Mapangidwe a akalulu ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a thupi la zinyama zina, koma ali ndi makhalidwe ake enieni.
Lero tikuyang'ana momwe mapangidwe a mafupa, ziwalo zamkati ndi machitidwe akuluakulu a thupi.
Mitsempha
Mu mafupa a kalulu pali mafupa 112, ndikofunikira kuti chitetezo cha ziwalo zamkati ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendedwe kake. Kulemera kwa mafupa akuluakulu ndi pafupifupi 10 peresenti ya kulemera kwa thupi, pa zinyama zazing'ono - 15%. Mafupa omwe amapanga mafupawa amagwirizanitsidwa ndi karoti, tendon ndi minofu. Mitsempha ya kalulu ili ndi phokoso ndi axial.
Mukudziwa? Kumtchire, akalulu amakhalabe ochepa - chaka chimodzi chokha, pomwe zinyama zimakhala zaka 12.
Mphindi
Mbali imeneyi ya mafupa ikuphatikizapo mafupa a miyendo:
- Thoracic, yomwe imakhala ndi humer, mapewa, manja, chitukuko. Dzanja lili ndi mafupa ena: metacarpal - 5, carpal - zala 9.
- Mazira, okhala ndi mapepa, leamu, sciatic ndi ma pubic mafupa, miyendo yochepa, ntchafu, mapazi, 4 zala ndi 3 phalanges.
Axial
Chigawo ichi cha mafupa chimakhala ndi mafupa akulu - chigaza ndi chigwa.
Yodziwa bwino ndi nyama, pansi, mitundu yokongola ya akalulu.Mapangidwe a mafupa axial akuyimiridwa ndi:
- Tsamba, lopangidwa ndi ubongo ndi nkhope. Tsaga lagona ndi kukhalapo kwa mafupa osuntha omwe amagwirizanitsidwa ndi sutures. M'dera la ubongo pali mafupa asanu ndi awiri, omwe amaimira parietal, occipital, temporal ndi zina. Dera la nkhope lili ndi maxillary, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, mafupa. Mmene chigazacho chimapangidwira, zofanana ndi chigaza cha zinyama zina zimatha kuwonekera. Gawo lalikulu la chigaza liri ndi ziwalo zomwe zimachita kupuma ndi kudya.
- Thupi limakhala ndi kupezeka kwa mzere wa msana, sternum bone, ndi nthiti. Chigwacho chigawidwa mu magawo asanu kapena magawano. Msana wa kalulu umasinthasintha, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa menisci kulumikiza vertebrae.
Mitembo ya vertebrae imagwira ntchito, pamene mitsempha ndi minofu zimagwirizanitsa mawu a mtundu wina ndi mnzake, mukumangika.Gawo lalikulu la msana ndi:
- chiberekero, chokhala ndi vertebrae 7;
- Thoracic, yokhala ndi 13 vertebrae, yomwe imagwirizana ndi chithandizo cha nthiti ndikupanga chifuwa, chomwe chiri ndi mtima ndi mapapo;
- Lumbar ndi 7 vertebrae;
- sacral ndi 4 vertebrae;
- caudal ndi 15 vertebrae.
Ndikofunikira! Mitundu ya nyama ya kalulu imakhala ndi vertebrae kwambiri kuposa nthawi zonse, yomwe nthawi zambiri imathandiza obereketsa posankha nyama yoyenera pakagula.
Muscular system
Mlingo wa chitukuko cha minofu yakalulu imathandiza kuti musapange msangamsanga mfundo za maonekedwe ndi kukoma kwa nyama. 
Minofu ya akalulu imayimilidwa ndi:
- minofu ya thupi, yomwe inanso, imakhala ndi minofu yosweka, yophimba minofu yonse ya thupi;
- minofu ya ziwalo zamkati, zomwe zimatulutsa minofu yosalala yophimba ziwalo za kupuma, ziwalo za m'mimba, makoma amphamvu.
Akalulu aang'ono ali ndi minofu yosasinthika, yomwe imatenga zochepa zoposa 20 peresenti ya zinyama zonse, ndipo pamene zikukula, minofu imakula ndikufika 40%.
Pezani chomwe chili chodabwitsa kwa kalulu wamadzi.
Nervous system
Mitsempha ya akalulu ndi:
- pakati, oimiridwa ndi ubongo ndi msana;
- phokoso, lopangidwa ndi mitsempha ya mitsempha ya zigoba, zotengera ndi khungu.
Mitsempha ya ubongo wa nyamayi imasiyanitsidwa ndi nthongo yaing'ono, ubongo uli ndi magawo atatu, oyimilira pakati, pambuyo, oblong, omwe ali ofunikira kuti achite ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha chigawo cha oblong, ntchito za ziwalo za kupuma ndi kusakaza kwa magazi zikuchitika.
Mng'oma wa msana umalola kuti msana wa msana, womwe umayambira uli mu ubongo, ndipo mapeto ake akhale mu vertebra ya chiberekero chachisanu ndi chiwiri. Kulemera kwa msana wa msana ndi 3.5 g. M'dera lamapirili muli mitsempha ya m'mphepete, mitsempha yambiri komanso mapeto a mitsempha.
Phunzirani za khutu, diso, matenda a khungu.
Mitsempha ya mtima
Njirayi imaphatikizapo njira zonse mu thupi la kalulu zomwe zimakhudzana ndi magazi, ndiko kuti, ziwalo zopanga magazi, mitsempha ya mitsempha, mitsempha, mitsempha ndi capillaries. Chilichonse chimayenera kuchita ntchito zina.
Thupi la kalulu liri ndi pafupifupi 250-300 ml magazi. M'nyengo yozizira, nyamayi imakhala ndi kutentha kwa thupi, komwe ndi +37 ° C, m'chilimwe ndi +41 ° C. 
Mtima wa kalulu uli ndi zipinda zinayi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zinyama ziwiri komanso ma atria awiri. Ulemelero wake ndi 7 g, malo ake ndi poicardial serous cavity. Kuthamanga kwachilendo kwa nyama - mkati mwazimenya 140 pamphindi.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati kutentha kwa thupi la kalulu kukukwera ndi madigiri 3 m'chilimwe ndikufikira +44 ° C, ndiye kuti idzafa.
Dongosolo lamagetsi
Njira imeneyi m'thupi imalola kuti zakudya zodyedwa ndi kalulu zizigwiritsidwa ntchito. Pulogalamu yonse - kuchoka pakusakaniza chakudya m'matumbo - ndi masiku atatu.
Mankhwala
Kubadwa, kalulu ali ndi mano 16, pakakula, pa sabata 3, pali kusintha kwa mano a mkaka ku mizu. Akuluakulu ali ndi mano 28, kukula kwawo kumakhala kolimba m'miyoyo yawo yonse. 
Nsagwadazo zimakhala ndi zazikulu zazikulu, zokonzedwa kuti ziphwanye chakudya cholimba, ndi zachikhalidwe, zomwe ziri zofunika pakupera chakudya china. Chakudya chimene chapezeka ndi mano chimatengedwa kupita ku pharynx, siteji yotsatira ndi kayendetsedwe kopita kumimba ndi m'mimba.
Mimba
Kalulu ndi gulu lopanda pafupifupi 200 cu. onani chomwe chingathe kupanga madzi a m'mimba. Matenda a m'mimba mwa kalulu ndi othandiza kwambiri poyerekeza ndi nyama zina. Mitedza, makutu omwe amadya, mimba siimeta, imatumizidwa ku matumbo.
Pezani zomwe mungachite ngati kalulu akuwombera, ngati akalulu ali ndi mimba, ngati kalulu ali ndi kutsekula m'mimba, kapena ngati ali ndi ubweya, ngati kalulu ali ndi tsitsi, ngati kalulu ali ndi maso.
Matumbo
Malo okhala chakudya chimene m'mimba sichikhoza kufika m'matumbo, pokwaniritsa njira yomaliza ya chimbudzi.
Thupi limaimiridwa ndi:
- Utumbo wawung'ono, womwe umayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu, kuphatikizapo amino acid, zomwe zimalowetsa mwachindunji mwazi.
- Matumbo akuluakulu, omwe amaphatikizapo nayonso mphamvu. Chakudya chomwe sichigawidwa ndi kudyedwa, chimachokera pansi pa zofunda zamadzimadzi, kuchuluka kwake - 0,2 g pa tsiku. Masana, nyansi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe olimba, usiku - zofewa. Zinyama zomwe zimatulutsidwa usiku, nyama zimadya, chifukwa zimalandira mapuloteni oyenera, vitamini K ndi B.
Ziwalo zopuma
Ziwalo za kupuma mu kalulu zikuyimiridwa ndi mphuno, mmero, trachea ndi mapapo, zomwe zimalola thupi kupereka oxygen. Kutsegula mpweya, m'mphuno imatenthedwa, yothira, imachotsedwa. Kenaka imayambira kupita patsogolo ku pharynx, trachea ndi mapapo.
Phunzirani momwe mungasankhire kalulu mukamagula, momwe mungadziwire msinkhu wa kalulu, ndi akalulu angati omwe mumakhala.
Kalulu kupuma kumawonjezeka poyerekeza ndi zinyama zina. 280 mpweya pa miniti amawonedwa ngati yachibadwa. Ushastik yayendetsa kayendedwe ka gasi: kudya pafupifupi 480 cubic meters. masentimita a oxygen, amachotsa 450 cu. cm carbon dioxide. 
Ziwalo zoganiza
Anthu ali ndi malingaliro otere:
- Kusutazomwe n'zotheka chifukwa cha maselo ovomerezeka omwe ali pamunsi mwa mphuno. Maselo ali ndi tsitsi 11 lomwe limayankha zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha kununkhiza, anthu amasankha wokwatirana kuti azitha kukwatirana, ndipo mkazi amatha kusiyanitsa ana ake kwa alendo ndi fungo.
- Sakanizomwe zimagwira nsonga zapadera zomwe zikuphimba lilime.
- Mwa kukhudzaKugwiritsa ntchito kumene kumachitika ndi kutenga nawo mbali khungu lodziwika, lomwe lili pamaso, milomo, kumbuyo ndi pamphumi. Chifukwa cha malingaliro awa, ziweto zimatha kudziyendetsa mumlengalenga, kuzindikira madontho otentha ndi kupewa kutenthedwa, kuyankha kukhumudwa kowawa. Chifukwa cha zinyama, nyama zimatha kusuntha usiku pamene khola lili mdima. Mutu umene uli pamwamba pa maso ake umalola akalulu kuyenda ndikumva zopinga.
- Mwa kupenyazomwe zimaperekedwa ndi maso, opangidwa ndi diso la maso mu mawonekedwe a malo, olumikizidwa ku ubongo. Akalulu amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu, ndipo mbali ya masomphenya ndi hyperopia komanso kuthekera koyang'ana mumdima.
- Kumva, chifukwa cha makutu akulu, omwe amalola akalulu kuzindikira ndi kuzindikira bwino mawu.
Genitourinary dongosolo
Mchitidwe uwu mu thupi la akalulu umakhala ndi ziwalo zoberekera ndi zamkodzo. Ziwalo za Urinary ndi zofunika kuti kuthetsa zokolola za thupi. Kuchuluka kwa mkodzo kumadulidwa molunjika kumadalira zaka ndi zakudya zanyama. Patsiku munthu mmodzi sangathe kupanga mavitamini 400 ml. Mtsinje wamakono umakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zida zogonana.
Mukudziwa? Kuyankhulana pakati pa zinyama ndi kotheka chifukwa cha phokoso lapamwamba. Kuti atenge ena a iwo, anthu amatha kusintha maulendo osiyanasiyana.
Zilombozi zimakhala ndi masamba awiri ozungulira, omwe ali m'dera la lumbar ndipo ndizofunika kuti mapuloteni, mchere wa mchere ndi zinthu zina ziwonongeke.
Mapangidwe a mkodzo amapezeka mosalekeza, kuchokera mu impso, amalowa mumphuno, kenako amachotsedwa. Mtundu wodabwitsa wa madzi osungunuka ndi mtundu wa tsaya, wachikasu kapena mkodzo wamchere umatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha matenda.
Zigonana
Pali kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi. Amuna ali ndi 2 testes, vas deferens, glands zolembera, mbolo. 
Ziwalo zogonana za abulu
Njira yobereka ya akazi imayimilidwa ndi chiberekero, mazira, oviduct, chikazi, ndi chiberekero. Kusasitsa kwa mazira kumawoneka m'mimba mwake, pamatenda ovulation, amatengedwera ku oviduct.
Phunzirani momwe mungadziwireko kalulu, mmene mungaperekere akalulu kunyumba, mukatha kulandira kalulu, utatha nthawi yayitali bwanji, komanso momwe mungapezere kalulu wa kalulu, momwe mungadyetse akalulu okalamba mukatha kudya.
Chiberekero chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe awiri, kotero kuti chachikazi chikhoza kubweretsa ma litita 2 kuchokera kwa amuna awiri osiyana kamodzi, njira za ovulation zimayamba maola 12 mutatha kukwatira. 
Ziwalo zogonana za kalulu wamkulu
Matenda a endocrine
Matenda a kalulu amatha kupangidwa ndi chithokomiro, pituitary, pineal, pancreatic, gland adrenal, testes ndi mazira. Mahomoni opangidwa mwamsanga amalowa m'magazi, popanda kutheka kuti achoke m'thupi.
Zilonda za adrenal zimagwira ntchito yoyendetsa madzi ndi mafuta amtundu wa mafuta, chifukwa cha ntchentche ya pituitary, kupanga mahomoni oyambirira. Ngati pali kusiyana kulikonse kwa mayendedwe ndi ntchito yawo, izi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa mavuto a kukula ndi chitukuko cha anthu pawokha.
Phunzirani kulimba kalulu kunyumba, kupanga khungu la kalulu.
Choncho, ataphunzira mwatsatanetsatane kachitidwe ka kalulu, eni ake am'munda akhoza kudziwa nthawi yomwe zilipo zovuta zinyamazi kuti athe kuchitapo kanthu ndikuyamba mankhwala.
