M'zaka zaposachedwa, kutchuka kwa mapeyala ku Russia kukukula mofulumira. Chofunika kwambiri chomwe chilipo pakatikati - dera lomwe silingadzitamande ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mavitamini monga madera akumwera.
Chimodzi mwa zikhalidwe izi ndi peyala zosiyanasiyana "Favorite Yakovlev" - Kufotokozera za makhalidwe a mitundu ndi chithunzi cha chipatso chapafupi.
Olima munda amakopeka ndi kufalikira kwabwino (makamaka pamene maluwa) mtengo, wopereka zabwino zokolola ndi pamper gourmets ndi zipatso zokoma.
Ndi mtundu wanji?
"Favorite Yakovlev" amatanthauza mitundu yomwe yakucha kumayambiriro kwa autumn. Ndi kucha kwake, zipatso zake zobiriwira zomwe zimakhala ndi golide zimatsanulidwa kumayambiriro kapena pakati pa September.
Mitundu ya mapeyala a m'dzinja ndizo: Fairy, Uralochka, Silent Don, Tyoma ndi Larinskaya.
Monga ena ambiri oyambirira autumn peyala, mtundu uwu umapereka zipatso zokometsera, zomwe, chifukwa cha kuchulukitsitsa kwawo ndi khalidwe labwino la kusunga, zitha (pansi pa zikhalidwe zina) zisungidwe kwa nthawi yaitali.
Zimadziwika kuti "zokonda" akhoza kusungidwa popanda mavuto chifukwa cha khalidwe lake ndi kukoma kwake mpaka November chisanu.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwake, mapeyalawa amatha kunyamulira ulendo wamtunda wautali kwambiri, womwe ndi wofunikira kwambiri kuti akwaniritse zokolola m'maketoni amalonda.
Mbali ina yofunika ya peyala imeneyi ndi yofanana kudzichepetsa. Mphamvu yake ndi yomwe akatswiri ambiri amalemba "Lyubimitsu Yakovlev" monga chikhalidwe chodzikonda pang'ono.
Izi zikutanthawuza kuti zofotokozedwa zosiyana chifukwa cha kupalasa mungu ndi mungu wake amapereka ovary pafupifupi 10-25% za chiwerengero cha zipatso. Komabe, chiwerengerocho chimasiyana mosiyana, malinga ndi nyengo ndi chilengedwe.
Pofuna kuteteza feteleza komanso kukula kwa zokolola zabwino, tikulimbikitsanso kuti tipange mtengo wa pollinator pafupi ndi "Favorite Yakovlev". Chomera chomera bwino kwambiri cha mitundu yosiyanasiyanayi chimaonedwa kuti ndi chosiyana "Duchess Summer" ("Williams").
Mbiri yobereketsa ndi dera loswana
Zaka zambiri zapitazo, katswiri wodziwika kwambiri wa ku Russia I.V. Michurin anayamba kuyendetsa kumpoto kwa chikhalidwe cha thermophilic ngati peyala.
Ophunzira ake ndi otsatira ake adapanga mitundu yambiri ya mapeyala yomwe inayamba kubala zipatso bwino m'madera ovuta a pakati pa Russia.
Mmodzi wa otsatirawa a Michurin anali Pavel Nikanorovich Yakovlev (1898-1957).
Katswiri wodziwika bwino, dokotala wa sayansi ya zaulimi, pulofesa, wophunzira wa Academy of Agricultural Sciences, adachita zambiri kuti azitha kusintha mitengo ya peyala pakati ndi kumpoto kwa Soviet Union. Zosiyana "Lyubimitsa Yakovleva" adakhala "chophimba" chamoyo cha ntchito zake za sayansi.
Chenjerani! Kuyambira amalimi akusokoneza mitundu yosiyanasiyana "Pet Yakovlev" ndi mitundu ina ndikukhulupirira kuti ndi yochepa kapena yolemba peyala - ichi ndi kulakwitsa, mtengo waukulu ndi kukula msanga.
Gwiritsani ntchito popanga mitundu yatsopano ya Academician Yakovlev yomwe inagwiritsidwa ntchito mumzinda wa Michurinsk (dera la Tambov) pamaziko a Central Genetic Laboratory. I.V. Michurin (tsopano ndi Institute All Research Russian Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants).
Pofuna kutulutsa peyala yatsopano ndi katundu woyenera ku Russia madera ndi chisanu cha frosty osati nyengo yotalika kwambiri, asayansi anapanga njira yodutsa popanga mitundu ya micarin ya peyala "Mwana wamkazi Blancova" ndi peyala ya Belgium "Bergamot Esperen".
Zotsatira zake, "Favorite Yakovlev" zidaphatikizidwa mu State Register ya kuswana zochitika za Russian Federation kwa zoning ku Central (Ku Moscow, Ryazan, Tula, Kaluga), Central Black Earth (Tambov, Lipetsk, zigawo za Belgorod) ndi Middle Volga (Penza, Samara, madera a Ulyanovsk, Mordovia, Tatarstan) m'madera olima.
Mitundu ya mapeyala Hera, Cathedral, Krasnobakaya, Elena ndi Vernaia amamva bwino ku Middle Band.
Peyala "Wokondedwa Yakovlev": kufotokoza zosiyanasiyana ndi zithunzi
Zosiyanasiyana "Zokondedwa Yakovlev" zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya peyala m'zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Mtengo. Kuyesedwa ngati amphamvu. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mpaka pamtunda wake waukulu, mtengo umakula msanga mokwanira. Makungwawo ali ndi makungwa opindika.
- Korona, nthambi. Pamwamba pa mtengowu ukamakula umatenga mawonekedwe a piramidi. Nthambi zamitundu yofiira zimachoka pa thunthu pafupifupi kumbali yoyenera. Maonekedwe a korona amawerengedwa ngati ofunika.
- Akuwombera. Muzitsulo zing'onozing'ono, ndi mphukira zochepa zomwe zimatulutsa mtundu wofiirira. Pakati pa fruiting formations amalamulidwa ndi nthungo ndi kolchatka.
- Masamba. Masamba apakatikati ali ndi mawonekedwe a dzira lofukula. Mtundu - wobiriwira ndi wakuda. Impso zapakatikati - zazidule. Nthawi zambiri masambawa amamangiriridwa ku nthambi.
- Inflorescences. Amagwirizana ndi maluwa 7-10. Maluwa oyera. Kunja kokongola kwambiri chifukwa chosiyana ndi terry ya pakhosi lake.
- Zipatso. Pa zokolola za mitundu iyi, zipatso imodzi imakhala pamwamba pa kukula kwake (kulemera kwa peyala kumafikira 130-140 g). Fomuyi ndi yachikale, yapangidwa ndi peyala, yowonjezedwa. Khungu la mwana wosabadwayo limakhala ndi maonekedwe osasangalatsa. Khunguli ndi laling'onoting'ono, losavuta kukhudza. Mtundu wa zipatso zakupsa pa nthawi ya kuchotsedwa ku mtengo ndi wachikasu ndi chikasu chobiriwira, m'madera ena a khungu kansalu kakang'ono kangatheke. Pambuyo pa "zokondweretsa" zipatso "zokonda" mukhale ndi golide wagolide. Pa peyala pali malo ambiri otchedwa hypodermic. Kutsekemera ndi maselo akuluakulu "stony" kumakhala ndi thupi lakuda, thupi lofiira. Zipatso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitali, mwinamwake phesi lopindika.
Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza zosiyanasiyana ndikuwona mapeyala "Favorite Yakovlev" akhoza kukhala pa chithunzi pansipa:
Zizindikiro
Mtengo wa zosiyanasiyanazi umayamba kubala zipatso 3-4 patapita zaka kupiritsa Panthawi yomwe mtengo wapatali umapindulitsa, chomera chachikulu ali ndi zaka 7, amapereka makilogalamu 30-40 zokoma zokoma.
Choncho, m'nthawi ya fruiting, anthu okwana 220-230 a zipatso zabwino akhoza kuchotsedwa pa hekita imodzi ya munda.
Kukoma kwa muyezo kwa chipatso chokoma cha mtengo pa nthawi yake yabwino kwambiri kumaganiziridwa Amatulutsa kukoma kokhala ndi mafuta ochepa, osasangalatsa, osakhala ndi astringency, ndi zolemba zoyambirira zonunkhira za quince.
Mapeyala osiyanasiyana amadziwika ndi kukoma kwawo kosangalatsa: Victoria, Forest Beauty, Moskvichka, Lel ndi Talgar kukongola.
Pachifukwa ichi, mankhwala opangidwa ndi chipatso "Pet Yakovlev" amawoneka ngati awa:
| Kupanga | Chiwerengero cha |
|---|---|
| Sahara | 8,3% |
| Zotsatira | 0,10% |
| P-yogwira zinthu | 32.7 mg / 100 g |
| Ascorbic acid | 8.5 mg / 100 g |
Akatswiri amafufuza momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito zipatso monga chilengedwe chonse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iwo ali abwino mofanana mu mawonekedwe atsopano ndi mawonekedwe osinthidwa.
Kuchokera kwa iwo, makamaka, zabwino zomangamanga, jams, amateteza, marmalades amapezeka. Mapeyalawa ndi otchuka, pakati pazinthu zina, chifukwa akhoza kusungidwa mu malonda abwino mufiriji kwa masiku opitirira 80.
Zopindulitsa zoonekeratu za izi ndizo zake Kulekerera bwino nyengo yowuma komanso nyengo yozizira yozizira.
Komabe, pakubereka mtundu uwu sikuli koyenera, kuyesera kubzala m'madera osayenera.
Kutchedwa kuthamanga kwazizira kwambiri Zokhazikitsidwa ku madera omwe akuyang'anira ntchito.
Mitengo yosazira kwambiri imaphatikizapo mapeyala: Extravaganza, Severyanka red-cheeked, Kumayambiriro kwa Moscow, Orel Summer ndi Limonka.
Kubzala ndi kusamalira
Kubzala mtengo kumayambira ndi kusankha bwino kumene malo amamera ndi kubereka zipatso. Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe ndikofunikira kuti malowa ayambe bwino. Ngati vutoli silinakwaniritsidwe, zipatso zidzatayika mu shuga.
Ngakhale kuti peyala nthawi zambiri imatulutsa zipatso zowonongeka, sikutheka kuteteza kuchepa kwa chinyontho pamalo otsetsereka. Ngati pali zoopsa zoterezi, ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa kuti bungwe la ngalande likhazikitsidwe.
Tisaiwale kuti peyala "Favorite Yakovlev" Amakonda dothi lolemera mu nthaka yakuda, komanso nthaka yofiira ndi dothi. Mulimonsemo, mukhoza kubzala mtengo wawung'ono mu nthaka yokha. Choncho, ngati dothi lakhala litatha, m'pofunika kuti musanakhale manyowa ndi mankhwala.
Pansi pa kubzala dzenje lakuya mamita 1 ndi diameter ya 65-70 masentimita. Kwa sabata ndi theka musanabzala mapeyala mmenemo Thirani chidebe cha madzi ndi makapu 2 a zouma zitsulo zosungunuka.
Pofuna kubwezeretsa, gwiritsani ntchito nthaka yomwe inachotsedwa pamene mukumba dzenje. Musanaigwiritsire ntchito kachiwiri ndi masamba humus (2 ndowa), mchenga (ndowa ziwiri) ndi superphosphate (1 chikho).
Pa nthawi yobzala, mmera umapangidwira mwakuti, pamwamba pa nthaka, pafupifupi mzu wazu wa mmera unatuluka kwa 6-7 masentimita.
Pambuyo poika mmera pamtunda pake pang'onopang'ono. Ndiye kuthirira kumatsata (2-3 zidebe za madzi olekana).
Kuti athetse kuyanika kosakanikirana ndi dothi, tsinde lamkati limaphimbidwa 2-3 masentimita wosanjikiza wa zouma humus mulch.
Kupanga bwino "Lyubimitsa Yakovleva" peyala kumatanthauza nthawi zonse kuthirira mtengo, nthawi zonse kumasula ndi kuthirira feteleza nthaka, kutenga njira zoteteza mtengo ku tizirombo ndi matenda, kudula nthambi zakufa ndi nthawi yambiri (mu kasupe musanayambe mphukira).
Ngakhale ananena kuti yozizira hardiness wa zosiyanasiyana, Zidzakhala zothandiza kutentha chomera usiku wachisanu. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka nkhuni ali wamng'ono.
Matenda ndi tizirombo
Kalasi "Favorite Yakovlev" osati matenda omwe sagonjetsedwa zipatso mbewu (sing'anga kukana).
Kukaniza matenda akuluakulu mapeyala osiyanasiyana: Sverdlovchanka, Chudesnitsa, Svetlyanka ndi Bere Bosk.
M'zaka zina zamvula ndi epiphytotic, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kufalikira kwachangu ndi kufalikira kwa matenda opatsirana m'madera akuluakulu, iye akhoza kukhala wokhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nkhanambo.
Matendawa amawonetsedwa ndi mabala a bulauni ndi a imvi omwe amawoneka pamasamba ndi zipatso za peyala. Kawirikawiri khungu la matendawa, lomwe limakhala ndi mphukira pazitsamba, limayambitsa chomera pa nthawi yake.
Zotsatira zake, masamba amauma ndi kugwa kwambiri ndi zotsatira zovuta za mtengo, ndipo zipatso zowonongeka zimakhala zofooka ndikusiya kudya.
Chofunika kwambiri kutetezedwa kwa mapeyala ku nkhanambo ndizochitetezo.
Koma ngati matendawa atha kale, nthaka m'munda ndi mitengo iyenera kukhala nthawi zonse kutsuka zamkuwa ndi vitriol zitsulo, nitrafenom, olekupritami, Bordeaux madzi.
Madzi a Bordeaux, 400 g omwe amachepetsedwa mu 10 malita a madzi, amathiridwa pamtengo katatu pa nyengo - isanayambe maluwa, mwamsanga mutatha maluwa ndi masiku 17-20 mutatha maluwa.
"Favorite Yakovlev" - zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimafuna chidwi, kugwiritsa ntchito molondola chidziwitso ndi ntchito, komanso chikondi. Pansi pazifukwa zonsezi, ndithudi adzayankha munthuyo mobwezera.
