Ndikofunika kuti mlimi aliyense adziŵe zaka zomwe ali ndiwadi: Kodi nthawi yonse ya moyo wawo, ndi zaka zingati zomwe amafika pokaphedwa, amayamba kugonana, ataya zokolola, ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, sizingatheke kuti wofalitsa achite ntchito yake popanda kudziwa nthawi ya munthu. zimatengera mtengo wake ndi zikhalidwe za ndende. Tiyeni tiyesetse kumvetsetsa nzeru zonsezi zokhudza ng'ombeyo, moyenerera kuti tiyang'ane chimodzi mwa zinyama zopindula kwambiri pazochitika zachuma.
Chomwe chimatsimikizira moyo wa ng'ombeyo
Tisanayambe kunena za manambala, fufuzani zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa chinyama. Zikuwoneka kuti zonse zimadalira zikhalidwe zomangidwa, koma kwenikweni siziri choncho.
Mukudziwa? Ng'ombeyo idaperekedwa zaka zosachepera 5,000 zapitazo, pomwe poyamba kukula kwa nyama kunali kotheka kuti amwe mkaka ndi munthu amene amangoima m'malo mokhala. M'mabanja osauka a ku Russia a Peter Wamkulu, ng'ombe zinkakhala zovuta kwambiri kumoyo mpaka momwe zinalili ndi mwana wa ng'ombe wamakono wa ku Ulaya, kotero cholinga chachikulu chokonzekera chinali kupeza feteleza - manyowa.
Kuyembekezera moyo kwa ng'ombe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi:
- Mkhalidwe wa chikhalidwe. Kutentha kwa Bos taurus taurus (dzina lachilatini la ng'ombe yaikazi) ndi +10 ° C. Mitengo ya kutentha yomwe imachokera kumbali imodzi kapena ina, mwamsanga nyamayo ikhoza kutentha zachilengedwe. Freenok sichimalekerera kwambiri mvula yamphamvu ndi mphepo yamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, kumadera a kumpoto kwa kumadzulo kwa Russia, kumene nyengo imakhala yovuta, ndipo zomera zimakhala zosauka, ng'ombe sizikhala ponseponse ngati zimakhala zabwino m'madera akuda.
- Dziko (dera) lokhalamo. Nkhaniyi siidali yokhudza malo ake, monga za msinkhu wa chitukuko, malingaliro, njira yosunga zinyama, mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito. Ngati ng'ombe imatengedwa ngati nyama yopatulika (masiku ano India, Sri Lanka, Nepal ndi maiko ena kumene Chihindu ndi chipembedzo chachikulu), chinyamachi ndizovuta kukhala ndi ukalamba kuposa momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito ndipo zimatumizidwa kukaphedwa mwamsanga zokolola zimayamba kugwa.
- Ecology. Kuchuluka kwa kutalika kwa magulu, mafakitale ndi zochitika zina zachitukuko kumawonjezera nthawi ya moyo wa nyama, choncho m'mudzi wakutali mlimi ali ndi mwayi wambiri wopanga ulimi wamkaka ndi mkaka kuposa mzindawo.
- Zimabereka. Abusa amabala mitundu yapadera ya ng'ombe (mwachitsanzo, mtundu wa Holstein-Friesian), womwe unapangidwa kuti ukhale wokolola mkaka kwa nthawi yaitali. Kwa mitundu ya nyama, kumene ng'ombe zimakwezedwa kuti ziphedwe kwa chaka kapena kanthawi pang'ono, sikuti moyo wonsewo umakhala wofunika kwambiri, koma kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwalemera.
- Paulo Mofanana ndi anthu, ng ombe zogonana zofooka zimawoneka mochuluka kwambiri kuposa amuna.
- Zakudya Mosiyana ndi ziweto zina, chakudya choyenera cha ng'ombe ndi chofunika kwambiri kuposa malo ena onse okhalamo. Ngati nyama zimadyetsedwa ndi nkhawa, zimatha kuthetsa moyo wawo mofulumira kusiyana ndi nthawi yomwe chilengedwe chimaloledwa. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito moyenera chakudya cha masiku ano kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa moyo wa ng'ombe zamphongo poyerekeza ndi nyama zomwe zimasungidwa m'minda zapadera, m'chilimwe popanda kudzipezera chakudya pachakudya, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira amadya udzu ndi udzu basi.
Dzidziwitse nokha ndi zakudya za ng'ombe, sires, mkaka ndi ng'ombe zowuma.
- Kusamalira khalidwe. Ukhondo umene uli m'chipinda momwe gululi lirili, nthawi zonse kuyeretsa mmenemo ndi kuyeretsa odyetsa, kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwazithunzi, denga nthawi yotentha ndi kutenthetsa mu chisanu makamaka kumadalira thanzi ndipo, motero, kuyembekezera moyo wa ng'ombe zonse ndi atsikana ang'onoang'ono.
- Makhalidwe a munthu aliyense. N'zosatheka kukana kuti zamoyo zonse zamoyo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi majini, kukhala ndi chibadwa cha matenda ena.
Choncho, zifukwa ziwiri komanso zolinga zimakhudza moyo wa zinyama.
Ng'ombe imakhala yochuluka bwanji?
Kuchokera pamwambapa, zikuwonekeratu kuti kuyankhula za moyo wamba wa ng'ombe ukhoza kukhala wovomerezeka, wamba: moyo wa ng'ombe amatha zaka 25-30, ng'ombe - osapitirira zaka 15.
Pezani zomwe zimakhudza nthawi ya moyo komanso kuti akalulu, nkhuku, atsekwe, swans, abakha, nkhumba ndi njiwa zimakhala bwanji.
Tiyeneranso kumvetsetsa kuti mlimi nthawi zambiri sali ndi chidwi ndi zaka zomwe zingatheke kuti ziweto zizigwiritsidwa ntchito - kupereka mkaka ndi kubala ana. Mawu awa akuyankhidwa ndi mawu akuti "zaka zobala". Kwa ng'ombe, ili pafupi zaka 12-15.
Zomwe tafotokoza pamwambazi sizingakhale zangwiro ngati simukufotokozera zizindikiro zakale zomwe zimakhala ndi moyo wa ng'ombe, malingana ndi dziko limene mukukhala. 
Choncho, nthawi yaikulu ya moyo wa Bos taurus taurus ndi:
- ku Israel ndi India - zaka 35-40;
- ku USA - zaka 25-30;
- m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya - zaka 20;
- ku Russia - zaka 6-7.
Mukudziwa? Imodzi mwa mbiri yakale yokhudzana ndi moyo wa ng'ombe ndi zaka 47. Woimira Dremonskoy mtundu wotchedwa Big Burt anakhala ndi moyo wolemekezeka kwambiri. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa moyo wake wautali ng'ombe iyi yochokera ku Ireland inatulutsa ana 39 a ng'ombe, zomwe ndi zolemba zonse pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ng'ombe.
Tiyeneranso kumvetsetsa kuti nthawi yeniyeni ya moyo imadalira mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito (mkaka kapena nyama) komanso ngati chinyama chimasungidwa m'nyumba yaumwini monga namwino wonyamwitsa wa banja lonse kapena pa famu yaikulu, komwe kuli phindu la phindu.
Kunyumba
M'nyumba, pafupifupi nthawi ya moyo wa ng'ombe ndi zaka 15-17 (malinga ndi deta ina - 10-12 zaka), ndiko kuti, zikugwirizana ndi kutalika kwa zaka zowonjezera zinyama. 
Pambuyo pa mkaka wa mkaka umachepa, ndipo ng ombe ikhoza kubereka ana, imatumizidwa ku nyama. Dziwani kuti pa moyo wake wautali kwambiri, ng'ombe yamphongo imatha kubereka ana khumi ndi awiri, ndiko kuti, calving imachitika nthawi zambiri kuposa kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Poganizira kuti ng'ombe zakhala ndi pakati pa masiku 283, ng'ombe zapakhomo zili mu 60%.
Pa minda yayikulu
Pa minda ikuluikulu, ntchito ya ng'ombe imakhala yovuta kwambiri. Kuno ng'ombe zamkaka zimatumizidwa ku nyama kumapeto kwa chaka cha 7 cha moyo. Pankhani ya mtundu wa nyama, chiyembekezo chawo cha moyo ndi chochepa.
Ndikofunikira! Nyengo yakupha ya ng'ombe zamphongo ndi miyezi 15-18, pamene ng'ombe ikupeza theka la tani lolemera. Nthawi zina zinyama zimatha kukhala ndi zaka ziwiri, koma patatha zaka izi zolemera zawo zimachepa kwambiri, choncho zimakhala zopanda phindu kuti apitirize kudya.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ng'ombe sizingatheke kukhala ndi zaka zapakati pa nyumba kapena pa famu, ndipo chifukwa chake, chiyembekezero cha moyo wa nyama izi ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi chenicheni. 
Miyezi ya moyo wa ng'ombe
Moyo wa ng'ombe, monga chamoyo chilichonse chamoyo, umagawanika mu magawo ena: ubwana, kukula, ukalamba. Alimi mwa njira imeneyi, ndithudi, ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi zizindikiro zopindulitsa - nthawi imene nyama imapereka mkaka, komanso nthawi yobereka ya ng'ombe ndi ana.
Kodi ndi zaka zingati zomwe zimapezeka ndi ng'ombe (ng'ombe)
Utha msinkhu pakati pa amuna ndi akazi awiri, Bos taurus taurus amapezeka pafupifupi nthawi imodzi - miyezi 6-9. Pakatha miyezi 14, mwanayo watsala kale ("amabwera kudzasaka").
Ndikofunikira! Nthawi yabwino yokhala ndi matingidwe ndi: kwa nkhuku kakang'ono - miyezi 18, ya ng'ombe yamphongo - miyezi 14.Komabe, alimi omwe ali ndi ntchito zambiri samalimbikitsa kuti aziphimba pa msinkhu uwu: Kutenga mimba kumatenda kumakhala ndi mavuto, kuwonjezera apo, munthu wamantha ndi wosadziŵa zambiri angayankhe mosavuta kuyanjana kosalekeza ndikudzivulaza okha kapena wogwira ntchitoyo.
Video: Kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (chivundikiro) chimakhala chiani? Ngakhalenso zaka zenizeni za zinyama zimapanga chophimba choyamba kukhala ndondomeko kwambiri. Ndikofunika kuti mwa awiri kapena awiri munthu mmodzi adayamba kale kuchita chiwerewere, mwinamwake ng'ombe yamphongo, yosokonezeka ndi kusokonezeka kwa mwana wa ng'ombe, ingakane kuzindikira zolinga zapachiyambi mmalo mokhala woleza mtima ndi chipiriro.
Kodi mkaka umayamba kupereka zaka zingati?
Ng ombe ya mkaka imayamba panthawi yomaliza ya mimba - ali ndi zaka ziwiri ndi miyezi inayi: zaka za pakati ndi theka panthawi ya pathupi kuphatikizapo miyezi 9.5 ya mimba. Malingaliro, mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi cholinga chodyetsa ng'ombe. Nthaŵi ya lactation muzochitika zachilengedwe imatha miyezi 6-7 itatha.
Masiku asanu oyambirira mkaka wa lactation uli ndi mafuta ochepa, koma ali ndi mavitamini oyenerera kwambiri kuteteza chitetezo chofooka cha mwanayo. Chotengerachi chimatchedwa colostrum ndipo sichiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu.
Werengani zambiri za momwe mungamwe mkaka.
Chotsatira chimabwera chomwe chimatchedwa "gawo", ndiko kuti, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wa lactation wamba: umatha masiku 10 mpaka 50 mutatha. Kenaka ikutsatira nthawi yapamwamba mkaka wokolola, kenako ng'ombe imasowa kupuma kuti ipeze mphamvu mpaka mimba yotsatira (deadwood). 
Komabe, ponena za kupanga mafakitale (komanso ngakhale m'mabanja), nthawi zambiri izi sizichitika konse. Ng'ombe zimatengedwa nthawi yayitali kuposa nthawi ya chilengedwe, ndipo ngati sizinali zachilengedwe kuchepa kwa mkaka, izi sizidzatha konse.
Kuwonjezeka kwa mankhwalawa kumaphatikizapo kukakamiza kwa minofu, yomwe imawonetsedwa ndi thupi la ng'ombe yaikazi ngati kupitiriza kwa mwana wa ng'ombe mu mkaka. Komabe, mulimonsemo, mkaka waukulu wa mkaka umawoneka kuchokera kwa miyezi 2 mpaka 4 mutatha kubereka, kotero ng'ombe imangobweranso kachiwiri.
Ng'ombe zabwino kwambiri za ng'ombe za mkaka zikuphatikizapo mitundu monga Yaroslavl, Kholmogory, steppe, Dutch, Ayrshire ndi Holstein.
Ngakhalenso atatenga mimba, nyamayo imapitirizidwa kuyamwa, yomwe imangotsala miyezi ingapo kuti isanatuluke, kotero kuti njira yopangira lactation ikhoza kuyamba ndi mphamvu yomweyo.
Pa msinkhu womwe umasiya kupereka mkaka
Mafakitale amakono amachititsa kuti zitheke kuonjezera zokolola kawiri poyerekeza ndi zachirengedwe, komabe thupi la nyama limatuluka mofulumira kwambiri, chifukwa silinapangidwe kachitidwe konse. Zotsatira zake, kuyambira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za moyo, mkaka umene umapezeka kuchokera kwa ng'ombe umayamba kuchepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zaka 12-15, mkaka wa mkaka umachepera mpaka zero. 
Kawirikawiri, kupanga mkaka wa ng'ombe m'moyo wake kumawoneka motere:
- Chotsitsa choyamba - 76 peresenti ya mkaka waukulu wa mkaka (ngati chiwerengerochi chili pansi pa 30%, ng'ombe yamphongo imatumizidwa kuti idye nyama);
- chiwerengero chachiwiri - 85-89%;
- calving yachitatu - 93-97%;
- chachisanu ndi chimodzi chachisanu ndi chimodzi - 100%;
- kulandira chisanu ndi chiwiri - 90%;
- chisanu chachisanu ndi chitatu - 80%.
Ndikofunikira! Pa minda yayikulu ya mkaka, ng'ombe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi ya lactation 8-10, kenako zimatumizidwa kukaphedwa.
Momwe mungadziwire zaka za ng'ombe
Poganizira kuti nthawi ya moyo wa ng'ombe yaikazi imakhala pansi pa zochitika zofanana pokhapokha mutagula nyama, ndikofunikira kudziwa zaka zake zenizeni.
Mukhozadi kukhulupilira mawu a wogulitsa ndikuwona zikalata zomwe adzawonetsere, koma ndibwino kudziŵa njira zina kuti muwone zambiri. Minyanga ndi mano a nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chithunzi chabwino kwambiri. 
Pa nyanga
Nkhumba ya ng'ombe ikhoza kudziwidwa molingana ndi nyanga zofanana ndi msinkhu wa mtengo: Ng'ombe iliyonse imatchulidwa pamtundu wa nyama ngati mphete yosiyana (ngakhale nthawizina imakhala yosazindikiritsa, chidziwitso cha chizindikiro ichi chimadalira kwambiri momwe zakudya zimakhalira).
Choncho, poona kuti lipenga likuyimira, timapeza kuti kangati amayi akhala amayi, osati zaka zingati zomwe anakhalako padziko lapansi, komabe, poganizira kuti popanda ng'ombe palibe mkaka, ndipo nthawi zonse mkaka ndizo zomwe anthu amazisunga mu famu ya ng'ombe, chiwerengero cha ana chimakulolani kuyika msinkhu wa chinyama molondola.
Ndikofunikira! Ng'ombe zimapeza mphete yoyamba pa nyanga ndi zaka 2.5-3. Choncho, mphete yotsatira ikuwonjezera zaka 1-1.5 mpaka m'badwo uno.
Nyanga zikhoza kudziwa zaka za ng'ombe. Kuphulika kwa nyanga zazing'ono kumabereka kumachitika miyezi iwiri, kenako nyanga zikuwonjezeka pa mlingo wa 1 masentimita pa mwezi. Zoonadi, njira iyi sungakhale yosavuta komanso yodalirika, koma zonse zidzamveka bwino ngati mukuziphatikiza ndi kufufuza mosamala mano a chinyama ndikuyerekeza zotsatira.
Video: momwe mungadziwire zaka za nyanga za ng'ombe
M'meno
Ng'ombe, monga zinyama zina zambiri, kusintha kwa mano kumodzi: poyamba, mkaka umakula, ndiye amalowetsedwa ndi amwenye. Komanso, pokhala ndi msinkhu, zowonongeka zimayamba kutha, ndipo izi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono komanso motsatira.
Choncho, kuyang'ana m'kamwa mwa chinyama, munthu ayenera kuyang'ana mayankho a mafunso awa:
- kaya kusintha kwa mano a mkaka kumayambira ndipo ngati izi sizikutha, ndikuti ndi mano ati omwe asinthidwa kale ndi omwe alibe;
- kodi nchiyani chomwe chiri mndandanda wa zolemba.
Ndikofunikira! Mano a mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso osakanikirana kwambiri, kotero kuti akawona mkati mwa nsagwada ya ng'ombe ndi ng'ombe yaikulu, sikungathe kulakwitsa.
Kusintha kwa mano mu ng'ombe kumatuluka mwachindunji chomwe chimakhala chosavuta kudziwa nthawi ya chinyama:
| Mitundu ya mano | Zaka za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe |
| Odala | Miyezi 14-19 |
| Mano amkati mkati | Miyezi 18-26 |
| Manja akunja apakati | Zaka ziwiri kapena pang'ono |
| Okrayki | Zaka 2.5-3.5 |
Choncho, ngati mwana alibe ng'ombe mkaka m'kamwa mwake, msinkhu wake uli ndi zaka ziwiri. Komanso, mpaka zaka 4-5, matenda a mano mu ng'ombe amakhala pafupi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono akuyamba kuwonongeka. 
Ngati chokopacho chinapangidwira kumalo osasuntha, kapena kuti palibe, nyamayo, mwinamwake, inatha kukondwerera zaka khumi zapitazo.
Mukudziwa? Kawirikawiri ng'ombe zimayamwa pafupifupi miyezi 10 mutatha kubereka, zomwe zimatulutsa ma lita okwana 7.5 zikwi kuchokera mkaka. Mtengowu umagwirizana ndi pafupifupi pafupifupi chaka chilichonse cha mkaka ndi mkaka kwa munthu aliyense. Pankhaniyi, nthawi zimakhala zovuta kuti pakhale zaka ziwiri popanda kupuma.
Kuchokera pa izi tikhoza kupanga yankho lomveka bwino: kukhala ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, owerengedwa kwa zaka makumi atatu ndi zitatu, ng'ombe sizipeza mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ngakhale kotala.
Kupatula ku lamulo ili ndi mwina ng'ombe za ku Israeli ndi Amwenye, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi moyo kuposa achibale awo okhala kuthengo.
