Tsoka ilo, nthawi zambiri ng'ombe zimapezeka ku matenda osiyanasiyana omwe angathe kupha kapena kuwononga ziweto zonse. Matenda oterewa ndi anthrax. M'nkhani ino tidzakambirana za mtundu wa matenda, zizindikiro zake ndi njira zothandizira.
Kodi matendawa ndi otani?
Anthrax ndi matenda opatsirana, omwe amadziwika ndi zizindikiro za septicemia ndi mapangidwe amphamvu a carbuncles. Matendawa angakhudze nyama zonse zakutchire ndi zakutchire.
Amadziwika ndi kufalikira mofulumira ndipo nthawi zambiri amatsogolera kufa kwa chinyama. Gwero la matenda si munthu wodwala okha, komanso nthaka imene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa zaka zingapo.
Mbiri yakale
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa matendawa kunayambika nthawi yathu ino. Matendawa amatchedwa madokotala akale a Chiarabu monga "Persian fire", komanso ku Greece ndi ku Roma wakale, matendawa amatchedwa "moto wopatulika".
Ndikofunikira! Chifukwa chakuti nyama zazing'ono zimakhalabe ndi chitetezo chaching'ono, matenda ake amapezeka nthawi zambiri kuposa akuluakulu. Ndi chifukwa chake ana onse ayenera katemera.M'zaka za m'ma 500 mpaka m'ma 1900, matendawa amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Malinga ndi a annals, anthrax anayamba kuonekera ku Russia kuyambira 978, ndipo kuphulika kwakukulu kwa matendawa kuyambira zaka XVIII-XIX.
Chothandizira kwambiri pakuphunzira za matendawa chinapangidwa ndi S. N. Vyshlessky, N. A. Mikhin, F. A. Terentyev, S. G. Kolesov, Ya E. Kolyakov. Kuchokera mu 1944, katemera wa matenda opatsirana pogonana omwe anaperekedwa ndi N. N. Ginsburg anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuthandiza anthu. Zinali zochokera kufooka lopanda mphamvu, lopanda mphamvu la causative agent. Mu 1956, S. G. Kolesov ndi asayansi ena adalenga katemera wa aluminium hydroxide GNKI.Wothandizira Wothandizira ndi Njira Zachilombo
Wothandizira mankhwala a anthrax ndi ndondomeko ya Gram-positive yokhazikika. Kutulutsa kwake kumachitika mofulumira m'chipinda ndi mpweya, makamaka ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kuli mkati + 15 ... +42 ° С.
Dzidziwitse nokha ndi zizindikiro ndi njira zothandizira matenda osiyanasiyana a ziweto.
Bakiteriya amatha kukhalabe ndi moyo ngakhale mtembo panthawi ya kuwonongeka - ikugwira ntchito masiku asanu ndi awiri. Kutentha kwa 60 ° C kungathe kuwononga mu mphindi 15, kutentha kwa dzuwa - mu maminiti angapo, pamene kuwira kumwalira nthawi yomweyo. Komanso, mabakiteriya angathe kuthetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yowonongeka.
Bacilli akulimbana ndi kutentha kwapakati ndipo akhoza kukhala ndi masiku 10-14 pa -15 ° C. Pamene salting imabisa ndi kuyanika nyama, mabakiteriya amasungidwa mu mankhwala opangidwa. Njira yaikulu ya matenda a ng'ombe ndi chakudya. Kutenga ndi njira ya aerogenic ndi yosavuta. 
Bacillus Bacillus anthracis Kawirikawiri zimapezeka panthawi yogwirizana ndi nthaka pamene mukudya zakudya zomwe zimadetsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kapena ndi madzi kudzera mu kamphindi kamene kali pakamwa ndi m'mimba. Nthawi zambiri, matenda amatha kupyolera mumphuno, mchere, kapena khungu lowonongeka.
Mukudziwa? Kutembenuzidwa kuchokera ku Latin anthrax bacillus kumatanthauza: "bacillus" - bacillus, "anthrax" - malasha. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti nkhanambo, yomwe imawonekera panthawi ya matenda, chifukwa cha mdima wakuda, imawoneka ofanana kwambiri ndi coke.
Matenda afupipafupi ndi intrauterine. Kutumiza kwa anthrax kungabwere chifukwa cha kutumiza. M'nyengo ya chilimwe, mothandizidwa ndi mafupa a nyamakazi, omwe amamwa magazi omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, matendawa amatha kunyamula kutalika.
Mafomu
Pali mitundu yambiri ya matendawa, ganizirani mozama.
Septic
Mu mawonekedwe awa, pali kuwonjezeka kofulumira kutentha kwa thupi kufika madigiri 40, ndipo nthawi zina kumapamwamba. Mwamwayi, mwinamwake, panthawiyi mabakiteriya anali atafalikira kale thupi lonse, kulowa m'magazi. 
Pakhoza kukhala zizindikiro za chibayo, mpweya woipa wa mpweya wotchedwa edema, nthawizina ubongo umatuluka, peritonitis imayamba, ndipo magazi amatuluka m'mimba. Imfa ya chinyama imapezeka patatha masiku atatu kuchokera pamene matendawa akukula. Zithunzi zina zimadziwika, zomwe zilondazi zimapezeka pamalo enaake.
Izi zikuphatikizapo:
- kupuma. Zisonyezero zonse zimaphatikizapo chibayo chachikulu chomwe chimayamba mu mpweya wa edema pa nthawi;
- anginal. Iwo amadziwika makamaka ndi kutuluka kobisika. Kutentha kwa thupi kumakhala kosasintha, ndi kovuta kuti nyama idye chakudya, chifuwa chimayamba, kuwomba kumawoneka. Mphuno ikhoza kukulirakulira kwambiri, zomwe zingalepheretse kupeza kwa oxygen;
- m'mimba. Amatumbo amakhudzidwa, kudzimbidwa kumatchulidwa, pambuyo pake pamakhala mitsempha yamagazi, yomwe ingayambitse maonekedwe a m'mimba paresis kapena peritonitis.
Werengani zambiri zokhudza mankhwala omwe amafunikira kuti azisamalira ng'ombe.
Kurbunkuloznaya
Maonekedwe a khungu amapezeka m'matenda 90%. Nthawi zambiri, zimadziwika pamalo omwe thupi limagunda tizilombo toyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, lingathenso kukhala chinthu chachiwiri ngati matenda oopsa kapena osakanikirana alipo.
Madera awo a khungu omwe anakhudzidwa amakhala otupa, amamva movutikira ndi otentha kukhudza. Pamene mukuwakhudza, chinyama chimavulaza. 
Patapita nthawi, kutentha kwa thupi kumachepa m'madera otupa, nthawi zina zimakhala zochepa kuposa zomwe ziyenera kukhala zachilendo. Pali kufa kwa minofu kuchokera pakati, mmalo mwa iwo, chilonda chozungulira chimapangidwa, chomwe chiri chakuda chakuda. Onaninso kuwonjezeka pang'ono mu kutentha kwa thupi lonse.
Zizindikiro ndi matenda a matendawa
Pofuna kupeza matendawa panthaŵi yake, ndikofunikira kudziŵa zizindikiro zomwe zimakhala zosavuta ndi momwe zingakhalire.
Mphezi mwamphamvu
Kukula kwa mtundu wa anthrax kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri, ndipo nyama zimatha kufa mwadzidzidzi. Kukhoza kudziwa matenda ndi mankhwala akusowa.
Ndikofunikira! Pambuyo pochita magazi kuchokera ku khutu la nyama yakufa chifukwa cha hertology, malo ochepetsera mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala okhudzidwa kuti matenda asapitirire.Njira yothamanga ya matendawa ili ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:
- kutentha kwa thupi kumakula mofulumira mpaka madigiri 41;
- Pali zipsyinjo zokondweretsa ng'ombe, zomwe zimalowetsedwa ndi kusasamala kwathunthu;
- kupsa ndi kupuma kukufulumizitsa, ng'ombe ikupuma kwambiri;
- mucous nembanemba imakhala bluish.
Chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa kwa mtundu wotere wa ng'ombe ukugwera pansi, imfa imachitika pang'onopang'ono. Zotsatira zowopsa zatha, mvula yamagazi imawonekera pafupi ndi mphuno ndi pakamwa. 
Kuwala
Kukula kwa mawonekedwe ameneŵa kumachitika mofanana. N'zotheka kudziwa zizindikiro za nthawi ndikupita kuchipatala.
Zingakhale bwino kuti muwerenge momwe mungapewere matenda otere monga chlamydia, bluetongue, necrobacteriosis, nthomba, brucellosis, leptospirosis, malungo oopsa, aplasmosis, parainfluenza-3 ndi actinomycosis.
Zizindikiro zazikulu za anthrax yovuta:
- kukhalapo kwa kupuma mofulumira ndi mtima wamtima;
- kutentha kwa thupi kumakwera madigiri 42;
- kutupa kwa chilonda;
- chilakolako chimachepa, ndipo nyama ikhoza kukana chakudya;
- mu mammary gland amasiya kupanga mkaka;
- maonekedwe a mitsempha yamagazi ndi magazi mu mkodzo;
- mucous membrane amakhala bluish, amasonyeza maonekedwe a zipsinjo;
- Pali kutupa kwakukulu kwa mmero kapena mimba.
Imfa ya nyama ikhoza kuchitika masiku awiri, ng'ombe zikuvutika ndi nkhawa.
Subacute
Amadziwika ndi zizindikiro zofanana ndi zoyamba ziwiri. Komabe, pamaso pa matenda ovuta, imfa ikhoza kuchitika mkati mwa sabata pambuyo pa matenda. Ndikoyenera kumvetsera kuti nthawi ndi nthawi zizindikiro zimatha, zomwe zingasokoneze komanso zimadwalitsa matendawa. 
Zosatha
Zizindikiro za anthrax ndi mtundu umenewu wa ziphuphu zatha, koma n'zovuta kuzindikira kuti kuchepa kwa nyama kumakula pang'onopang'ono. Matendawa amatha miyezi 2-3. Choyamba ndikofunikira kutaya zinyama, kenako nkupha, ndipo pambuyo pake, pansi pa nsagwada, pali minofu yomwe imakhala ndi mavitamini omwe ali ndi magazi. Zilonda zamakono za m'deralo zingakhalenso zotentha.
Zosokoneza
Kufufuza kumaphatikizapo ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Chinthu choyamba muyenera kumvetsera zizindikiro. Nthaŵi zambiri, carbuncles amaonekera pakhungu. Kuwonjezera apo, imfa ya nyama mwadzidzidzi imayamba kuchitika pambuyo poti msipu watsopano udasankhidwa kuti uzidyetserako msipu, pafupi ndi malo omwe kumanga malo kapena kusinthasintha kwa nthaka.
Mukudziwa? Matenda a anthrax spores angapitirire m'nthaka kwa zaka 100.
Poyamba kudandaula za anthrax, muyenera kuonana ndi veterinarian nthawi yomweyo. Zikatero, nkofunikira kuyesa mayeso a labotale, omwe ndi koyenera kutenga magazi a munthu amene ali ndi kachilomboka kapena wophedwa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. 
Pamaso pa zitsanzo za khungu la kafukufuku wa zinyama zafa, chifukwa cha mphepo yamkuntho. Ndi njira iyi, tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tingathe kuzindikiridwa, ngakhale kuti sitingathe kuwona ndi microscope.
Njira ina yogwiritsira ntchito matendawa ndiyo kulumikizidwa kwa mtundu wonse wa khungu. Ngati pali yankho, tikhoza kunena kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiripo payekha. Zikatero, nkofunika kutsegula famu ndikudzipatula.
Kusintha kwa pathological
Ngati pali kukayikira kuti matenda monga anthrax alipo, amaletsedweratu kupanga autopsy. Kuwonongeka kwa mitembo ya anthu odwala kumabwera mofulumira, amadziwika ndi kuvulaza, kupweteka, kapena kutchulidwa. Magazi a magazi kapena magazi akhoza kumasulidwa kuchokera kumabwalo.
Ndikofunikira! N'zotheka kuchotsa quarantine osati masiku oposa 15 pambuyo pa imfa yomaliza ya nyama kapena atatha kuchira. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, payenera kukhala palibe njira yodzizira katemera.
Kawirikawiri, kutupa kumatha kuoneka mu malo a submandibular, khosi, chifuwa, mimba. Magazi ali ndi mdima wakuda ndipo sakuphatikizana. Pali kuwonjezeka kwa ma lymph node, nthata, kukhalapo kwa serous ndi kutentha kwa magazi m'mimba ndi m'mimba. 
Nyama imakhala ndi chiwindi chowopsa, chimfine chimayikidwa mu impso. Pali mphukira ya pulema. Ngati imfa ya chinyama idachitika panthawiyi, ndiye kuti sipangakhale kusintha kwa matendawa.
Njira zolimbana ndi kudzipatula
Nthaŵi zambiri, n'kosatheka kuteteza nyama yodwala, koma poyambira chitetezo champhamvu, njira zina zothandizira zingatengedwe.
Nkofunika kuti ng'ombe zowonongeka zikhale zodzipatula ndikuloledwa kuchita izi:
- perekani mwachangu seramu yapadera ya 100-200 ml payekha. Pofuna kupewa anaphylactic, choyamba jekani 1 ml, ndipo mutatha mphindi 30 chilichonse. Nkofunika kuti kutentha kwa mankhwalayi kuli madigiri 37-38. Ngati kutentha thupi kwa nyama sikutaya, patapita maola 12, iwo amabwereza mankhwala;
- Perekani zinyama mankhwala, monga "Penicillin" kapena "Streptomycin". Awalangizeni katatu patsiku pa mlingo wa 500,000 UU palemera makilogalamu 100. Kusiyana pakati pa chiyambicho chiyenera kukhala maola 4, ndipo mutatha kuwongolera chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhoza kuwonjezeka mpaka maola asanu ndi limodzi.
Pofuna kuteteza kufala kwa matenda, muyenera kutsimikiza kuti:
- lowetsani kudzipatula;
- onetsetsani utumiki wa ziweto pa malo olembetsa matendawa;
- katemera kawirikawiri kuti ukhale wotsekemera;
- mitembo ya anthu odwala, komanso manyowa otentha ndi chakudya.
Pambuyo pochotsa kokha, m'pofunika kupanga zochitika zomwe zikuphatikizapo ntchito zonse zomwe zikuchitika m'dera lino. Iyenera kukhala ndi malo omwe ndowe ilipo, komanso malo omwe mitembo imatenthedwa.Kodi munthu angathe kutenga kachilomboka
Kutenga kwa munthu ndi matenda kumachitika panthawi yolankhulana ndi munthu wodwalayo kapena ndi chithandizo cha zipangizo kapena mankhwala opangidwa. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tikhoza kulowa m'thupi la munthu kudzera mu khungu, ngati zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka, tikakhala ndi zoweta, zikopa zamagazi kapena magazi pa nthawi yophera.
Pofuna kusamalira ng'ombe, zidzakhala zofunikira kuti mudziwe momwe ng'ombe zimasungidwira, komanso kuti ndi ng'ombe ziti zomwe zimakhala bwino, momwe ng'ombe ikuyendera, momwe angamwetse ng'ombe, momwe angagwiritsire ntchito udzu musanayambe, komanso chifukwa chiyani nkofunika kudula nkhumba za ng'ombe .
Pankhani imeneyi, munthu adzalandira mawonekedwe a khungu, ndipo anthrax idzawoneka mwa mawonekedwe a ma carbuncles pakhungu. Ngati matendawa achitika chifukwa chodya mankhwala opatsirana, ndiye kuti munthu amapezeka ndi mawonekedwe a m'mimba, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri.
Muzinthu zazikulu, spores wa matendawa amatha kupititsidwa kwa anthu ndi njira zamagetsi, ndiyeno amalankhula za mawonekedwe a mpweya. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kumawonjezeka panthawi yomwe nyama sizidwala - kuyambira July mpaka September.
Video: kutumiza, zizindikiro ndi chithandizo cha anthrax
Katemera woteteza HIV ndi anthrax kwa ng'ombe
Kupewa kutuluka ndi kufalikira kwa anthrax kumaphatikizapo ntchito zotsatirazi:
- Katemera wa nkhuku ayenera kuchitika nthawi zonse m'minda yamagulu ndi mafakitale. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti izi zitheke kumadera kumene ziphuphu za matendawa zalembedwa kale;
- Ndikoyenera kudziwa, kusunga mauthenga ndi kuthetseratu kachilombo ka HIV m'magawo a nthaka;
- Nthawi zonse ziweto zimayenera kuchitidwa, nyama ndi mkaka ziyenera kufufuzidwa kuti zikhale ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda;
- mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera kuchitika nthawi ndi nthawi mu zipinda, m'madera oyendayenda, ndi m'mabwalo a ziweto pogwiritsa ntchito sodium hydroxide;
- pambuyo pa imfa ya zinyama, zimatenthedwa ndi manyowa, zogona ndi zipangizo zina;
- nthaka yomwe nyamazo zinatenthedwa ndi pansi mu nkhokwe ayenera kuchiritsidwa. Pochita izi, gwiritsani ntchito njira yothetsera soda kapena formaldehyde, yomwe imatenthedwa ndi kutentha.
Tikukulangizani kuti mudziwe bwino mfundo khumi zokha zokhudzana ndi ng'ombe.
Katemera m'madera omwe akuonedwa kuti ndi ovuta ayenera kuchitika chaka chilichonse. Ngati pangakhale vuto loopsya la matenda, katemera wa nkhumba amatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Katemera wa ng'ombe amapezeka kwa nthawi yoyamba ali ndi zaka 12 mpaka 14, kenako kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. 
Kawirikawiri katemera umagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi lyophilized 55-VNIIVViM. Mankhwalawa amajambulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito injectionless injection. Kupanga ma antibodies m'thupi la nyama kumachitika pa tsiku la 11, ndipo chitetezo cha mthupi chingapitirire kwa miyezi 12.
Mukudziwa? Kuphulika kwakukulu kwa anthrax pakati pa anthu m'zaka za m'ma 2000 kunalembedwa mu 1979 ku Sverdlovsk - kenako anthu 40 anafa ndi matendawa.Anthrax ndi matenda aakulu kwambiri omwe amawopsyeza ng'ombe, komanso kwa anthu. Ndi chifukwa chake alimi ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa bwino moyo wa zinyama komanso poyamba kukayikira za kukhalapo kwa matenda.
