Mitundu yamakono yotchuka kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito winemaking ndi "Isabella" ndi "Lydia".
Pa nthawi yomweyo, kalasi yachiwiri imakhalabe mumthunzi, chifukwa imakhala yofanana kwambiri ndi Isabella, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatcha "Pink" kapena "Red Isabella."
Komabe, mphesa "Lydia" ili ndi zofunikira zake, zomwe adakonda kwambiri vinyo monga vinyo wambiri komanso monga mphesa zogwiritsa ntchito tebulo, komanso ngati chomera chokongola.
Komanso, zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha machiritso.
Ndizofunika ndi mphesa za mphesa "Lydia" ndipo zidzakambidwa pansipa.
Kufotokozera za makhalidwe a "Lydia": bwanji osasokonezeka ndi mitundu ina?
Mpesa wa chilengedwe chonse chotchedwa "Lydia" unayambika ku European continent ngati chikhalidwe chamtchire, chomwe chinadzatchedwa ennobled ndipo chinakhala munda wa mbewu. M'nthaŵi yathu ino, zosiyanasiyanazi zili ndi malo ambirimbiri ndipo ndi chimodzi cha anthu ambiri omwe ali kumwera kwa Russia, Ukraine ndi Moldova.
Ngakhale kuti kulima "Lydia" pa mafakitale sikunali wotchuka monga kale, koma zosiyanasiyana zimapezeka pakati pa mafani.
Kumanzere kumbuyo kwa kuyera, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa ikhoza kumasula zinthu zoopsa zomwe ziri zoopsa kwa anthu.
Mbali zosiyana za mphesa "Lydia"
Masango pamitunduyi ali ndi kukula kwakukulu, ngakhale kuti ali okongola kwambiri. Ambiri a mulu wa mphesa "Lydia" amangofika 100-110 magalamu, ngakhale kuti pali zazikulu. Iwo ali cylindroconic mu mawonekedwe, ali ndi nthambi zambiri, chifukwa chake chikhalidwe chawo chiri chomasuka. Choncho, zipatso pa masangowo amapangidwa sikulu, 3-4 magalamu.
Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa zipatso zimakhala zofanana ndi "Isabella", koma khungu lawo ndi lofiira, lokhala ndi zofiirira. Kukoma kwa zipatso za "Lydia" ndi wapadera, kumakhala kokoma kokoma kwa strawberries ndi fungo lapadera. Chifukwa cha kukoma mtima kumeneku, ambiri samakonda izi, ngakhale kwa ena ndizo zizindikiro za mphesa. Ndikoyenera kulipira komanso makamaka zakumwa za shuga mu masamba a zipatso - pafupifupi 18%.
Makhalidwe opatsa zipatso a mphesa "Lydia"
Zokolola zapamwamba ndizo khalidwe limene mphesa za Lydia zimakondedwa ndizokula pazolowera ndi alimi. Ngakhale zipatso zimapsa ndi yaitali (Patapita masiku 158 kuchokera ku zomera zakuda, pakati pa mwezi wa September), dikirani kuti ndizofunika kwambiri.
Ndiponsotu, chiwerengero cha mphesa zabwino zakupsa pa chitsamba chimodzi, chomwe chiri ndi chiŵerengero chokwanira pamwamba pa chiwerengero, chikhoza kufika pa anthu 120 pa hekitala. Zikudziwika kuti ngakhale ndi chitsamba chimodzi, chomwe sichifuna ngakhale chisamaliro chochuluka, mukhoza kusonkhanitsa pafupifupi makilogalamu 40 a zokolola zabwino kwambiri.
Mitengo ya mphesa yotereyi imatheka chifukwa cha kukula kwa mpesa. Ndiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti pa mphukira imodzi imatha kukula bwino kuyambira 3 mpaka 6. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, chitsamba sichifuna kuyanjana.
Chifukwa chiyani kalasi ya "Lydia" iyenera kusankhidwa kuti ikule pa tsamba?
• Zotsambazi ndizomwe zilipo komanso zili ndi magawo onse oyenera kuti azikonzekera mavinyo ndi juzi.
• Zosiyanasiyana sizomwe zimasamalidwa ndipo zimakhala zokolola zambiri.
• Mafinya ndi powdery mildew sizimakhudza mpesa wa Lydia ndipo sichifuna ngakhale kupopera mankhwala.
• Kukaniza kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kutentha kumathandiza kuti mukhale mphesa ku Central Ukraine komanso ku Russia.
• Odziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa duwa la amuna ndi akazi, kotero kuti mphesa zimatha kudzipangira.
• Mbewu siopa mantha.
• Chitsamba chimakhala bwino kwambiri pakamera feteleza ndi feteleza ndi feteleza.
• Mphamvu za peel zimatsimikizira kuti mphesa za Lydia ziyenera kuyenda.
Kuipa kwa mphesa: zovuta za kukula mitundu "Lydia"
• Pakati pa tizirombo ta minda ya mpesa, tchire la mitundu yosiyanasiyana "Lydia" nthawi zambiri imakhudzidwa ndi phylloxera, yomwe sichimatsutsa.
• Popanda chitsulo m'nthaka ya mphesa, matenda monga calcareous chlorosis akhoza kuyamba.
• Mafinya ndi mphukira za mpesa wa Lydia zimakula mofulumira kwambiri, zomwe zingakhudze kuchepa kwa khalidwe la mbewu. Choncho, chitsamba amafuna pinching ndi kuthamangitsa wobiriwira mphukira.
• Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti mphesa zakuda sizimamatirana bwino ndi tsinde. Pa chifukwa chimenechi, amatha kuchoka ndi mphepo yamkuntho, yomwe imayenera kuchotseratu nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku chitsamba.
• Ku Ulaya, izi ndizoletsedwa kulima: ngati zofunikira zonse zolimbitsa thupi sizikugwirizana, mphesa zikhoza kupanga zinthu zovulaza thupi la munthu lomwe lingayambitse matenda ambiri. Mphesa yatsopano imakhala yotetezeka komanso yathanzi.
Mphesa mitundu "Lydia": akufika pa chiwembu
Kubzala mphesa: kasupe kapena yophukira?
Kubzala mphesa ndi kophweka, ngakhale kuti ndi kofunikirabe kufufuza malamulo ndi zofunikira kwambiri za ndondomekoyi. Makamaka maunthu ambiri amatsutsana ndi nthawi ya chaka chomwe akufuna. Pambuyo pake, amafesa nthawi zonse mumasika ndi m'dzinja, koma kuti apeze chifukwa chake anthu ena amasankha nthawi imodzi, pamene ena amafunikirabe.
1. Kudyetsa kucha nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovomerezeka, popeza panthawiyi pafupifupi mbewu zonse zimabzalidwa. Pali nyengo yowonjezera yowonjezereka, yomwe idzalima chitsamba cha mphesa idzakhala ndi nthawi yowonjezereka m'malo atsopano ndipo idzakhala yolimba kwambiri pamene chisanu choyamba chimabwera. Komanso, mphesa zomwe zabzala m'chaka chamawa zidzatha kubweretsa zokolola zoyamba. komabe, kukwera koteroko kuli ndi zovuta zingapo:
• Kudyetsa kutentha kumachitika mu nthaka yowuma, kotero sapling imasowa madzi ambiri.
• Kusankha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa kumapiri a masika ndi kovuta, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zimagulitsidwa m'dzinja.
• Mu kasupe, chisanu chosayembekezereka chimatha kuwoneka mwadzidzidzi, chomwe chingayipitse masamba obiriwira a Lydia mmera.
2. Kudyetsa kugwidwa ndi njira yosungira mbeu ya mphesa isanayambe kutentha kwa kasupe. Inde, m'nyengo yozizira, kukula kwa chitsamba sikuchitika, koma mizu ya mbewuyo imangowonjezera pang'onopang'ono. Kudyetsa kwadzinja kuli ndi chimodzi chokha, koma kulakwitsa kwakukulu: chisanu cha chisanu chikhoza kuwononga kwambiri mmera, kotero kumafuna kusunga bwino.
Njira zobzala Lydia mphesa: ndi yani yabwino kusankha
Mtengo wa mitundu ya mphesa yakale ndi yoti akhoza kufalitsidwa m'njira zonse zomwe zingatheke. Bzalani mbewu, mbande, ndi mbeu zachitsulo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zingwe. Mulimonsemo, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa mphesa "Libya", mavuto ogula mbewu ndi cuttings sayenera kuwuka.
Kubzala mbande ndi njira yophweka kwambiri, ngakhale ngati pali mthunzi wa chitsamba chakale, ndi bwino kusankha kusinthanitsa.
Pozumikizanitsa, shrub ndi yabwino kwambiri ndipo imakhala yofulumira kukula ndi kukula.
Kodi malo abwino kwambiri chodzala mphesa "Libya" ndi chiyani?
Malo oti mubzalidwe mitundu iyi ya mphesa iyenera kusankhidwa chifukwa cha zotsatirazi ndi zizindikiro zake:
1. Mphesa za kukula bwino zimafuna dothi lachonde. Choncho, ndi bwino kutenga nthaka yakuda kapena loamy nthaka. Ndikofunika kuti dothi likhale ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka, komanso silinali lokha motalika kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa madzi pansi kumalo kumene mukupita kukabzala mphesa ayenera kukhala osachepera 1.5 mamita.
2. Malo odzala a mpesa wa Lydia ayenera kuyatsa bwino komanso osatetezedwa ku mphepo yozizira kapena kupuma kwa mphepo. Pachifukwachi, kunyumba, mphesa nthawi zambiri zimabzalidwa kumbali ya kumwera kwa nyumba kapena gazebos, motero zimakhala ngati chomera ndi munda.
3. Ngati mukufuna kudzala tchire zingapo, masentimita zana pakati pawo ayenera kupanga pafupifupi masentimita 80. Mtengo wa mpesa "Lydia" uli ndi kukula kwakukulu ndipo umatha kuphulika, choncho chitsamba chimodzi sichiyenera kuloledwa kumthunzi winayo.
Kubzala mphesa "Libya": Kodi ndi maonekedwe ati omwe sayenera kuiwalika?
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kukonzekera dzenje kwa mphesa kumachitika kale kusiyana ndi kubzala. Ndipotu, feteleza ndi nthaka yachonde ziyenera kubweretsedwa pansi pa dzenje, zomwe nthawi ya kubzala ziyenera kukhazikika. Makamaka:
• Pofukula dzenje ndi kuya ndi kutalika kwa mamita 0.8, timagona pansi pamtunda wa masentimita asanu a miyala yabwino.
• Pamwamba pake, nthaka yothira imatsanulidwa, yomwe tidachotsa pamene tinakumba dzenje, ndiye mankhwala ndi mineral feteleza (potaziyamu, phosphorous, iron) komanso nthaka.
• Keke yonseyi iyenera kusakanizidwa bwino ndi yokutidwa ndi nthaka ina yosavuta. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ngati mizu ya mmera idzakhudzana ndi feteleza molunjika, ikhoza kuwotchedwa.
• Mukamabzala m'dzinja, dzenje liyenera kukhalabe m'maderawa kwa milungu iwiri, komanso mu kasupe, m'nyengo yozizira yonse.
Sapling musanadzalemo ayenera kuyang'anitsitsa bwino, fufuzani ngati palibe mizu yowonongeka ndi youma. Komanso, musanabzala, mizu imayikidwa m'madzi masiku angapo, komanso imathiridwa mu njira yothetsera kukula ndi kupanga mizu. Mizu ya mmera imatha kudula pang'ono musanadzalemo.
Kuyika mmera mu dzenje, m'pofunika kuganizira mwayi wokhala pansi pa nthaka, ndikuchepetsanso khosi pamtunda umene udzakhale pamwamba pa nthaka. Kufesa nthaka ikuyenera kukhala mosamalitsa, osaloleza mapangidwe a mpweya mu dzenje. Atakumba dzenje ndi pulasitiki pakati, ndi bwino kuthira madzi okwanira 10 malita ndikuyendetsa galimoto kuchokera kumpoto kwa nyemba zomwe zingakhale zothandizira. Kenaka, timamaliza kumanda kwa dzenje ndikutsanulira mphesa ndi malita 30 a madzi.
Pambuyo pa mbewu za mphesa za Libya, nthaka yozungulira iyenera kukhala yotsekedwa ndi mulch. Zidzathandiza kuti chinyezi chikhale chochuluka kwambiri m'nthaka, ndikupaka madzi okwanira.
Ankalumikiza "Lydia" pa rootstocks ya mitundu ina ya mphesa
Pofuna kulima "Lydia" pamtengo, choyamba ndikofunika kusankha ndi kukonzekera kudula. Amadulidwa kuchoka ku chitsamba chotchedwa "Lydia", chomwe chidzakhala chokwanira kuchoka pa maso awiri. Mukhoza kuchipulumutsa mpaka masika podzaza mchenga ndikusiya malo pamalo otentha osapitirira 12ºє. Pamaso mwa inoculation mwachindunji, mbali yochepa ya kudula imadulidwa: mbali ziwiri zokha zimachotsedwa, kusiya "mapewa" awiri pakati.
Mbali yapamwamba ya kudula imatuluka, yomwe ingathandize kuti izi zikhale zosagwirizana ndi nyengo ndipo zisatayike. Gawo lodulidwa liyenera kukhala liri mumadzi ndi njira yothetsera mzuzi wopanga stimulator ("Humate" solution) isanafike inoculation.
Kukonzekera kwa katundu kuyeneranso kukhala koyenera. Choyamba, chitsamba chakale chichotsedwa. Pambuyo pake iyenera kukhala 5-8 masentimita penechek. Ikani mdulidwe ayenera kuyeretsedwa kuti ukhale wosalala, amachotsa zonyansa zonse ndi zinyalala. Pambuyo pazimenezi muyenera kuyamba kugawanitsa katundu: chimodzimodzi pakati mukufunikira kupanga pang'onopang'ono komwe kudula (kapena angapo) kumatha.
Mphesa yodziphatika yokha ndiyo kuika kudula mugawanika (mbali yokhayokhayo) ndipo imayimbidwa mwamphamvu ndi katundu. Pachifukwachi, malo opatsirana ndi katemera amamangiriridwa ndi tepi yachitsulo yokhazikika yomwe ikhoza kuwonongeka mpaka chaka chamawa. Kuti nsomba zonse ndi phesi zisunge chinyezi, mzerewu umaphimbidwa ndi dongo. Nkhokwe pambuyo pa inoculation imathiriridwa kwambiri, ndipo nthaka yozungulira iyo imakumbidwa ndipo imakhala yochuluka.
Ndizosangalatsanso kuwerenga za mphesa zakuda
Kusamalira mpesa "Lydia": Kodi mungatani kuti muwonjezere zokolola ndi khalidwe la zipatso?
Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kukula kwa mpesa ndi kulenga mbewu nthawi yake. Chifukwa cha kufotokoza kwowonjezereka kwa chinyezi panthawi yofalikira maluwa ndi pamaso pa maluwa a chitsamba, chitsamba chimalandira mphamvu zambiri ndikuyamba kukula bwino.
Pambuyo pa kumaliza maluwa komanso panthawi yopanga zipatso pa inflorescences, muyenera kupanga madzi ena a chitsamba. Pakati pa chilala chokhalitsa, chitsamba sichikanatha kukhala chopanda chinyezi, chifukwa popanda zipatsozo sizingathe kukula kukula kwake ndipo zikhoza kukhala zowonongeka.
Pambuyo kuthirira kuli kofunika kwambiri kuti muzitha kuzungulira nthaka kuzungulira thunthu la chitsamba champhesa. Mulch amatumikira osati kusunga chinyezi m'nthaka, komanso amachita ngati kwambiri feteleza. Ndipotu, humus kapena blackened sawdust nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga mulch. Mtengo wa mulch wabwino umachitidwa pafupifupi masentimita atatu, kuwonjezeka kapena kuchepetsa makulidwe ake malingana ndi nyengo ndi kutentha.
Mphesa "Lydia" ndikofunika kuwonjezera kudya, kupanga feteleza polima nthaka kapena, ndi ulimi wothirira, kutaya iwo m'madzi.
Mofanana ndi zina zosiyana, mphesa izi zimafuna kudulira nthawi zonse mphukira ndi manja. Zochita zoterezi zimangothandiza osati kupanga kokha chitsamba chabwino, komanso zimakulolani kuti musunge zakudya zambiri mmenemo kuti mukhale mbewu yatsopano. Chitsamba chotero, monga m'mitundu yosiyana "Lydia" ayenera kufupikitsidwa ndi maso osachepera 6-8. Musaiwale za kudula masitepe ndi kuthamangitsa mphukira za chitsamba, zomwe ziyenera kuchitika chakumapeto kwa June.
Ngakhale kuti Lydia "sakhala bata bwino chisanu chisanakhale bwino, kumadera akumpoto chitsamba chimafuna malo otentha m'nyengo yozizira. Izi ndi zowona makamaka kwa achinyamata komanso okha omwe anabzala baka. Kuwaphimba iwo, chifukwa cha kukula kwake, ndi kosavuta. Atakhazikitsa kapu popanda pansi pa chitsamba, sapling (kapena graft graft) yadzazidwa ndi dothi, kupanga mapiri pafupifupi masentimita 10 pamwamba pake.
Pofuna kumanga nyumba imeneyi m'nyengo yozizira, ndibwino kuzilandira mothandizidwa ndi matabwa kapena nthambi zamitengo. Ngati nyengo ikufuna malo ogona a chitsamba chachikulire, njira yabwino kwambiri ndikulengera kanyumba pamwamba pa filimuyo. Koma, movutikira, nkofunika kuthamanga mpweya pansi paja kuti chitsamba chisayime.
Ngakhale kuti kukana kwa mphesa "Lydia" ku matenda akuluakulu a fungal, kumafuna njira zothana ndi phylloxera. Ndikofunika kwambiri kutsuka chitsamba, kukonzekera bwino komwe ndi Actellic, Zolon ndi Konfidor. Ngati zotupa zidawoneka masamba - ziyenera kudula ndikuwonongedwa. Amachepetsa chiopsezo chotayika ndi tizilombo toyambitsa mphesa pa dothi la mchenga.
