Kuti tipeze kukula bwino, kukolola mphesa zabwino kwambiri ndi kofunika kwambiri, nkofunika kudziwa malamulo, mitundu, ndi zofunikira pakukongoletsa mbewu. Chinthu chachikulu pakudulira chomera ndicho kukhazikitsa chiwerengero chokhazikika pakati pa kukula kwa tchire ndi kukula kwa chitsamba chokha, komanso kupangidwa korona wonyezimira ndi kusunga kwake m'moyo wonse wa chomera cha mphesa.
Mphesa - chikhalidwe chomwe chiri ndi katundu wotere, wotchedwa polarity. Polarity ndi mbali yomwe nthambi za mphesa zimafooka ndipo masamba omwe ali pansi pa chitsamba sakhala pachimake, ndipo mphukira zimakula pa mpesa wa chaka chatha.
Chotsatira cha chodabwitsa ichi ndicho kukongola kwa manja a chitsamba, kukula kwa kukula kwa chitsamba chomwecho, ndi kuwonjezeka mofulumira mtunda kuchokera ku korona kupita ku rhizome.
Izi zimayambitsa kusowa kwa zinthu zomwe zimafunikira ndi zomera. Kupewa kupezeka kwa polarity kungathe, ngati molondola, chaka chilichonse, kudula mpesa wa mphesa.
Kudulira chitsamba cha mphesa kumachita ntchito zosiyana, zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi nthawi ya mbewu, komanso momwe zimakhalira. Pamene kudula mphesa m'dzinja, timachepetsa malo ake ozizira, komanso timachenjeza "misozi ya masika" ya mpesa, makamaka imachokera ku kasupe. Ndizowopsa chifukwa chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa masambawo sizitha pachimake, izi zimabweretsa kukula kwa chitsamba ndi chitukuko chake.
Bezshtambovaya formirovka chitsamba
Kudulira kulikonse ndikokuthandizira kukula kwa chitsamba cha mphesa ndi opaleshoni, momwe ziwalo zake zimachotsedwa. Njirayi imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa kukula ndi mipando yachifumu, zomwe ndi zofunika kuti muyambe kukolola zokolola ndi kukula, osati kokha chitsamba, koma ndi mbali zake. Kupititsa patsogolo, zokolola za mbewu ndi kukula kwa mbewu, zomwe zimalimbikitsa kudula mpesa. Umu ndi momwe kutalika kwa manja ndi chiwerengero chawo, komanso chiwerengero cha maina ndi mipesa, akulamuliridwa.
Kudulira kumakhala kosiyana ndi kutalika kwa kudula kwa mpesa, komwe kumayesedwa ndi masamba amanzere. Mphesa kudula pa:
1) yochepa - impso 4,
2) pafupifupi - 6-8 impso,
3) yaitali - 9-18 kapena kuposa masamba.
Kuti muwone bwino kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mpweya, wamng'ono, wazaka 3-4, chomera mafupa opangidwa. Ndondomekoyi ikuthandizira kwambiri ntchito yonse yotsatira ndi chitsamba. Komanso, korona wopangidwa ayenera kukhazikika. Izi zimachitika mwa kudula ndi kumangiriza nthambi za mpesa.
Nthaŵi zina m'dzinja mumadonthola omwe amafunika malo okhala m'nyengo yozizira. M'dzinja, mitundu yambiri ya mphesa ikhoza kudulidwa, koma mphesa yosadulidwa imalekerera bwino. Kudulira kotereku kumatchuka kwambiri pamene kuli kutentha kwa kutentha, ndipo kumagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri kumpoto.
Nthawi
Kudula nthawi yophukira nthawi zina Pemphani Munthu Woti Aziphunzira Nanu Baibulo Popeza kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu sikumadwala chaka chino. Ntchito yonse ikuchitika pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, m'magawo awiri. Pambuyo pa ndondomeko yokha, iyenera kuyang'anitsidwa kuti zipatso zonse zasonkhanitsidwa, ndi maulumikiro onse opweteka omwe sakufunikiranso ndi shrub achotsedwa.
Kudula zipatso za mphesa palokha kumatenga masiku 14 mutatha masamba ake onse, koma, ndithudi, mpaka kutentha kumakhala pansi pa madigiri atatu, ngakhale ngakhale kutentha kutsika, mpesa umakhala wovuta kwambiri. Nthawi yabwino yowonongeka ndikumapeto kwa mwezi wa October, kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa November.
Pansi pa zochitika zabwino za kubzala ndi kukula, m'chaka choyamba cha moyo mphesa imapereka 2-4 bwino kukula kwa mphukira, 6 mm m'mimba mwake. Koma zimachitika kuti nthambi imodzi yokha kapena yaing'ono yokha imakula pamera. Izi ndi umboni wakuti shrub ikukula bwino ndi korona mapangidwe ayenera kuchedwa. Pankhaniyi, nthambizo zimadulidwa kachiwiri pa masamba 4, monga nthawi yobzala. Ndipo mapangidwewa amalembedwa kwa chaka chathunthu, mpaka chitsamba chimapereka zakuthupi zabwino poyika korona wa mawonekedwe oyenera.
Mphamvu ya kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu zosiyanasiyana za mphesa zimakhudza kutalika kwa mafupa osatha ndi chiwerengero cha ziwalo zake. Mbali zimenezi zingakhale zidutswa ziwiri mpaka 6, 60 cm. Chifukwa cha izi mawonekedwewo ndi osiyana:
1) yaing'ono
2) pafupifupi
3) lalikulu.
Pamanja onse pamakhala chipatso chophatikizapo:
1) chaka chimodzi cha mpesa, kudula usiku wa 5-10 (arrow arrow)
2) chaka chimodzi cha mpesa, kudula masabata 2-4 (malo osankhidwa).
Kutalika kwa kudulira kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chidziwitso cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kulima. Kuti mudziwe bwino za mdulidwe wa bezshtambovogo, onani chithunzichi.
Ndiyeneranso kuphunzira zimenezo chipatso chodzala mphesa chiyenera kuikidwa pa nsonga ya manja, ndipo njinga ziyenera kuikidwa pafupi ndi rhizome. Choyika ichi chimatchedwa chipatso cha chipatso ndipo ndi gawo loyenera la chitsamba chilichonse cha mpesa. Chiwerengero cha chipatso chimagwirizanitsa, mlingo wa chipatso chodzala mipesa ndi nthambi imayendetsedwa, potsatira kufunika kwa mbeu ya mbeu ndi malingana ndi kukula kwa gron.
Njira yokha ya kudula ndikuti m'chaka choyamba nthambi ziwiri zokha zabwino kwambiri zimakhalabe kuthengo. Nthambi izi zimadulidwa muzaka zitatu za kukula, ndipo nthambi zina zimadulidwa. Kwa waya, yomwe ili pamtunda wotchedwa trellis, mphukira 4-6 imakula bwino. Pa chomera cha zaka zitatu cha nthambi 4 zabwino kwambiri, manja amayamba kukula - awiri lozina kumbali iliyonse.
Mphesa yomwe imadulidwa ndi masentimita 40 mpaka 60 imamangirira, nthambi zotsalira zimadulidwa, pamene nthambi zapamwamba 2-3 sizikhudzidwa.
Zimapezeka kuti nthambi imodzi yokha imakula pa kudula kwa pachaka. Kenaka pa nthambiyi pali masamba anayi otsalira, omwe kenako amasanduka nthambi zinayi. Zokwera pamwamba pazomwezi zikuwonongedweratu.
Zotsatira za zipatso chomera chilichonse cha zaka zinayi chimapangidwa. Izi zimachitika mwa kudula mpesa kunja, komwe kuli kochepa, ndi masamba 5-10, omwe amakula kwambiri. Ndiye iwo onse awiri amamangiriza mozungulira.
Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ma fruiting nthawi zonse amakhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana omwe amachita ntchito zosiyana pakati pawo. Apa, mpesa ndi chipatso kapena gawo la chipatso, ntchito yomwe ili fruiting, mfundo ndi mbali ya kukula, yomwe ndi maziko a nthambi zamphamvu zatsopano.
Ntchito yaikulu ya kudulira bezshtambovy ndi kupanga mapangidwe anayi amphamvu omwe ali ndi makulidwe a 6-7 mm, omwe adzasandulika kukhala manja a mphesa.
Pa zaka zoyamba za kukula (zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu), mikono itatu yazitsulo inapangidwanso kuti ikhale mawonekedwe otentha. Ndimapangidwe ka chitsambachi amavomerezedwa kuti azisunga mphesa.
Kudulira kwa fruiting
Kukolola zokolola zabwino kukolola mphesa ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri. Koma, podziwa ndikutsatira malamulo a kudulira zipatso, sizingakhale zovuta. Kwa fruiting, chitsamba choyaka zaka zinayi chikudulidwa, pamene manja apamwamba apangidwa kale (payenera kukhala 4 mwa iwo), pomwe, panthawiyi, zowonjezera zipatso zakula zakula.
Njira yopangira fruiting mbewu ya mphesa imapangidwa ndi njira iyi. Kukula pa nsalu yowonjezera ya nthambi ziwiri zachinyamata ndi chifukwa chodula mpesa wakale wa fruiting. Nthambi, yomwe ili pafupi ndi manja, imadulidwa mitsuko iwiri - izi ndi momwe mpangidwe watsopano watsopano umapangidwira, wachiwiri umadulidwa ndi utali wautali - umu ndi momwe mtengo wa fruiting umayikidwa.
Chotsatira chake, tiyenera kukhala ndi zomwe tinali nazo m'chaka chachitatu cha moyo wa chitsamba. Momwemonso, pa ntchentche mu chilimwe adzayamba kukula zipatso zatsopano, ndipo mpesa udzapereka.
Zimapezeka kuti nthambi zambiri zimakula pamatope (zidutswa 3-4). Kenaka achokani nthambi zamphamvu kwambiri komanso zabwino. Musaope kudula mpesa, chifukwa kutalika kwake kumakhudza kuchuluka kwa maburashi ndi kukula kwake. Chinthu chachikulu mwa kudulira kotereku ndikuti mpesa wobala zipatso umakhala pamanja, ndi nsalu yotsalira.
Kuchokera pano, zikutsatira chofunika kwambiri kuti mudulire zipatso - iliyonse yophukira, nthambi zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi rhizome zimadulidwa (m'malo mwa mfundo), zakumwamba zimakhala yaitali (fructifying mpesa). Kuchita zonse malinga ndi malangizowo, chitsamba chidzakonzedwa bwino, chokongola ndi chopatsa zipatso.
Ndikofunika kuti kudulira nthawi zonse za 75% za mphukira zakhala zakula kale mphesa, nthawi yamadzinja sizitulutsa chitsamba. Zoonadi, maluwa sakula mu chitsamba cholimba, matenda amakula, masamba sagwira ntchito yawo, chifukwa cha mpesa umene sumafa m'nyengo yozizira.
Choncho M'dzinja iliyonse ndi kudula chitsamba. Ndipo chifukwa cha izi:
1) ofooka manja, amene palibe mphamvu mpesa, kukhwima ndi 7-10 masamba,
2) manja, opangidwa ndi nthambi zazing'ono.
Zonsezi zimadulidwa. Ngati mpesa wolowera m'malo mwakula wakula pamanja, chotsani zonse zomwe ziri pamwamba pa mpesa uwu. Mmodzi mwa manja amphamvu amasankhidwa, ndipo onse osapangidwira, kamwana ndi mphukira zouma amachotsedwa. Imakhalabe mpesa wokhazikika kwambiri, umene umunsiwu umadulidwa muwiri.
Chirichonse chimene chinakula pamwamba pa mpesa wosankhidwa chimadulidwa pamodzi ndi manja. Manja omwe atsalira amachotsedwa mwanjira yomweyo. Ndikofunika kuti mphesa, moyandikana ndi mtunda wa mamita 2, kumapeto kwa kuchotseratu kusiya masamba 30-35 okha. Ndipo ngati pali zambiri, manja ena amachotsedwa. Poyeretsa mphesa ziyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi lamulo - zomwe sizinapereke mpesa wamphamvu, chitsamba sichiri chofunikira.
Nthawi
Fruiting kudulira kuchitika m'dzinja. Njirayi ikuyamba ndi chaka chachisanu cha moyo wa chikhalidwe, masabata awiri mutatulutsa masamba, koma nthawi zonse isanayambe kutentha kwa subzero, imapangidwa pachaka.
Shtambovaya shapirovka chitsamba
Njira yamtengo wapatali yopanga mphesa imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ikule nyengo yozizira-yolimba, yosaphimba mitundu yambiri ya chikhalidwe. Maziko a mapangidwe a mphesa ya mphesa ndi chikhalidwe cha kukula kwakukulu kwa tsinde. Pachifukwa ichi, ngakhale mutabzala mbewu, sankhani mbande zokhazikika zomwe zimabzalidwa mumtunda wouma bwino komanso wotsitsimutsa.
M'madera omwe kuli chikhalidwe chochuluka cha mphesa zomwe sichitha kukazizira, kumangidwe kumapangidwe pazitali zosiyana. Kumalo kumene nthaka imatentha bwino, ndipo izi ndi makamaka kumadera akum'mwera, stumps amapanga pamwamba. Ngati malo omwe ali pansi pa mpesawo amalola, mawonekedwe a chitsamba amitundu yambiri. Ngati dothi liri losauka ndipo dera likuuma, tchire timapangidwira.
Zimakhalanso zosangalatsa kuwerenga za malo oyenera a mphesa m'nyengo yozizira.
Njira yothandizira kupanga chitsamba cha mphesa ili ndi zotsatirazi. Kugwa koyamba, mutabzala, tchire timadulidwa kuti nthambi zonse zikhalebe zabwino zitatu. Zonse zomwe zatsala zimachotsedwa. Pa nthawi ino, muyenera kuyesetsa kukula mphukira zazikulu ndi rhizome. Kenaka maulendo awiri omwe apulumuka amagawidwa kukhala amodzi, pomwe padzakhala tsinde m'tsogolomu, komanso malo osungirako mizu. Kupulumukira kwina ndi inshuwalansi mukakhala kozizira kwambiri.
Malo oyikira mamita 1.5 amaikidwa pafupi ndi chitsamba. Kwa iye mu zotsatira zotsatila nthambi za matayi. Pa nthambi yaikulu anadula ana opeza omwe anakulira m'chilimwe. Mu autumn, trellis imakhazikitsidwa ndi waya yomwe imatambasulidwa m'magwiri awiri, pomwe cordon imamatira kumbali yoyamba, ndipo wothamanga adzamatira kumbali yoyamba. Pa nthawi yomweyi, mphukira yaikulu imadulidwa kufika pamtunda.
Ndipo ana opeza ndi osungira kuthawa amachotsedwa. Maso awiri akumwamba atsala pa thunthu - atha kuika mapewa a cordon. Masamba otsalirawo amachotsedwa.
Mtsala wotsalirawo umakula kukula kwa theka la mtunda pakati pa mipesa. Izi zimachitika ndi chaka chachitatu cha moyo. Kenaka mphesa zimakula kwambiri. Mulu wonse womwe unakula pamtunda, kuphatikizapo mphukira ziwiri zapamwamba, umadulidwa. Nthambi zapamwamba zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi waya woyamba, ndipo malekezero amamangirizidwa.
Nthambi ziwiri zokhwima zimasiyidwa pamphepete mwachinsinsi, zomwe:
a) imodzi imakonzedwa muwiri (kutsogolo kwa injini),
b) yachiwiri imadulidwa ndi masamba 5-6.
Ngati chitsamba chikukula bwino, ana opeza amphamvu amakula. Mwa iwo amapanga nyanga za maulumiki obala zipatso. Ngati masitepewa sali kukula kapena akukhala bwino - izi zimachitika kuchokera ku nthambi zazikuru. Njira yokonza mapangidwe othandizira zipatso imayenda mofulumira ngati nthambi zikuphatikizidwa pafupi ndi mfundo yachitatu.
Mankhwala a zaka zinayi amadulidwa kuchokera pamwamba, akusiya mphukira zabwino zokha, ndi mtunda wa masentimita 20 pakati pawo. Mphukira za zaka zisanu zimadulidwa kwa maso 2-3 - izi zidzakhala chiyambi cha kupanga mapangidwe obala zipatso, omwe amakula kuchokera ku maso awiriwa. Zotsatira za zipatso angapangidwe kumapeto kwa nthambi. Zolonjezedwa zokhudzana ndi fruiting zidzagwira ntchito, zowonjezereka kwa zaka zambiri, chinthu choyamba poyamba kuziyika molondola. Ndiye akusowa thandizo basi.
Nthawi
Kupanga mphesa kwabwino amapangidwa m'magulu angapo:
1) sabata yoyamba ya mwezi wa September, nthambi zazing'ono za manja akale zimadulidwa, zomwe ziri patsogolo pa waya woyamba;
2) kudula gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a nthambi yomwe inadutsa waya wotsatira, pamodzi ndi ana opeza akuchotsedwa;
3) atasiya masamba (pakati pa mwezi wa Oktoba), pamlingo wa mawaya awiri oyambirira, nthambi ziwiri zamphamvu kwambiri zatsala, pomwe pansi pake amadulidwa ndi zaka mazana atatu - iyi ndiyi yowonjezerapo;
4) kuthamanga koyamba koyamba, kudula kwa mausiku asanu ndi awiri - 12 - uwu ndivi wopatsa zipatso.
Chotsatira chake, chikhalidwe chokula mowonjezera chiyenera kukulirakulira, pamene chiri ndi manja ndi maso, zomwe chaka chotsatira zidzasandulika mipesa ndi manja.
Kudula mphesa m'dzinja, mukufunikira kuyang'ana maso pa malo. Ndipotu, m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, masamba ena amatha kufalikira, ndipo mu kasupe mungathe kuchotsa mphukira zosayenera. Kumbukirani kuti mpesa umadulidwa mkati mwa nthambi, ndikuwatsogolera pakati pa chitsamba. Kotero zigawo zimakula bwino. Kupanga mabala kuchokera kumbali zosiyanasiyana za nthambi, ndizotheka kuchepetsa kutaya kwa madzi, ndipo izi zidzasochera kukolola bwino.
