Mitengo ndi mbewu yosadziwika bwino yomwe imakula mu Africa, Asia, mbali zonse za America, Australia ndi Europe.
Chikhalidwe chimakhala ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali ndipo chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri monga chakudya cha pet. Chomeracho ndi chopangira ufa, wowonjezera, mowa (bioethanol) ndi tirigu, komanso manyuchi uchi. M'makampani ochepa, manyuchi amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pepala, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yophika, komanso ma brooms.
Mitundu yonse ya manyuchi imakhala yogawidwa m'magulu akulu anayi: shuga, tirigu, msipu ndi malo a venice. Mitundu itatu yoyamba ya zomera imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chakudya, komabe:
- shuga masamba, yowutsa mudyo komanso wachifundo, amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zowonjezera zamatsenga;
- wowuma amapangidwa kuchokera ku tirigu ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya;
- Grassy (msipu) maluwa, kuphatikizapo udzu wa Sudan, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto monga gawo la mbewu zina.
Mukudziwa? Ku Soviet Union, mitundu yonse ya manyuchi, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa brogo, ankagwiritsira ntchito kudyetsa nyama ndi nsomba. Koma pambuyo pa kugwa kwa USSR, chiwerengero cha zinyama m'mayiko omwe kale anali otsika kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa chake chakudya cha mtundu uwu chinagwa. Ndi kubwezeretsa kanthawi kochepa nyama monga zamasamba, komabe sizinathe kubwezeretsanso malo ake omwe adayimilira kale, popeza adasankha mtundu wambiri wa zinyama zomwe ankaitanitsa kuchokera kunja, zomwe zidazoloŵera zakudya zina.
Pakati pa mayiko omwe amapanga mabungwe, United States panopa ili ndi malo otchuka, otsatiridwa ndi Mexico, India, Argentina, Australia, Nigeria, Sudan ndi Ethiopia. Wothandizira kwambiri mabungwe padziko lapansi ndi China: dziko lino limakula maluwa okhaokha, koma kuti lipeze zosowa zake, limagula kunja.
Okonzeratu abwino kwambiri a manyuchi
Mitengo imaloledwa kukula pa dothi lomwe lidachitidwa ndi mbewu iliyonse, koma chitangotha chiwonongeko chonse m'minda. Mitengo yabwino kwambiri ya manyuchi ndi zomera zomwe sizimachokera ku dothi loipa ndipo sizimasokoneza. Makhalidwe amenewa amapangidwa makamaka ndi mbewu zomwe zimapereka nthawi yokolola, chifukwa pa nthawiyi alimi ali ndi nthawi yokwanira yokonzekera nthaka yofesa mbewu: kusakaniza ndi kuchotsa namsongole.
Kulima nyemba pambuyo pa nandolo, chimanga ndi tirigu wozizira zimapereka zotsatira zabwino.
Mukudziwa? Mafuta ali ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri kwa alimi: akhoza kufesedwa pamalo omwewo nthawi zambiri mzere popanda kudandaula za kusintha kwa mbeu. Chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe nthawi imodzimodzi chaka ndi chaka sichicheperachepera. Kupindula kwa mbeuyi kumapangitsa kuti abzalidwe m'malo osayenera kwa mbewu zina, komanso ngati nthaka idatha pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito kale.
Kukonzekera dothi ndi feteleza
Malamulo oyendetsera nthaka ya manyuchi sagwirizana ndi cholinga chomwe mbewuzo zakula. Popeza kuti nthaka yosavomerezeka nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chomerachi, nkofunika kuti nthaka ikhale ndi madzi ambiri monga momwe mungathere musanafese.
Ngati nyemba zabzalidwa pamalo a zitsamba, musanafese, m'pofunikira kupanga ziputu zakuya pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera. Ngati kuli koyenera, ndondomekoyi iyenera kubwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza kapena kuonjezera nthaka ndi roundup herbicide.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mphukira ikuyendetsa sichikuchitika nthawi (osati mwamsanga mutatha kukolola), nthaka idzakhala nayo nthawi yowuma ndi kukhumudwitsa, motero, ntchitoyo idzakhala yovuta kwambiri.
Gawo lachiwiri - kumasulidwa kwa osachepera 25 cm kuti athetse namsongole osatha. Pambuyo pake, nthaka iyenera kuyendetsedwa, popanda kusiya njirayi kufikira masika, mwinamwake dziko lapansi silidzatha kusunga chinyezi ndikuchipeza mokwanira.
Kukolola bwino kwa manyuchi sizingatheke popanda kuwonjezera kunthaka kofunikira, poganizira kusanthula kwapangidwe ka nthaka, kuchuluka kwa feteleza mchere - makamaka nayitrogeni, phosphate ndi potaziyamu. Ndi bwino kufesa nthaka m'dzinja, chifukwa kumapeto kwa nyengo, chifukwa cha dothi, zitsamba zambewu sizidzatha kugwiritsa ntchito zina zowonjezera.
M'chaka, asanafese, nthaka imasweka: dothi lachinyontho mumsewu umodzi, loam awiri. Kulima musanayese kufesa kumayenera kuchitika ndithu, ngati munda wakwanitsa kukulira ndi namsongole, njirayi imabwerezedwa kawiri.
Ngati chinyezi chilibe pansi, zimathandizanso kupanga kanyumba: zimatenthetsa ndi kuthira nthaka, zidzalimbikitsa kukula kwa namsongole, zomwe zidzawonongedwa mwamsanga ndi kulima.
Kawirikawiri, ndondomeko yokonzekera nthaka ya manyuchi ndi yofanana ndi yomwe ikuchitika musanadzalemo masamba.. Chinthu chachikulu chimene chiyenera kuchitika ndichokakayika pansi mwakuya momwe mbeuyi idzamere.
Mbewu yokonzekera kufesa
Kufesa manyuchi ayenera kuchitika pambuyo pa ntchito yokonzekera ndi mbeu, izi ndizofunikira kuti muyamere bwino. Choyamba, mayesero a mbeu ayenera kukololedwa bwino: ngati njere imanyowa panthawi yokolola, iyenera kuchotsedwa mosiyana, kuonetsetsa kuti kuyanika bwino kwa panicles ndi mbewu. Mbeu zouma zimayeretsedwa, zasankhidwa, zimabweretsedwa ku kufesa ndikusungidwa m'malo owuma ndi mpweya wabwino.
Pafupifupi mwezi umodzi musanafese, mbewu zambewu zimatetezedwa ku bowa, mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toononga, komanso kuwononga ma microflora awo omwe amalowa mu mbewu m'nyengo yozizira.
Kutatsala pang'ono kubzala mbewu, mbewu ziyenera kutenthedwa kuti ziwathandize kumera bwino. Kuti muchite izi, sungani nyembazo muzitsulo zochepa zowonjezera pamtunda ndikuchoka kwa sabata ku dzuwa, ndikuyambitsa nthawi zina. Ngati nyengo imakhala yamtambo pa nthawi yoyenera, mungathe kuumitsa mbeu nthawi yowuma.
Zosangalatsa zamasiku ambewu yofesa
Ndi bwino kufesa manyuchi pambuyo pa kutentha kwa dothi kumawomba mokwanira pambuyo pa chisanu. Kwa mitundu ya tirigu, kutentha kwa tsiku ndi tsiku pa kuyala kwakukulu kumafunika kukhala osachepera 14-16 ° C, chifukwa cha shuga ndi msipu, ndiloledwa digiri yochepa. Pamwamba kutentha, manyuchi amamera kawiri mofulumira.
Ndikofunikira! Kufesa koyambirira kumayambitsa kuphukira, kuphatikizapo, chikhalidwe chimakula chofooka ndipo mwamsanga chikukula ndi namsongole.
Kutentha kwa dothi pa nthawi ya kubzala ziyenera kukhala 65-75%.
Njira zofesa manyuchi kwa chakudya cha nyama
Popeza manyuchi ndi a zomera zazing'ono, sungabzalidwe kwambiri: amawombera ndi kubzala kotere ndikuwoneka mochuluka. Komabe, ngati maluwawo abzalidwa ochepa kwambiri, sangathe kukwera ponseponse chifukwa chakuti nthaka imagwa pansi. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, ndikofunikira kuyang'anitsitsa kukula kwakukulu - pafupifupi masentimita 5 mu kasupe wamadzi ozizira ndi masentimita angapo m'madera ouma (momwe mbeu yamakono iyenera kuwonjezeredwa ndi pafupifupi kotala).
Njira yofesa mbewu, mbeu yofiira pa 1 ha ya dera, komanso kufanana kwa kubzala ndizofunikira kwambiri mu teknoloji ya kukula mbewu, popeza kuti zakudya, kupuma, chinyezi, komanso mapuloteni amatha kudalira mwambo wawo. Komanso, posintha njira zogwiritsira ntchito, ndizotheka kusintha nthawi yobzala mbeu, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti mupeze mbewu zabwino mu nyengo zina.
Kawirikawiri, manyuchi amafesedwa mzere wozungulira mzere wa masentimita 70 cm. Ngati muli ndi zipangizo zofunikira, mbewu zambewu zam'mimba zimatha kufesedwa kawiri kawiri, ndipo zimakulolani kukolola zoposa 1 mahekitala asanu.
Mitengo ikhoza kufesedwa mochuluka, malingana ndi chilengedwe, nyengo ndi nthaka, komanso zosiyanasiyana ndi cholinga cha kulima kwake.
Choncho, m'malo ouma, nyemba zambewu zimabzalidwa ndi masentimita oposa 0.1 miliyoni pa hafu imodzi, msipu ukhoza kubzalidwa 20% wandiweyani. Ngati pali mvula yambiri, kufalikira kwa nyemba za maluwa kumera kungakuwonjezere motere:
- Kugwiritsa ntchito monga chakudya chobiriwira - 0.25-0.3 miliyoni unit pa hekta imodzi;
- kwa silage - 0.15-0.18 miliyoni unit pa 1 ha;
- kwa tirigu manyuchi - 0.1-0.12 miliyoni ma PC. pa hekita 1;
- kwa msipu mitundu - 0.2-0.25 miliyoni ma PC. pa hafu imodzi.
Kuphatikiza pa njira yaying'ono yogwiritsiridwa ntchito pansi pa chakudya chobiriwira, manyuchi amafesedwa ndi tepi mizere iwiri kapena njira zosiyana. Mbewu ya kumwa mowa - 20-25 makilogalamu pa 1 hekitala.
Zimayesetsedwanso kuti ndifesa kubzala nyemba zosakaniza ndi nyemba (mwachitsanzo, nandolo kapena soya) kapena ndi chimanga.
Kusamalira mbewu zambewu
Kusamalira mbewu zamasamba ndiko kuteteza kumsongole ndi tizirombo, zomwe zingaperekedwe ndi njira zamakina kapena mankhwala.
Kuti njira zamakina Muphatikize mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuvuta, kulima ndi hilling. Kuti mankhwala - mankhwala ndi herbicides.
Mukudziwa? Mafuta, chifukwa cha tannin alkaloid m'mbewu zake, ndipo m'mamasamba - glycosides wa durrin ndi silika, ali ndi chitetezo chodziwika bwino chomwe chimapangitsa kuti mbewuyo iwonongeke ku matenda omwe mbewu zina zimamera.
Kuwonjezera pa kuwononga tizilombo, ndikofunika kudyetsa mbewu zambewu, izi zimapangitsa kuti mbeu zitheke.
Manyowa a feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino asanadzalemo, mchere - nayitrogeni, phosphate ndi fetashi feteleza mu chiwerengero cha 1: 1: 1, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzinja, koma nayitrogeni feteleza, kuwonjezera, ayenera kuwonjezeredwa ngati chakudya chamakono, makamaka pachiyambi cha kukula phesi. Pa kufesa, granular superphosphate imayambira mu mizere, ndi nthaka yowonongeka - yonyowa mtengo wamchere feteleza. Ngati, musanafesa, feteleza amchere osagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti zomerazi zizidyetsedwa mu tsamba la masamba 3-4 ndi nitroamophosphate pa mlingo wa 2 q / ha.
Ndikofunikira! Mafuta a chakudya chobiriwira sangathe kulumikizidwa ndi feteleza a feteleza a nayitrogeni, chifukwa amachititsa kuti mavitamini a cyanide ayambe kuwonjezeka.
Phosphorous ndi potaziyamu sizingasungunuke mosavuta ndipo zimasunthika pang'onopang'ono m'nthaka, choncho, kudyetsa iwo mutatha kufesa sikungathandize: izi zimayambira pansi pa masentimita 10-12, pamene mizu yazitsamba imakhala yowonjezereka, choncho alibe feteleza. Phosphorous chofunika kwambiri kuti zomera zibzalidwe pa chernozem, pa mchenga wa mchenga muzionetsetsa kuti nayitrogeni-phosphorous feteleza, potashi silingakhalepo.
Mankhwala ndi mankhwala amsongole chitetezo
Mwamsanga mutatha kufesa, manyuchi akulungidwa ndi apadera odzigudubuza. Tekitala iyenera kuthamangira mwamsanga kuti ipange mulch chifukwa cha kugwa kwa nthaka.
Asanayambe mphukira ayenera kuchita zovuta. Izi zidzathetsa namsongole wamsongo. M'nyengo yozizira, pamene maonekedwe a mphukira zoyamba akuchedwa, ndondomeko ikuchitika kawiri, nthawi zina mpaka maulendo anayi. Pamene maluwawo akuphuka, kuvuta kwa udzu kumathandizanso, koma izi ziyenera kuchitidwa mosamala komanso pang'onopang'ono kuti zisamawononge mbewu.
Pambuyo pofotokozera momveka bwino mizere, kulima pakati pa mzere kungayambike: poyamba pamtunda wothamanga, mtsogolo, pamene maluwa akukula, pamapakati ndi pamwamba ndi panthawi imodzi. Wotsirizirayo amawononga namsongole ndi kuteteza mphukira kuchokera ku mphepo, komanso kuwonjezera apo, amapereka mazira abwino a mizu.
Kuwonjezera pa kusakaniza, manyuchi amafunika mankhwala otetezedwa. Kuti tichite izi, girbitsidy, komanso kukonzekera gulu la "2,4D + dicamba", amalowa m'nthaka kawiri - asanafesedwe ndi pambuyo pake.
Ndikofunika kumaliza mankhwalawa mpaka nthawi yomwe mabuluwa ali ndi masamba osaposa asanu, mwinamwake chomera chimayamba kuchepetsa kukula, kupiringa ndipo pamapeto pake amapereka zokolola zoipa.
Kukolola mabulu kwa silage, chakudya chobiriwira ndi udzu
Zomera zokolola zokolola zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yochokera ku sera yakuya mpaka tirigu wokwanira. Njira iyi imakulolani kuti muchepetse kutayika, pogwiritsa ntchito chomera chonse kuti muchepetse. Kusonkhanitsa ndi kung'ambika kumakhala muzitsulo zokonzedwa, kupondaponda ndi kuphimbidwa.
Zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nthata za tirigu zimachotsedwa pambuyo pa kusasitsa kwa panicle. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyemba zisawonongeke zisapitirire 20%. Mwamsanga mutatha kukolola, mitu imadulidwa, njere imatsukidwa ndi zouma. Njere yamadzi imasungidwa muzitsulo za konkire.
Masamba ndi zimayambira otsalira pambuyo pa kukonza ndi zipangizo zopangira silage. Kukolola mabeleka chifukwa cha silage umachitika pamene njere ikufika kuphulika, ngati mutero kale, zinyama sizigwiritsa ntchito silage molakwika chifukwa cha zowawa zomwe ziripo mu kukoma kwake.
Mitengo imadya msipu wobiriwira ndi udzu pafupi kutuluka kwa panicles, ndipo makamaka milungu ingapo yapitayo. Poyambirira, kuyerekezera, kobiriwira mumtambo wambiri, koma mapuloteni ambiri ndi carotene. Ngati kulimbitsa ndi kuyeretsa, fereji imakhala yowopsya kwambiri, kupatulapo muyiyi mbeu yotsatira imatsika pang'ono.
