa, kumene kuli kovuta kupeza chakudya. Kusamukira kwa nyengo, mwachizoloŵezi cha mbalame, sikukuwonedwa mu nkhunda ya buluu. Poyamba nyengo yozizira, amabwerera kumsana wawo. 
Nkhunda zotchedwa Synanthropic zimasankha malo oti azisungira pafupi ndi munthuyo. Zithunzi zapadera kapena madenga ali apamwamba, koma sizar sadzakhala pafupi ndi amphaka, makoswe kapena agalu.
Mukudziwa? M'nyengo yozizira ya chaka, nkhunda zakuda zimatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 50 kufunafuna chakudya, koma poyamba madzulo, nthawi zonse amabwerera kumalo komwe amakhala.
Ngati gulu limodzi limapereka chizindikiro cha ngozi, gulu lonse limagwira mofulumira ndipo limathamanga. Pofuna kutetezedwa kwina, nkhuku zambiri zimakopa abale awo ku malo abwino oti akhalemo. Khalidwe limeneli limapezeka osati nthawi yokha.
Nkhunda imagona kwambiri, koma imatha usiku wonse. Akuseka, amabisa mitu yawo pansi pa phiko. Pankhaniyi, mwamuna amawoneka kuti akuyang'anira chisa, pamene mkazi nthawi zonse amagona mu chisa.
Mzinda wa Sisaris umakhala ndi moyo wotsalira, poyerekezera ndi achibale awo achilengedwe. Kukhalapo kwa malo otentha kumathandiza kuti azichulukana chaka chonse. Pa nthawi yomweyi ndi chaka chomwe amatha kuchita pafupifupi 8, pamene nkhunda zakutchire zimangokhala miyezi yochepa, ndipo chiwerengero cha ana aamuna sichiposa 4. 
Chimene chimadyetsa
Poyenda paki yomwe mumaikonda, mungathe kukumana ndi nkhunda zomwe zikufunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri zimatha kuwona momwe anthu ena amawadyetsera ndi nyenyeswa za mkate kapena mtundu wina wa tirigu. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti mbalamezi zimakhala zozizwitsa.
Nkhunda ili ndi masamba 37 omwe amachititsa kuti mbalamezi zizidya mopanda ulemu. Mwachitsanzo, mwa anthu, chiwerengero chawo chimafika pa 10,000. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, zakudya za sizar zimakhala makamaka za tirigu, zipatso zam'tchire, zitsamba, ndi mbewu zazing'ono.
Tikukulangizani kuti muwerenge momwe mungadye nkhunda ndi njiwa.
M'nyengo yozizira, pamene zimakhala zovuta kupeza zakudya zamasamba, akhoza kudya kudya. Zimathandizira kukumba miyala yochepa ya miyalayi kapena mchenga umene mbalameyo imawomba. Malingana ndi dera lanu, kudya kwa mbalamezi kungakhale kosiyana.
Nthawi zambiri sisaris amadyetserako ziweto, pamene nambala yawo imatha kufika kuchokera 10 mpaka mazana angapo. Kufunafuna chakudya gulu limatumiza magulu ang'onoang'ono ofufuzira omwe ali ndi anthu 8 mpaka 12.
Pamene malo odyetsa amapezeka, amachotsa zizindikiro zopatsa mphamvu. Nkhosa zonse zimapita ku chizindikirochi, choncho gulu laling'ono limathamangira kwambiri. Kutchire, ziweto zazikulu zimapezeka panthawi yokolola. 
Chilengedwe chimayika mfundo yakuti palibe chimene chiyenera kutayika, kotero mbewu zakugwa zimatengedwa ndi nkhunda. Komabe, amasankha mbewu zokha zokha, popeza matupi awo sawalola kuti azigwada ndi kupalasa pa spikelet, ndipo izi sizikuwononga ulimi.
Mukudziwa? Mu 1959, pamalankhula ndi Fidel Castro, njiwa inakhala paphewa pake ndipo inakhala pansi pa ntchito yonse ya wolamulira wa Cuba.
Pafupifupi, nkhunda imodzi imatha kudya 17-43 magalamu a mbewu zosiyanasiyana pa chakudya chimodzi. Amadyetsa kawiri pa tsiku: m'mawa ndi madzulo. Choncho, mlingo wa chakudya tsiku lililonse ndi 35-60 g.
Kutaya chakudya kuchokera pansi kumakupatsani inu chizoloŵezi chokhala m'mimba ya microflora. Nkhunda zotere zimadya nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi achibale awo achilengedwe. Kawirikawiri amadzaza m'mimba choyamba, kenako goiter: mbali zina zotsalira komanso zolondola.
Mbalame zakumtunda, zomwe zimadyetsedwa ndi anthu, mwamsanga mwamsanga zizoloŵezi kwa munthuyo. Izi zikuwonekeratu pamene agogo amabwera kumalo odyetsera, ndipo gulu lalikulu limamulukira kwa iye, kuyembekezera zinthu zabwino. Kawirikawiri, anthu ena amatha kugwira pakhosi ngakhale kuti sakuwopa pang'ono. 
Nkhunda ndi zakumwa zosazolowereka. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, mkokomo wa sizar umalola madzi kudutsa mu udzu.
Kuswana
Kaŵirikaŵiri mu chikhalidwe cha nkhunda zazikulu zimakumana, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatheka kukomana ndi mabanja okwiya. Tiyeni tifufuze momwe sisaris akubadwira.
Mapangidwe awiri
Nkhunda imvi ndi ya mbalame zogonana, ndipo mawiri awo amapitirirabe m'moyo. Ukalamba mu nkhunda imayamba mofulumira - pa mwezi wa 5-7 wa moyo. Kwa okhala kumadera akum'mwera nthawi yachisala imatha chaka chonse. Koma okhala kumpoto, adzagwa pa March - October.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuwerenga za momwe mungapezere kugonana kwa nkhunda ndi momwe nkhunda zimakhalira.
Masewera achikwati amayamba ndi chibwenzi. Mnyamata amamusankha mkazi ndipo amamuyendayenda kulikonse, pamene akuchita mtundu wa kuvina kwake. Amagwedeza khosi lake, ndipo atambasula mapiko ake, amatsamira pansi. Ngati kugonana kwa mtundu umenewu sikuthandiza, ndiye kuti mwamuna amatha kutsogolo ndipo amathira mchira. Zitsulo zonsezi zikuphatikiza ndi chikho chaukwati. 
Masewera a masewera amatha kuchedwa kwa milungu ingapo. Pamene mkazi amasamalira mwamuna, njiwa zimayamba kuyeretsa nthenga. Kutha kwa nthawi yaukwati ndi chomwe chimatchedwa cloacal kiss (kugonana). Zimakhala kwa mphindi zingapo. Panthawi yonseyi, mwamuna ali kumbuyo kwa mkazi.
Pachikhalidwe ichi, amayamba kugwirizana ndi cloaca, ndipo amuna amatha umuna, umene umasunthira ku selo la dzira. Mkhalidwewu ndi wosakhazikika kwambiri, ndipo kuyanjanitsa mwamuna kumayenera kupukuta mapiko ake. Pamapeto pake, amapanga mapulaneti ndi mapiko ake mokweza. Mkaziyo amatumizidwa kukonzekera chisa chake cham'tsogolo.
Ndikofunikira! Amuna amayamba kukhala pachibwenzi cha nkhunda pokhapokha atapeza nyumba.
Nest dongosolo
Nkhunda zisala zikuyesa kumanga malo osapezeka kwa obwera. Kumtchire, imagwiritsa ntchito zida m'matanthwe kapena m'mapanga. M'mapiri a m'tawuni, malo obisika m'mabwalo kapena pansi pa denga ndi abwino kwa cholinga chimenechi. Ngakhale kuti njiwa za synanthropic zimakhala pafupi ndi munthuyo, zimakhala zovuta kupeza zisa zawo. 
Kupanga chisa chogwiritsa ntchito nthambi, udzu ndi dothi labwino. Amuna akufufuza zipangizo, ndipo mkazi amapanga chisa ku chirichonse chomwe mnzake amubweretsa. Chisa chikugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza. Kapangidwe ka chisa ndi chophweka ndipo ndi ang'onoang'ono a nthambi zomwe zimagwirizana ndi masamba a udzu ndi kukhala ndi vuto laling'ono.
Malo odyera nkhunda ndi ochepa, koma panthawi yomweyi, mwamuna aliyense amayang'anitsitsa kutsata kukhulupirika kwa gawo lawo. Salola anthu oyandikana nawo kudutsa malire olimbitsa.
Kukuta mazira
Mu chisa, mkazi amaika mazira awiri panthawi yamphindi 24. Ngakhale pali zisa ndi dzira limodzi komanso ngakhale zisanu. Kukula kwa mazira kuli pakati pa 35x25 mm mpaka 43x32. Dzira lili ndi chipolopolo choyera komanso chosalala.
Ndikofunikira! Pa tsiku lachinayi atakhala ndi nkhunda imvi, makoma a goiter thicken, omwe gruel woyera amasonkhanitsa, otchedwa mkaka wa nkhunda. Mkaka wotere umapangidwa kuchokera kwa amuna ndi akazi.
Makolo onse awiri amathyola mazira. Mkaziyo amachoka chisa kamodzi patsiku, pa nthawi yomwe mwamuna amalowa m'malo mwake. 
Nthawi yosakaniza ndi masiku 17-19 okha.
Werengani zambiri za masiku angati nkhunda zimakhala pa mazira.
Kusamalira ana
Pa tsiku la 17 pambuyo dzira litagona, anapiye anayamba kugwedezeka. Iwo amabadwa ali akhungu kwathunthu ndipo amakhala ndi chikasu chosowa ndi chalitali. Kudyetsa tsiku loyamba kumaphatikizidwa ndi mkaka wa nkhunda, zomwe makolo amadzetsa ndi kudyetsa anapiye awo sabata yoyamba kangapo patsiku.
Mu sabata yachiwiri, mbeu, zomwe zimadulidwa mu goiter's parents, zimaphatikizidwa ku zakudya za ana aang'ono. Pa nthawi yomweyi, nthawi zambiri kudyetsa kumachepetsedwa kawiri pa tsiku. Chikasu pansi pang'onopang'ono chimasintha n'kukhala imvi, ndipo patapita nthawi chimachotsedwa ndi nthenga.
Pambuyo masiku 17 anthu okhala m'mizinda komanso masiku 22 mpaka 25 makolo obisala amasiya kudya ana aang'ono kuchokera ku goiter. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, anapiye amayamba kuchoka chisa, koma wamwamuna akuwayang'anitsitsa.
Nkhunda zazing'ono zikufika kukhwima lawo lomaliza ndi tsiku la 32 la moyo wawo. Panthawiyi ali kale akuthawa ndikudziwa momwe angapezere chakudya chawo.
Pamene anapiye amachoka chisa, mkazi amayamba kuika mazira atsopano ndikuyamba kuwaphwanya. Komabe, pali zochitika ngati mayiyo akuyamba kubereka ana asanakwane ana asanasiye chisa. 
Adani zachilengedwe
Kumtchire, nyama zowonongeka ndi nkhono zazikulu za nkhunda. Izi zikuphatikizapo mpheta ndi goshawk. Odyetsa awa amakonda nkhunda mu kuswana ndi kudyetsa ana aang'ono.
Banja la achule, lokhala ndi anthu asanu, amatha kudya nkhunda zitatu tsiku, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta. Mbalame, abuluzi, njoka ndi martens amasaka zisa za Sisaris.
Ndikofunikira! Njiwa imanyamula matenda oopsa monga mbalame ya chimfine ndi ornithosis. Maloto awo ali ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda oposa 50.
Mzindawu, osati amphaka, agalu kapena makoswe akuyembekezera nkhunda, komanso nyama yankhanza ngati nkhumba ya peregrine. Chakudya cha wodala uyu chimaphatikizapo nyama ya nkhunda.
Kwa okhala m'tchire, matenda opatsirana ndi owopsa, omwe angawononge mitundu yonse ya mbalamezi. Matenda amfalikira mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa cha kuyandikana kwapafupi, pamene sakusiya mwayi wochepa wopulumuka. 
Mabungwe amachititsa kuti anthu ambiri asamawonongeke. Amayendayenda kumadera a sisaris, amabalalitsa, ndi kukoka mazira awiri ndi nkhuku zopanda chitetezo. Nkhunda zikuluzikulu zomwe silingakhoze kudziyang'anira zokha zimagwera muzithumba zawo zovuta.
Mukudziwa? Sizar, kapena sizak (iyi ndi dzina la mbalame iyi), ili ndi bwino kukumbukira ndipo imatha kusiyanitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi anthu kuchokera ku zinthu zamoyo. Kafukufuku wa Mediterranean Institute of Psychological Neuroscience awonetsetsa kuti njiwa zimaloweza pamtima zithunzi zosiyana siyana za 800 mpaka 1200.Nkhunda zazikulu ndizofunikira kwambiri m'magulu amasiku ano. Kuyambira kale, iwo ankalemekezedwa ngati mbalame yopatulika. Makolo athu ankagwiritsa ntchito njiwa kuti atumize makalata nthawi yaitali tisanayambe kupanga telegraph. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mbalameyi imatha kugonjetsa makilomita 50 patsiku, panthawi yomweyi ikukula mofulumira kufika 140 km / h. M'mizinda, chiŵerengero chawo chikukula mofulumira, koma kuthengo kukuchepa.
