Ndi ntchito komanso chisamaliro chotani chomwe chimatengera kukula kokoma mphesa! Koma sizingatheke kumuteteza ku matenda ndi zoopsa zina.
Chimodzi mwa matenda ofala kwambiri a mphesa omwe angathe kupha gawo lalikulu la mbeu - oidiumchomwe chimatchedwa powdery mildew.
Zizindikiro za Matenda a Mphesa
Oidium imakhudza kwambiri zipatso, komanso masamba, zimayambira - chitsamba chonse, kapena kuti, mbali yonse ya chitsamba.
Kuoneka kwa siliva wofiira kapena choikapo choyera, chofanana ndi kuyika kwa ufa, kaŵirikaŵiri kumazindikiritsidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba kumbali yapamwamba ya masamba. Mukakhudzidwa kwambiri, nsalu za imvi zimaphimba mphesa, masamba kumbali zonse ndi zobiriwira. Mphesa amawoneka ngati owazidwa ndi phulusa.
Kubzala zipatso, ngati zakhudzidwa kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka. Pa nthawi yomweyi mbewu zawo zimawonekera. Mabulosi amatha kuphuka, koma amakhala ovuta kwambiri, ndipo chiwombankhanga chowoneka chimapezeka pa malo osokoneza. Koma nthawi zambiri zipatso zimasiya kukula, ndipo patapita kanthawi amauma.
Zipatso zomwe zimakhudzidwa sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza, monga kukoma kwa nkhungu kumatchulidwa kwambiri.
Ngati masamba ndi zipatso zimapangidwa kale, sizimakhudzidwa ndi oidium, mosiyana ndi zazing'ono ndi zokometsera za mbeu.
Chitsamba chozunzika kwambiri chikuphimbidwa ndi imvi pachimake, ambiri masamba azipiringa, zipatso zimauma. Shrub yotere ikhoza kubweretsa fungo losasangalatsa, lofanana ndi fungo la nsomba yovunda.
Mu chithunzi pansipa mukhoza kuona maonekedwe ndi zizindikiro za oidium pa mphesa:
Zifukwa za Oidium
Oidium ndi matenda a fungal. Matenda ake otchedwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amatchedwa Uncinula necator Burr. (kapena Oidium tuckeri Berk.). Ku Ulaya, oidium yadziwika kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene idatumizidwa kuchokera kumpoto kwa America pamodzi ndi chakudya.
Mayina ena a matendawa ndi: powdery mildew, Oidium, Necator ya Uncinula ndipo dzina lotchuka ndi pepelitsa, ndipo dzina lolakwika limagwiritsidwa ntchito - iodium pa mphesa
Mu mawonekedwe a mycelium, amene amachititsa matendawa overwinters mu thupi la chomera - mu ziwalo monga impso kapena mphukira pachaka. Amapezekanso mu masamba akugwa ndi masango. Ndicho chifukwa chake ndikofunika kuyeretsa ndi kuwononga zinyalala zosiyanasiyana zakutchire musanathenso mazira kuti pasapezeke tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mu kasupe, mycelium amapanga chomwe chimatchedwa conidia (kutsutsana). Poyamba masiku otentha, mitsempha yochepa ya ma conidium imatengedwa ndi mphepo ndi kuifalitsa kuzungulira chigawocho kudutsa mtunda wautali, ndikukantha minda yatsopano ya mpesa.
Matenda oyambirira a zomera amapezeka popanda zizindikiro za kunja. Maonekedwe a powdery mildew pa mphesa ndi gawo lachiwiri la matenda.
Mikangano yochepa kwambiri ingayambitse mafunde ambiri pa nyengo imodzi yokha. Kwa chitukuko cha matendawa, kuwonjezeka kwa chinyezi sikofunikira, ndipo kutentha kwake kumachokera ku + 5 ° C mpaka pafupifupi 35 ° C. Ngati nyengo yozizira inali yofewa ndipo nthawi yachisanu ndi yotentha ndipo imakhala yonyowa, zizindikiro za matendawa zikhoza kuoneka mofulumira kwambiri. Ndipo koposa zonse, mphukira yaching'ono idzavutika.
Zotsatira zoletsa
Ndikofunika kulima bwino mipesa, kupatsidwa mphepo yomwe ilipo.
Ndikofunika kusamalila bwino nthaka, osati kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere, kuchotsa namsongole. Ntchentche siziyenera kukhala zofiira komanso zofanana.
Choncho, chochita ndi momwe mungagwirire ndi powdery mildew pa mphesa? Mankhwala amapanga kupopera mbewu imodzi kapena ziwiri madzi a lime sulfuric. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito 1-2% yankho la DNOC (dinitroortocresol), komabe, m'pofunika kukumbukira nthawi zonse za kuopsa kwa poizoni ndikuwonetsetsa chitetezo.
Pano pali fungicides ena omwe ali othandiza polimbana ndi oidium:
- Tiovit Jet.
- Topaz.
- Fundazol.
- Mwamsanga
- Byleton
Njira ina yothandiza: processing of mphesa 1% kuyimitsidwa colloidal sulfure kapena 0,5% kuyimitsidwa kwa 80% sulfure ufa. Ngati nyengo ili yotentha (kuposa 20-25 ° C), kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumalowetsedwa ndi kutentha ndi sulfure pansi.
Zotsatira za kukonzekera kwa sulfure sizingatheke masiku opitirira khumi. Pambuyo pake, nkhumba zatsopano za bowa zikuwoneka, zimamera masiku angapo, ndipo matendawa amapereka zina. Choncho, ngati munda wamphesa uli wokhudzidwa kwambiri oidium, kukonzekera kuyenera kubwerezedwa masabata awiri. Ngati mvula imagwa kwambiri ndipo imachotsa mankhwala, chithandizochi chimabwerezedwa.
Sulfure yokonzekera kukonza iyenera kukhala yowuma ndi bwino. Kuchokera tsiku lachipatala chotsiriza ndi sulufule mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zokolola, osachepera masiku 56 ayenera kudutsa.
Mwa mankhwala amtundu Kulimbana ndi oidium (powdery mildew) pa mphesa, mankhwala ndi zotsatira zabwino soda (kuchokera 0,5% mpaka 1%) ndi kuwonjezera kwa sopo yotsuka zovala. Kwa malita 10 a madzi mutenge 50 g soda ndi 40 g sopo. Soda yosakaniza alibe zotsatirapo, otetezeka kwa ana ndi ziweto.
Kupewa
Chikhalidwe chachikulu ndicho kupeza mpweya watsopano ku mbali zonse za mpesa, mpweya wokwanira, mpweya wabwino.
Madzi kapena mame sagwira ntchito yapadera pakufalikira kwa matenda (kudalira kumeneku ndiko kwakukulu kwambiri komwe kunapezeka mu matenda ena owopsa, mildew). M'malo mwake, mvula imatsuka mbali za bowa, ndipo oidium sichitha kwambiri.
Malo otentha ndi owuma amachititsa kufalikira kwa matendawa, pamene masamba akuuma, kupiringa ndi kugwa msanga.
Nthawi yoopsa kwambiri pamene oidium ikuyandikira ndi kutentha, masiku am'mvula ndi kutentha kwa mpweya wa 20-25 ° C.
Zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadwala matenda
Mitundu yambiri ya mphesa za ku Ulaya zikudwala matendawa. Zina mwa izo ndi:
- Cabernet Sauvignon;
- Kadinali;
- Madeleine Angévin;
- Merlot;
- Moldova;
- Pinot Gris;
- Rkatsiteli;
- Chardonnay;
- ndi mitundu ina.
