Pakati pa matenda ambiri a mphesa amapezeka kawirikawiri mitundu yovunda.
Ichi ndi chiani? Nchifukwa chiyani mphesa zowola pa mpesa, pa zipatso za manja? Mitundu itatu ya kuvunda ndi yofala: imvi, yoyera ndi yakuda.
Ndi mitundu yanji yomwe ingadetsedwe ndi zomwe siziri? Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngozi?
Tiyeni tiyesetse kufufuza chifukwa chake ali, momwe angatetezere mphesa ndi choti achite ngati matendawa atuluka kale.
Zizindikiro za matenda
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuvunda ingadziwonetsere mwa njira zosiyanasiyana. Zifukwa za maonekedwe awo zimasiyananso. Zovunda zakuda ndi zakuda zikhoza kuchitika pakagwa mvula yambiri, ndipo zoyera zimachokera ku chilala chokhalitsa.
Choncho, zovunda zoyera ndi zoyera zimangowoneka pa zipatso zokoma. Zizindikiro za mawonetseredwe ake ndi zoyera, zofiira zopangidwa ndi nkhungu zomwe zimaphimba zipatso zambiri. Nthawi zina matenda amayamba ndi kuwonongeka kwa masamba ndi mphukira.
Zovunda zakuda zimayamba ndi maonekedwe pa masamba a mawanga ochepa a brownish ndi mdima. Pakapita nthawi, matendawa amakhudza zipatsozo ndipo ndizoopsa kwa mbeu.
Zowola zambiri zimakhudza zipatso zokha panthawi yakucha. Koma mitundu ina yavunda ingayambitse chomera chonse.
Mitundu yowola
Pali mitundu yambiri ya mphesa zowola. Wotchuka kwambiri mwa iwo: woyera, wakuda ndi imvi.
White
Kuvunda koyera kumawonekera chifukwa cha kupha mbewu ndi mtundu wina wa bowa. Zizindikiro zakunja za matendawa zikhoza kugawanika muzigawo zingapo:
- mawanga achikasu amaoneka pa zipatso;
- zipatso zimabwerera ndi kukula;
- mawanga amatchulidwa, zipatso zimaphimbidwa ndi nkhungu;
- masamba owuma ndi ozizira.
Kawirikawiri mawanga amapezeka pa mphukira za mphesa.
M'munsimu muli zithunzi za zovunda zoyera za mphesa:
Mdima
Nyengo zakuda zowola pa mpesa wa mpesa. Poyamba kukula kwa mphukira, masamba ndi zipatso zimatengedwa.
Pafupi masabata awiri mutatha kutenga kachilomboka, mawanga a bulauni ndi malire akuda amawonekera pa masamba.
Pachiyambi cha maluwa, zizindikiro zoterezi zikhoza kuwonekera pazomwe zimapangidwa. M'tsogolomu, matendawa amapita ku zipatso ndipo amawoneka ngati mdima ukuwotchedwa mkati. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zipatso zimatha, zimakhala zakuda, kenako zimauma.
Mu chithunzi pansipa mungathe kuona momwe kuvunda wakuda kwa mphesa kumawoneka ngati:
Gray
Kuchokera kumvi imvi sikumangokhalira mphesa zokha, komanso zipatso zina. Zizindikiro zovunda:
- Kuwonekera pa masamba aang'ono ofiira mawanga ndi grayish pachimake;
- masamba ayamba kuuma;
- Miphika yophimbidwa ndi nkhungu yakuda;
- Zomwe zimakhudzidwa mofulumira zimakhala zowuma ndi kufa;
- Pa zipatso zimawoneka zofiirira mawanga, ndi nthawi kukhala bulauni.
Grey kuvunda ndi owopsa kwambiri kukolola. Mavitamini okhudzidwa sali oyenerera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kusinthidwa. Nthendayi imapita mofulumira ku munda wonse wa mpesa ndipo ikhoza kuwononga osati zokolola zokha, komanso zomera zonse.
Mu chithunzi pansipa, imvi zowola mphesa:
Zifukwa za
Nchifukwa chiyani mphesa zikuvunda pomwepo kuthengo?
Vuto loyera limapezeka makamaka pa mphukira ndi zipatso. Zimayambitsidwa ndi bowa zomwe zimatha kuzizira bwino pamphuno ya mphukira ndi masamba ogwa. M'chaka, imadzuka ndipo, muzochitika zina, ikhoza kugunda mwamsanga.
Mitengo yowonongeka imayamba kuphulika, imakhala yowawa, kenako imakhala yakuda, yofiira, ndi yowuma. Sikuti zipatso za munthu aliyense zimavunda - gulu lonse la mphesa limavutika.
Kutenga ndi kuvunda wakuda kumayambira kumayambiriro kwa masika. Nkhumba zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimalimbikitsanso nyengo yozizira bwino ndipo zimawoneka makamaka pa masamba. Mu gawo loyambirira, mbola imeneyi nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi mildew. Ndiye pali makhalidwe ofiira madontho, otchedwa. pycnidia.
Kwa mphukira ndi masamba, zovunda zakuda sizikuimira ngozi yaikulu, koma ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa masango, mbeu zambiri zimafa.
Grey kuvunda ingasokoneze zomera zonse: mphukira, cuttings, kukulumikiza malo. Mvula yozizira ndi yamvula ndi yabwino kwambiri pakufalitsa matenda. Zoopsa zowola zokolola zipatso.
Zimakhalapo pamene masoka awonongeke ndi matalala kapena osamalidwa bwino. Ngati mvula imayamba mvula yamkuntho, khungu la zipatso limatha kusungunuka, lomwe ndi malo abwino kwambiri okuza mbeu.
Zimapangitsa maonekedwe a zowola ndi kuwononga masango ndi tsamba lopanga kapena wasp. Pofuna kupeŵa kuipitsidwa, m'pofunika kuteteza nthawi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti kusamalira mphesa n'koyenera.
Njira zovuta
Ngati matendawa akuwonekera, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a chitsamba ndikuchotseratu masango owonongeka.
Grey kuvunda pa mphesa akhoza kukonzedwa pansipazo zowonongeka zochizira. Choyamba, amawononga mbali zonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi mbeuyo, kenako amawaza ndi mphamvu yochepa ya sopo wobiriwira kapena soda. Pofuna kukonza soda sungani 70 magalamu a soda mu ndowa.
Sopo yothetsera iyenera kukhala 1%. Chithandizochi chikuchitika masiku khumi ndi awiri. Zothetsera zina. Mwa mankhwala okonzekera, fungicides motsutsana ndi mildew adzakhala othandiza kwambiri, komanso Ronilan ndi Miyendo mu zofooka zofooka. Chithandizo chimapangidwa makamaka milungu iwiri iliyonse. Musaiwale za kupewa.
Kulimbana ndi zovunda zoyera kumayambanso kuchotseratu mphukira zowonongeka ndi masango. Kupambana kwa mlungu ndi mlungu chitsamba 4% njira ya Bordeaux osakaniza.
Pambuyo matalala kapena pamene zina zowonongeka zimapezeka kwa zipatso, n'zotheka kupopera zokonzekera zamkuwa. Thandizo lothandiza polimbana ndi nyemba zoyera zokonzekera za mildew ndi oidium.
N'zotheka kuchotsa zovunda zakuda ndikukonzekera komweko koyera. Koma mankhwala othandiza kwambiri ndi osakaniza awiri a fungicides: 25 g Ridomil Gold ndi 60 gr Tiovit jet pa chidebe cha madzi. Patatha milungu iwiri, mankhwalawa akubwerezedwa.
Ndikofunika kusamalidwa ndi mankhwala nthawi yakucha.
Kupewa Matenda
N'zovuta kuchiza zowola, kwa nthawi yayitali komanso nthawi zonse. Ngakhale matendawa atagonjetsedwa, nthawi zambiri zokolola sizidzabwerera.
Pofuna kupewa zotsatira zovuta, ndi bwino kuchita zowononga nthawi.
- Musanayambe kukolola mphesa m'nyengo yozizira, m'pofunika kuti mumbe bwino nthaka yozungulira, mutenge ndi kuwononga masamba ogwa ndi kudula mphukira.
- Pambuyo pa overwintering, yambani chomera ndi Bordeaux osakaniza.
- Mukhoza kutsanulira chitsamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira za Baytan, Topaz kapena Atemi S.
- Kupopera mpesa ndi mankhwala a ayodini (madontho 50 mu chidebe cha madzi) kumathandiza bwino.
- Pofuna kupewa nyemba zoyera, mungagwiritse ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi mchere wambiri: chofooka cha mkuwa sulphate kapena poliram.
- Pangani kudulira koyenera ndi kupanga mawonekedwe a chitsamba, kuti mutetewe.
- Musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala owonjezera a nayitrogeni, nthawi zambiri mumagwiritsa ntchito potashi-phosphorous.
- Muzimwa bwino munda wamphesa, kupeŵa chilala ndi madzi.
Kuchita zinthu zosavutazi kumathandiza kuteteza mphesa ku mitundu yonse yovunda ndi matenda ena, monga mildew ndi oidium.
Komanso pa webusaiti yathu mukhoza kupeza chilichonse chokhudza matenda owopsa monga mphesa monga bakiteriya, anthracnose, rubella, chlorosis ndi bacteriosis.
Mitundu yoopsa
Kutenga ndi zowola kumadalira makamaka mitundu ya mphesa.
Pali mitundu yosawonongeka ndi bowayi, koma pali mitundu yowonongeka ndi matenda.
Nthawi zambiri nkhungu imakhudza mitundu:
- Karaburnu;
- Chithunzi;
- Terbash;
- Chardonnay;
- Madeleine Angévin;
- Aligote;
- Mfumukazi ya minda yamphesa;
- Chacha;
- Pino;
- Senso (Bull Eye);
- Nkhunda;
- Dessert;
- Peyala;
- Chithunzi;
- Kishimishi akuwoneka;
- Rusbol;
- Musamali;
- Feteasca woyera ndi ena.
Zovunda zakuda ndizosiyana siyana:
- Peyala;
- Italy;
- Chisangalalo;
- Mfumukazi ya minda yamphesa;
- Muscat Hamburg;
- Ziyenera kukhala zoyera.
Pa zovunda zoyera, mitundu yoopsya ndi:
- Alimshak;
- Kusambira;
- Zeibel 1;
- Aligote;
- Riesling Rhine.
Zotsatira
Ndibwino kusamalira mphesa: kuthirira ndi feteleza nthawi yake, kukonzekera kudulira ndi kusankha mitundu yabwino yobzala, mavuto okhudzana ndi kutuluka kwa mitundu yovunda ingapewe. Ndikofunika kuti tisaiwale za momwe angatetezere ndi kupewa matenda komanso munda wamphesa udzakhala wokondwa ndi zokolola zambiri.
