Dzina bowa woyera analandira kuyambira kale. Kenaka anthu ambiri amauma bowa. Mphuno ya bowa yoyera nthawizonse imakhala yoyera bwino pambuyo poyanika kapena kutentha. Ichi chinali chifukwa cha dzina ili. Matenda a White ndi a Boletus, choncho dzina lachiwiri la bowa ndi boletus.
Ndikofunikira! Mutatha kusonkhanitsa bowa, m'pofunika kuti muyambe kuwongolera, popeza bowa zoyera zimataya katundu wawo mwamsanga. Mwachitsanzo, patatha maola 10, bowa ili kale ndi theka la mchere ndi kufufuza zinthu.
Ganizirani za mitundu ya bowa zoyera ndi kufotokoza kwawo. Onsewa ndi a bowa odyetsedwa a gulu loyamba ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe omwewo.
Bowa wonyezimira (spruce) (Boletus edulis)
Ilo limatanthawuza mawonekedwe ofala kwambiri ndipo ili ndi mawonekedwe omwewo. Kapu ndi bulauni kapena msuzi wa mtundu wa 7-30 masentimita. Pansi pake ndi yosalala komanso yosalala ndipo siyiyanitsidwa ndi zamkati.
Maonekedwe a phazi la pedicle ali ndi kuphulika pansi, kufika pamtunda wa masentimita 12 ndipo amawoneka okwera mu mtundu uwu wa bowa zoyera. Pamwamba pa mwendo uli ndi manda ndipo uli ndi nsalu yobiriwira. Kukoma ndi kofewa, kununkhira ndi kovuta ndipo munthuyo nthawi zambiri amawongolera ndi kuphika kapena kuyanika. Pansi pa kapu ndi mzere wosanjikiza 1-4 masentimita lonse, omwe mosavuta amasiyanitsa ndi zamkati ndipo ali ndi timata ta chikasu.
Mapira a bowa ndi oyera mnofu ndipo samasintha mtundu atasweka. Mitundu imeneyi imapezeka m'nkhalango ya spruce ndi mitengo yamatabwa m'madera ambiri a Eurasia, kupatula Iceland, m'mayiko onse, kupatula Australia. Zipatso payekha kapena mphete. Mafomu mycorrhiza ndi mitengo yodula ndi coniferous.
Kaŵirikaŵiri zimawonekera ndi russula wobiriwira ndi chanterelles. Amakonda nkhalango zakale ndi moss ndi bulu. Malo abwino otentha kwa misawonekedwe a bowa woyera amaonedwa kuti ndi mabingu amphepo otentha ndi usiku. Amakonda malo a mchenga, mchenga ndi loamy komanso malo otentha. Kukolola kumachitika mu June - October.
Makhalidwe abwino a bowa zoyera ndi apamwamba kwambiri. Amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe opaka, owophika, owuma. Ndi zokhudzana ndi zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi zakudya zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa.
Asayansi atsimikizira kuti bowa zoyera zimakhala zovuta kuzimba ndi thupi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chitin, koma atatha kuyanika imakhala digestible (80%). Pofuna kuchiritsira, mankhwala amwambo amagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, omwe amachititsa thupi kuteteza thupi.
White mushroom pine (Boletus pinophilus)
Mitundu imeneyi imafanana ndi kufotokoza kwa bowa zoyera, koma zimasiyana ndi zina.. Chophimbacho ndi 8-25 masentimita awiri, ofiira-ofiira ndi mtundu wa violet hue, koma kuwala pang'ono pamphepete. Pansi pa khungu la kapu thupi ndi pinki. Thupi lalifupi ndi lakuda, masentimita 7-16 mu msinkhu. Mtundu wake ndi wopepuka kuposa kapu, koma uli ndi kuwala kofiirira kofiira. Kuphweka kwapakati pa 2 cm kutalika kwachikasu. Pali mtundu woyamba wa bowa woyera wa pine. Zimasiyanitsa mitundu ina yowala ya chipewa ndi zamkati pansi pake. Akuwonekera kumapeto kwa kasupe.
Mitundu imeneyi imapanga mycorrhiza nthawi zambiri ndi pine. Imafuna dothi la mchenga ndikukula limodzi kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Bowa loyera la Pine ndilofala ku Ulaya, Central America, m'chigawo cha Ulaya cha Russia. Kukolola kumachitika kuyambira June mpaka October.
Bowa wonyezimira woyera (Boletus betulicola)
Nthaŵi zina m'madera a ku Russia amatchedwa kolosovik chifukwa cha kuoneka kwa rye panthawi yopuma. Mitunduyi ili ndi kapu ya chikasu, yomwe ndi yaikulu masentimita 5-15. Thupi silimasintha mtundu patsiku, koma alibe kukoma. Mwendo woboola pakati pamphepete, womwe ndi woyera kwambiri. Mndandanda wa mthunzi wa chikasu mpaka mamita 2.5 cm. Mbalame zotchedwa Birch boletus zimapanga mycorrhiza ndi birch. Fruiting yokhazikika kapena magulu. Amakonda kukula pamphepete kapena m'misewu. Amapezeka ku Western Europe, ndi ku Russia - m'dera la Murmansk, Siberia, ndi ku Far East. Kukolola kumachitika kuyambira June mpaka October.
Mukudziwa? Kukula kwa bowa zoyera kumachitika kwa masiku asanu ndi anai, koma pali mitundu ina yomwe imakula masiku khumi ndi atatu.
Mushoni Wonyezimira Wofiira (Boletus aereus)
Nthawi zina izi zimatchedwanso mkuwa kapena hornbeam porcini. Kapu imakhala yowonongeka, yotenga thupi, yomwe imakhala yolemera masentimita 7-17. Khungu limatha kukhala losalala kapena laling'ono, lofiira, lofiira. Thupi ndi loyera, lili ndi kukoma kokoma ndi kununkhiza, pamene lathyoka, limakhala lakuda. Msola ndi wachitsulo, wautali, wofiirira wofiira ndi mtundu wofiira. Mzere wosanjikiza uli ndi chikasu chachikasu ndi kupitirira 2 masentimita, koma pamene akukakamizidwa amakhala mtundu wa azitona. Mitundu imeneyi imagawidwa m'nkhalango zowonongeka ndi nyengo yofunda. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ku Western ndi Southern Europe, Sweden, North America. Nthaŵi ya fruiting ndi kuyambira July mpaka October, koma ikupezeka ku Austria mu May ndi June. Zina mwa mabuku a Red Books a Ukraine, Montenegro, Norway, Denmark, Moldova.
Mwa kulawa kumayamikiridwa ndi zokoma kuposa bowa wonyezimira woyera. Zili ndi zizindikiro zakunja zofanana ndi bowa wodyera ku Poland (Xerocomus badius), yemwe thupi lake ndi lobiriwira ndipo mwendo ulibe nsomba. Zomwe zimapezekanso m'nkhalango zowonongeka ndizitsamba zofiira (Boletus subaereus), zomwe zili ndi kuwala.
Boletus reticulatus, Boletus aestivalis
Ntchentche yoyera ya bowa imasiyanasiyana ndi spruce imodzi m'kuunika kwa kapu ndi mimba yotchuka kwambiri pamlendo. Amatengedwa kuti ndi oyambirira mwa mitundu yonse ya bowa woyera. Kapuyo imakhala yaikulu ya 6-30 cm ndipo ili ndi kuwala kofiira. Manyowa ndi oyera mnofu, pansi pa zidazi ali ndi chikasu chachikasu. Tsinde ndi lalifupi, lakuda, lopangidwa ndi chikwama, lofiira mtundu komanso losiyana ndi mitundu ina mwa kukhalapo kwa maonekedwe akuluakulu. Bowa wonyezimira wonyezimira uli ndi fungo lokoma ndi lokoma la nutty kukoma.
Kutalika kwa mpweya wa tubular kufika pa masentimita 3.5. Mtundu wake umasiyana ndi woyera kupita ku chikasu. Mtundu wapadera wa mitundu iyi ndi kupezeka kwa ming'alu pa khungu la bowa wakale. Mitundu imeneyi imapanga mycorrhiza ndi beech, thundu, mabokosi, hornbeam ndipo imakula pamphepete mwa dothi louma, zamchere.
Sichimawonongeka ndi tizilombo. Akukula ku Ulaya, North Africa, North America. Kukolola kumachitika kuyambira May mpaka Oktoba. Nkhumba zoyera zofanana ndi zofanana ndi birch, zomwe ziri ndi chipewa chowala ndi nsalu yaifupi.
Nkhumba yoyera ya owa (Boletus quercicola)
Chinthu chosiyana ndi zofiira zofiira ndi zofiira zofiirira. Ndimdima kwambiri kuposa mitundu ya birch. Mnofu ndi wochepa kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina. Amamera ku Caucasus, ku Primorsky Krai. Kukolola kumachitika mu June-October. Zimakula kwambiri, zomwe sizimayendera bowa woyera.
Ndikofunikira! Zofanana kwambiri ndi bowa woyera - mandulu. Icho chiri mu inedible chifukwa cha ukali wake. Kusiyanitsa kwake kwakukulu ndi bowa woyera ndiko pining tubular wosanjikiza ndi mdima wandiweyani pa mwendo.
Bowa wonyezimira (Boletus impolius)
Nkhumba zoyera zimakhala za mtundu wa boletus ndipo zimatchedwa chikasu boletus. Chipewacho chimakhala chachikulu pakati pa 5-15 masentimita ndi khungu losalala la mtundu wofiira wofiirira. Mkati mwa bowa ndi wandiweyani, wonyezimira. Kukoma ndi kokoma pang'ono, ndipo kununkhiza kukukumbutsa asidi ya carbolic.
Msola uli wandiweyani, mawonekedwe ozungulira, mpaka mamita 15 masentimita, mapira. Mtundu wa mesh pa mwendo ukusowa, koma pamwamba ndi kovuta. Kutsekemera kwadutswa mpaka 3 cm wakuda chikasu. Kukula mumtambo wa oak, beech, hornbeam nkhalango ndi kukonda dothi lonyowa dongo. Boletus yapamwamba ndi ya thermophilic bowa ndipo imapezeka ku Polesie, Carpathian, pakatikati ndi kumwera kwa Ulaya ku Russia. Kukolola kwachitika kuyambira May mpaka autumn.
M'zinthu zina, chifukwa cha fungo lapadera lofotokozedwa ngati bowa wodetsedwa. Kulawa sikunsika kwa bowa woyera wachikale. Pambuyo kuyanika ndi kutentha kununkhira kumakhala pafupifupi kwathunthu. Pa zizindikiro zakunja zikuwoneka ngati mtsikana, koma zimasiyanasiyana ndi fungo lapadera ndipo samasintha mtundu wa zamkati pa nthawi yopuma.
Boletus mtsikana (Boletus appendiculatus)
Zikuwoneka ngati malongosoledwe ndi chikasu, koma ali ndi fungo losangalatsa, ndipo thupi panthawi yopuma limasanduka buluu. Chovalachi chimafika pa 8-20 masentimita, chili ndi mtundu wa golidi kapena wofiira wofiira. Mapulogalamu a bowa ndi achikasu, ali ndi ubweya wabuluu. Msola uli wandiweyani, umakhala wochepa pansi ndipo umakula mamita 7-15 masentimita. Umakhala ndi mtundu wowala ndipo umaphimbidwa ndi msuzi wachikasu. Mndandanda wa mawanga ndi 2,5 masentimita wandiweyani, wowala wonyezimira ndi mtundu wa buluu. Borovik mtsikana amapanga mycorrhiza ndi mitengo yowonongeka ndipo amakula kumwera kwa Ulaya. Kukolola kumachitika m'nyengo yachilimwe - yophukira.
Borovik royal (Boletus regius)
Royal Borovik imasiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya kapu yofiira pinki ndi lowala lachikasu lokhala ndi maonekedwe ochepa thupi kumtunda. Kapu imakhala yaikulu ya 6-15 masentimita ndipo imakhala ndi khungu losalala, koma nthawi zina limakhala ndi mesh ming'alu. Mphuno ya bowa ndi yandiweyani, yonyezimira, ndi kupasuka kutembenukira buluu. Bowa ali ndi fungo lokoma ndi kukoma. Lamulo likulinkhulidwa, liri ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 5 mpaka 15. Kuyala kwa tubula kumakhala masentimita 2.5 masentimita wandiweyani.
Bowa woyera wa Royal amakula m'nkhalango zakuda. Amakonda dothi la mchenga ndi labala. Amapezeka ku Caucasus, ku Far East. Nthawi ya fruiting ndi July - September. Bowa ali ndi kukoma kwabwino ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito muwonekedwe yaiwisi kapena zamzitini.
Mukudziwa? Ku Ukraine, ku dera la Ivano-Frankivsk, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Verkhniy Maidan, mabungwe okwana 118 a bowa oyera ankasonkhanitsidwa pa 16 square meters. Bowa loyera lolemera makilogalamu 6.75 linapezeka ku Russia pafupi ndi Vladimir mu 1964.
Bowa wonyezimira ndi wotchuka kwambiri komanso wokondedwa kwambiri pamusankha aliyense wa bowa. Kupambana kwake kungatheke pokhapokha mu kukula kwakukulu komanso mwabwino kwambiri komanso makhalidwe abwino. Mukamasonkhanitsa bowa, musaiwale lamulo lofunikira la wosankha bowa: ngati simukudziwa ngakhale bowa wozoloŵera, tayaye, musatenge mwayi.
