Njira zokulitsira phwetekere muminyezi (mwachitsanzo zidebe) yadziwika kuyambira mkati mwa zaka zana zapitazi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba ukadaulowu ukufotokozedwa m'buku lolembedwera ndi Al Altonton, lofalitsidwa mu 1957. Kugwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zotere monga kubzala ndizoyenera kumadera komwe kuli kotheka kukula ndi zipatso za mbewuyi, zomwe zimalola kuti mbewu zizipititsidwa ndizipinda zogona usiku wambiri kapena mvula yambiri.
Kuphatikiza pa kuthekera kwa kukula kwa phwetekere m'malo omwe muli chisanu obwerera kapena nyengo ikupangitsa kugonjetsedwa kwa chikhalidwe ichi mochedwa kwambiri, zopindulitsa zina za njirayi zidapezeka. Zochulukitsa zimachulukanso ndi 20% kapena kuposerapo, kucha zipatso kumachitika sabata ziwiri zapitazo kuposa masiku onse.
Nzika za chilimwe zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo zimakhutira ndi zotsatira zake ndikusiya mayankho ambiri abwino. Tomato wobzala mu ndowa atha kuyikidwa poyera komanso m'malo obiriwira. Njira zonsezi ndi zothandiza.
Ubwino ndi zopweteketsa za kukula kwa tomato mu zotengera
Ubwino wa kulima koteroko ndi monga:
- Landings ndi yaying'ono (makamaka mu magawo ang'onoang'ono a nyumba), ndikosavuta kusamukira kumalo ena (nyengo yamvula pansi pa denga, nyengo yotentha pamalo otetezeka).
- Madzi osavuta - chinyezi chonse chimapita kumbewu, osatayikiranso pansi. Kuthirira kumafunikira madzi ochepa, koma kuyenera kuchitidwa nthawi zambiri kuposa m'nthaka wamba, chifukwa nthaka imawuma mwachangu m zidebe.
- Z feteleza zonse zomwe zimagwidwa zimagwidwa ndi zomerazo, ndipo sizifalikira pabedi.
- Namsongole sakhala wokwiyitsa monga potseguka, ndikosavuta kumasula nthaka mozungulira tchire.
- Dothi lidebe limatentha mwachangu, komwe limathandizira kukhazikitsa ma rhizomes ndipo, motero, gawo la nthaka la tomato. M'madera otentha, sikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito zidebe zakuda, chifukwa nthaka mwaiwo imathamanga ndipo imakhala yosavomerezeka kwa mbewu. M'malo okhala ndi nyengo yozizira, m'malo mwake, muli mumdima mumdambo kumathandizira kuti nthaka izitha kutenthedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mizu yake itukuke bwino.
- M'mabotolo otsekedwa, chiwopsezo cha kufalitsa matenda chimachepetsedwa, mbewu zimatetezedwa ku zimbalangondo ndi tizirombo tina.
- Zipatso zimachulukana, zipatso zimakulanso ndipo masabata 2-3 kale kuposa momwe zimakhalira.
- Pakadutsa zipatso za m'dzinja, phwetekere imatha kusungidwira kumalo obiriwira kapena chipinda china kuwonjezera nthawi yophuka.
Palibe zovuta zambiri, koma zilinso:
- Poyamba, gawo lokonzekera, ndalama zambiri zogulira ntchito zimafunikira pakukonza zidebe, ndikudzaza ndi dothi.
- Malo oyika mabatani ayenera kusinthidwa chaka chilichonse.
- Kutsirira pafupipafupi kumafunikira.
Kukonzekera kubzala tomato zokulira mumbale
Kuti mukule bwino tomato mu chidebe china, muyenera kusankha mitundu yoyenera, mphamvu yomwe mukufuna, konzani nthaka.
Ndi mitundu yanji ya tomato yomwe ingabzalidwe mumabatani
Mutha kusankha osasankhidwa (mumsewu, pakakhala kufunika konyamula mbewu kupita kumalo ena) ndi mitundu yayitali (makamaka ya malo obiriwira, pomwe tomato amakhala malo okhazikika).
Ndioyenereradi njirayi mitundu momwe mizu yaying'ono koma yosakula pang'ono. Tomato wokhala ndi masamba owerengeka osakhwima omwe ali ndi mpweya wabwino.
Mukadzala mitundu yoyambirira-yoyambilira, mutha kupeza mbewu mwachangu kwambiri.
Zosiyanasiyana zimabzalidwa kuchokera kumtunda wamtali - Honey Spas, Ulemerero wa Mining, Yantarevsky, Volovye Mtima, Kobzar, Miracle of the Earth, Malachite Box.
Otsika komanso apakati - Linda, Rocket, Roma, Nevsky, La La Fa, shuga-shuga, Kudzazidwa koyera.
Cherry - Bonsai, Pygmy, Pearl ya Garden, Minibel.
Mukamakulitsa mitundu yoyambirira yoyenera kutetezedwa, ndikupeza kukolola kokwanira panthawi yomwe sikunakolole, mutha kuthira mchere wobiriwira kapena zipatso zakupsa m'njira yotsekemera. Kusungidwa kozizira kwa tomato ndi kuphatikizira zitsamba ndi zonunkhira kumapangitsa kuti chakudya chikhale chothandiza.
Kodi ndowa zingagwiritsidwe ntchito
Mabatani kapena zida zina ziyenera kukhala zosachepera 10 malita. Zitsulo, pulasitiki, ngakhale machubu amatabwa ndi oyenera.
Koma zinthu zachitsulo zidzakhala zazitali kwambiri. Zotsukazo sizikhala zopanda pansi, kapena zibowo zambiri kuchokera pansi, komanso khumi ndi ena m'makoma oyendetsera nthaka bwino. Popeza zidebe zakuda zimatentha mwachangu, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti zizikonzedwa ndi mitundu yowala.
Dothi labwino kubzala phwetekere mumbale
Kwa tomato, nthaka yachonde loamy ndiyabwino kwambiri. Osakaniza amakonzedwa kuchokera pansi (makamaka kuchokera pabedi lamakichi), peat, mchenga, humus, ndi kuwonjezera kwa phulusa.
Nthaka imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa majeremusi ndikuthira ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kupanga michere yazomangamanga yopangira tomato.
Kukonzekera muli muli kubzala tomato
Chidebe chodzala chikukonzedwa kuyambira kugwa.
- Musanagwiritse ntchito, botolo liyenera kuphera tizirombo toyambitsa matenda pochotsa mankhwalawa potaziyamu waanganamu kapena madzi a Bordeaux. Njirayi iyenera kuchitidwa chaka chilichonse isanalowe m'malo atsopano.
- Dothi lokakulitsidwa kapena ngalande ina yotalika masentimita 5 imatsanuliridwa pansi pa chidebe.
- Zisungidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena panja mu dzenje lakuya 30 cm.
Madzi amathiridwa kwambiri kamodzi mutadzaza zidebe, kenako kuthirira sikofunikira mpaka kasupe.
Koma ngati chidebechi chimasungidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha, ndiye kuti muyenera kuthira chisanu nthawi zonse kuti chizikhala chokwanira ndi chinyezi mchaka.
Kufesa mbewu ndikubzala mbande
Mbande za phwetekere zitha kugulidwa kapena kukulira palokha. Njira zonse zokonzekera, mbewu zokulira mbande, zimachitidwa monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zonse pobzala tomato panthaka kapena m'malo obisalamo. Nthawi yofesa mbewu amasankhidwa miyezi iwiri m'mbuyomu kuchokera pa kubzala mbande m'mabatani.
Gawani mbeu, kusankha yayikulu komanso yosawonongeka, yang'anani kumera m'madzi amchere. Kenako imagwiritsidwa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, titanyowa kuti timere, timazimitsa pa kutentha pang'ono.
Zofesedwa mumbale zokhala ndi michere dothi lakuya kosaposa 2 cm, ndikuyika malo otentha. Pamene mphukira zoyambirira zikuwonekera, zotengera zimasinthidwa kupita pamalo abwino.
- Sankhani imachitika pambuyo pa kuwonekera masamba awiri owona, ndikuzama kulowa pansi mpaka pamlingo wamakhola.
- Muziperekanso kuthirira pafupipafupi ndi mfuti ya kupopera, kudyetsa masiku 10 aliwonse atatha kumera.
- Anabzala pomwe mbewuyi idapanga masamba pafupifupi 10.
Tekinoloje ya kubzala tomato mum zidebe
Mbande za njirayi zimasankhidwa kale ngati ali ndi miyezi pafupifupi iwiri. Zitha kubzalidwa masabata awiri m'mbuyomu kuposa masiku onse, ngati zingakhale zobiriwira koyamba kapena, ngati zingatheke, mbandezo zitha kutengedwera kuchipinda ngati zipatso zobwerera zioneka.
Chidebe chilichonse chimayikidwa kamodzi.
- Pangani phokoso lalitali masentimita 15.
- Chakonzedwa bwino chimathiridwa ndi njira ya potaziyamu permanganate (1 g pa 10 l yamadzi).
- Bzalani chitsamba. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuzama mpaka masamba awiri kuti muzika mizu.
- Amagona pansi ndi nthaka, yoyesedwa, madzi.
Kusamalira phwetekere m'malo okhazikika: wowonjezera kutentha kapena malo otseguka
Mukamakulitsa tomato mumzinga, gawo lomwe limawononga nthawi yayitali ndikuphika muli ndi kubzala. Kusamaliranso kwazomera izi kumachitika chimodzimodzi monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nthawi yayitali yokulira tomato, zosavuta kwambiri kuposa pamabedi:
Kupalira kumachepetsedwa, chifukwa m'malo ang'onoang'ono namsongole samamera msanga, monga panthaka.
- Tamasula dothi, kumera tchire mosavuta. Kuti zitheke, masamba am'munsi amadulidwa.
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kupanga mulching kuti musunge chinyontho m'nthaka ndi kuteteza ku matenda.
- Amakhala ndikudontha nthawi, kupatula mitundu yomwe njirayi siyofunika.
Kuthirira chifukwa cha kuyanika kwa nthaka m'nthaka kumafunikira pafupipafupi, koma pocheperako kuposa pamabedi.
- Garter amamuchitira mitundu yayitali masiku 10 mutabzala, chifukwa mitundu yotsika pang'ono - pambuyo 15.
- Mukukula mu greenhouse, mpweya wabwino nthawi zonse ndi wofunikira.
- Kupewa matenda kumachitika ngati mabedi wamba - mutabzala m'malo okhazikika, musanayambe maluwa ndi pambuyo.
- Feteleza umathiridwa katatu pakula.
Kukula tomato m'ma ndowa sikungapulumutse malo, komanso kupeza zochulukirapo komanso zoyambirira zokolola zazikulu (chifukwa zake mitundu) zipatso zochokera pachitsamba.
Kubzala kwachilendo koteroko kumatha kukhala ngati chokongoletsera cha munda.
Mr. Chilimwe wokhala ndi chilimwe akuvomereza: zosankha zachilendo pakukula tomato mu zidebe
Palinso njira zina zokulitsira phwetekere muma ndowa. Chifukwa chake, alimi ena adadzala tomato mmalo opachikapo kuti asunge malo, pomwe mbande zimamera pansi kuchokera kubowo pansi pa chidebe. Nthawi yomweyo, zokolola zabwino, kukoma ndi mawonekedwe ena osiyanasiyana zimasungidwa.
Mwakutha mutha kubzala tomato muzopangira ma hydroponics, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pokhapokha muzitena zobiriwira. Pazosankha izi ziwiri, matekinoloje apadera apangidwa omwe amalola kukwaniritsa zotsatira zapamwamba.
