M'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya, mawu akuti "chitumbuwa" ndi "lokoma chitumbuwa" amamasuliridwa mofanana. Ndipo palibe chachilendo mu izi, chifukwa ndizogwirizana wina ndi mnzake. Koma ngakhale kugwirizana kotere pakati pa zikhalidwe sizingathe kutembenuza yamatcheri wowawasa mu yamatcheri okoma.
Yamatcheri okoma sangathe kuwona osamalira wamaluwa pa malo awo. Kwa zaka zambiri, obereketsa zomera akhala akupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya yamatcheri okoma m'munda wa Moscow ndi madera ena a Russia.
Tidzawauza za ena mtsogolo, ndipo tidzakambilanso mau otsika ndi maonekedwe a kalasi iliyonse.
Kufotokozera za mitundu yabwino yamatcheri okoma: kucha, zipatso, ubwino ndi kuipa kwa aliyense wa iwo
Nthaka yachonde ndi dzuwa ndi kutentha kwambiri ndizofunika kukula mitengo ya chitumbuwa. Koma malo ozizira a ku Moscow sali oyenerera, choncho asayansi apanga mitundu yatsopano, yozizira. Otchuka kwambiri ndi: Bryansk Rose, Iput, Fatezh, Tyutchevka, Revna.
Bryansk chitumbuwa cha pinki, ndi chiyani?
Zipatso za Bryansk yamatcheri a pinki ndizosakaniza zapakati pa 4 mpaka 6 magalamu. Zili zozungulira, zowonjezera 20-22 mm mwake. Mtundu wa zipatso ndi pinkish, ndipo thupi ndi lachikasu. Mkatimo muli mwala wofiira, wolemera 7-8% wa chiwerengero cha misa yamatcheri. Ukulu ndi makulidwe a tsinde ndizochepa. Kukoma kwa chipatso ndikoma ndi yowutsa mudyo.
Izi zosiyanasiyana kucha. Fruiting amapezeka zaka 4-5 za mtengo. Ndi mbewu yokhala ndichonde, yomwe imafuna zina zowonjezera mungu. Mtengo wamaluwa umapezeka m'zaka khumi zoyambirira za May. Kutulutsa kumachitika pakati pa mwezi wa July. Zokolola zambiri zimafika pa 78 c / ha, koma nthawi zina zambiri.
Mtengo si wamtali, pafupifupi 2-2.6 mamita, ndi nthambi zambirimbiri. Ali ndi impso yothamanga kapena oval. Masamba a mtengo ndi obiriwira ndi aakulu. Mu inflorescence pali maluwa atatu aang'ono, pistil ndi tsankhu zili pa mlingo womwewo, chikho chiri mu mawonekedwe a galasi, sepals alibe makina. Kutalika kwa stamens ndi pistils ndizitali.
Fruiting imagwera pamaluwa a nthambi. Akuwombera kuchokera ku chitumbuwa cha bulauni ndi imvi pachimake.
Mitundu yambiri ya chitumbuwa yamakono imachotsa: Kulephera kudziyesa pollination. Koma izi siziri zoopsya, chifukwa pali mitengo ina yomwe imatha kuyambitsa mtengo, izi ndi monga "Iput", "Tyutchevka", "Revna". Kwa waukulu ntchito yabwino kuphatikizapo:
- Mkulu wolekerera wa chisanu cha chisanu.
- Tsabola yamtengo wapatali imakhala yosagwirizana ndi matenda a fungal omwe amapezeka m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana.
- Rot imakhudza kwambiri zipatso za mtengo.
- Imalekerera kayendetsedwe ka maulendo ataliatali.
- Zipatso sizimasokoneza nthawi yamvula komanso yamvula.
Khalani ndi chidwi, zizindikiro zake zazikulu, deta pa makhalidwe abwino ndi oipa
Zipatso za mtengo zimakula pafupifupi 5.2-5.5 magalamu. Maonekedwe a zipatso ndi azungu, ndi miyeso: m'lifupi, kutalika, makulidwe ali pafupi 20-22 mm. Mtundu wa Cherry burgundy, ndipo pachikulire mokwanira pafupifupi wakuda.
Ili ndi phesi lakuda ndi lalifupi. Pali fupa pafupifupi 0,3 magalamu a kulemera, kuwala kofiirira, komanso kosiyana ndi zamkati. Zipatsozo ndizooneka zokongola kwambiri, zokometsera ndi zokoma, tsinde lomwe limachokera bwino kwambiri.
Izi zotsekemera zokoma zimatanthawuza oyambirira kusasitsa. Fruiting imayamba kale pa zaka 4-5. Mofanana ndi zosiyana siyana, zimakhala zobala zipatso, choncho zina zowonjezera mungu zimayenera. Maluwa amapezeka kwambiri kwambiri. Ndondomeko yomaliza kusamba imapezeka m'ma June. Zokolola za mitengo ndi oposa 80 pa hekitala, ndipo zaka zina zimafikira anthu okwana 145 pa hekitala.
Chikhalidwe chiri kutalika kwa pafupifupi mamita 3.5-4. Korona wa mtengo uli wandiweyani komanso wambiri, ndipo uli ndi mawonekedwe a piramidi. Mphungu yamphongo, yayikulu. Mapepala amawoneka bwino komanso amdima wobiriwira, ndipo palinso kachiwiri kawiri.
Maluwa mu inflorescence 3 ndi 4, oyera. Stamens ndi pistils ali ofanana pa msinkhu umodzi. Zisindikizo sizikhala ndi zitsulo. Kutalika kwa pistils ndi stamens ndipamwamba kwambiri. Pa maluwa nthambi amabwera fruiting.
Kupatula zosiyana izi, komanso zapitazo, ndizo Kulephera kudziyesa pollinationzomwe zimafuna mitengo yowonjezera mungu.
Ubwino Izi zosiyanasiyana ndi:
- Iwo kulekerera yozizira ndi kasupe frosts.
- Makhalidwe abwino ndi bwino kutsutsa matenda a fungal.
- Chaka chilichonse amapereka zokolola zabwino komanso zochepa.
- Maluwa a mtundu uwu amalekerera nyengo yozizira kwambiri.
- Mitundu yambiri ya chitumbuwa chokoma ndi ya nthawi yoyamba yakucha.
- A addition ndi chakuti masamba a zipatso ndi wandiweyani.
- Ili ndi kuyenda bwino.
Zimakhalanso zosangalatsa kuwerenga za kugwa kwadulira kwa chitumbuwa chokoma.
Waukulu mbali ya lokoma chitumbuwa "Fatezh"
Kutalika kwa mitengo kufika pamtunda wa mamita 3-4. Ali ndi korona wamtengo wapatali wa mtengo mu mawonekedwe a mpira, nthambi zimatambasuka. Masamba amakhala aakulu, otumbululuka, obiriwira kapena obiriwira, kuwala pang'ono. Mitengoyi si yosiyana ndi mitundu ina ya mitundu. Maluwa ambiri mu inflorescence, omwe ali oyera.
Mitundu yambiri ya chitumbuwa chokoma ndi yachisinkhu cha kukula kwa zipatso. Mukhoza kuyesa zipatso zoyambirira m'chaka chachisanu cha moyo wa mtengo. Sungathe kudzipitsa mungu, choncho pali mitundu yambiri ya mungu wofunikira, yomwe imafalikira panthawi yomweyo. Kuti mupange mungu wabwino, mungagwiritse ntchito uchi.
Nthawi yamaluwa imatha pakati kapena kuyamba kwa mwezi wa May. Kutsiriza kusasitsa kumapezeka mwezi wa July. Zokolola za mtengo umodzi ndi 50 makilogalamu pachaka, zomwe ndizochepa kwambiri.
Zipatso zimakhala zazikulu zedi, masekeli 4-5 magalamu. Chomera chimodzi chokha, ma cherries ali ndi mtundu wobiriwira-wachikasu. Nyama ndi yowutsa mudyo kwambiri, imasiyanitsa ndi mwala ndithu. Zipatso za patsinde zimakhala bwino. Mwala ndi 5-6% ya kulemera kwake kwa mabulosi. Kukoma kumalamulidwa ndi zolemba zokoma ndi zowawa.
Chimene chikugwirizana zovuta chitumbuwa ichi:
- Palibe mphamvu yodzipangira mungu chifukwa cha izi, miyambo ina ikuyenda mchimodzimodzi ndi mtengo wa chitumbuwa.
- Mavuto osauka.
- Mtundu wa chitumbuwa choterewu sungalekerere kwambiri kukhalapo kwa namsongole, choncho muyenera kuyera nthawi zonse nthaka.
Kuti zabwino Zinthu za mtengo uwu zikuphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Kutentha kwa chisanu.
- Tsabola yotsekemera imeneyi ndi mitundu yambiri yobala zipatso.
- Sifunikira kuthirira mobwerezabwereza.
- Mitundu imeneyi imagonjetsedwa ndi matenda oterewa monga: moniliosis ndi coccomycosis.
- Cherry ali ndi ulaliki wabwino.
- Mtengo uwu ndi wokongola kwambiri wa munda wanu.
- Kukoma kwa zipatso ndi khalidwe labwino.
Mitundu yambiri ya Tyutchevka yamatcheri. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti, ubwino ndi kuipa kwa chikhalidwe ichi?
Mtengo uwu uli ndi korona wosawerengeka. Mphukirayi ndi yaing'ono, yaying'ono, kukula kwake, monga kondomu. Masamba, okwera pamwamba ndi masamba ochepa, amakhala obiriwira komanso osawoneka pamwamba. Petioles ndi ofiira ndi ofiira, omwe ali ndi glands wofiira. Kutalika kwake kwa mtengo ndiwowonjezera, wina akhoza kunena wamba.
Mu inflorescence iliyonse pamene ikufalikira pali maluwa anayi, mphutsi imakhala ndi msuzi, mchere umagwirana wina ndi mzake, nyerere zimakhala pamtunda womwewo, calyx imakhala ngati galasi lochepetsetsa, ndipo malo osasunthika amakhalapo. Pistil ndi stamens za kutalika komweko.
Chilembo cha zipatso chomwe chinakambidwa chitumbuwa chokoma chimasiyana ndi 5.2 magalamu 7.5 magalamu. Mbali ya zipatsozo ndi 20-23 mm, yambirimbiri. Amadziwika ndi mdima wofiira kapena burgundy ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono. Ili ndi thumba lakuda lachitsulo chala la zipatso. Mwala, woloza pamwamba, wolemera pafupifupi magalamu 0.31-0.32, wofiirira wofiirira. Kuchokera pa zamkati zimagawanika bwino. Mnofu ndi ubweya wofiira. Mitengoyi ndi yokongola kwambiri, yokoma komanso yowutsa mudyo.
Cherry maluwa akuchedwa, chotero, zipatso zipse. Mtengo umayamba kubweretsa zipatso zoyamba kuzungulira chaka chachisanu chodzala. Zokolola zazikulu ndi anthu okwana 97 pa hekitala, ndipo m'zaka zapamwamba kwambiri zimakhala ndi anthu 270 pa hekitala. Chikhalidwe ichi ndi chodzipangitsa mungu.
Chikhalidwe ichi sichikusiyanitsa zolakwika, kupatula kuti zipatso za nyengo yamvula zimatha kusokoneza koma osati nthawi zonse, zomwe ndi zabwino kwambiri kwa mbiri yake ndipo zimakhala zosangalatsa kwa wamaluwa.
Zosangalatsa tsamba la chitumbuwa "Tyutchevka", lembani mndandanda wa zotsatirazi:
- Cherry ili ndi kuyenda bwino, komwe kumapangitsa kutalika kwamtunda.
- Kulimbana ndi matenda osiyanasiyana omwe angakayikire mtengo uwu.
- Mitundu yosiyanasiyanayi ndi yokhala ndi mungu, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri zokolola, koma ngati pali mungu wowonjezera, sizidzapweteka.
- Cherry "Tyutchevka" ndizosiyana-siyana.
- Zipatso zili ndi kukoma kokoma.
- Imalekerera nyengo yozizira.
Ndipo zotsiriza zosiyana, zomwe tafotokoza mu nkhaniyi, zimatchedwa "Revna"
Zipatso za zosiyanasiyanazi zimakhala zazikulu kukula; palibe zipatso zing'onozing'ono kapena zazikulu zolemera mpaka 5 magalamu. Koma pali zochepa zomwe zimalemera magalamu 8. Maonekedwe ambirimbiri, ndi mamita khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu mamita ndi makulidwe, ndi 20 mm kupingasa.
Maonekedwe a zipatso zimenezi amadziwika ndi nsalu yambiri yomwe ili pamwamba. Mtundu wa mtundu ndi burgundy ndipo pafupifupi wakuda pokhwima mokwanira. Mphuno ya mabulosi ndi mdima wofiira, wandiweyani kwambiri. Kutalika kwa tsinde ndiyomweyi. Pfupa pa zamkati zimagawanika bwino, imakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira. Zipatso sweet cherry "Revna" Yowutsa mudyo komanso okoma.
Mtundu wotsekemera wamtundu uwu umayamba fruiting wake pa zaka 4 kapena zisanu za moyo wa mtengo. Maluwa amayamba mu theka lachiwiri la May, koma zipatso zimapsa mochedwa, kumapeto kwa June kapena kumayambiriro kwa July.
Tsabola yamtengo wapatali ndi yowonongeka, koma zina zowonjezera mungu monga Raditsa, Venyaminova, Iput ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri zokololazo. Mtengo wapatali umayenera kukololedwa pafupifupi 110 c / ha, ndipo pafupifupi 75 c / ha.
Mtengo umakula mofulumira, kutalika kwapakati, korona si wobiriwira mu mawonekedwe a piramidi. Zipatso zonse zimapangidwa pamaluwa a mtengo. Masamba ali ngati mawonekedwe obiriwira, obiriwira, khungu lawo ndi lakuda, kutalika kwa petiole ndi kochepa. Inflorescence imayang'aniridwa ndi maluwa okongola 4, oboola mchere, omwe ali momasuka kuchokera kwa mzake. Pistils ndi stamens za kutalika komweko. Mofanana ndi mitundu yapitayi, tsankho la pistil lili pamtunda wotere monga anthers.
Palibe makhalidwe oipa omwe tikhoza kukambirana nawo.
Zosangalatsa zinthu zomwe ndikufuna kukambirana:
- Chinthu choyamba chimene ndikufuna kunena ndi khalidwe lapamwamba la zipatso, ponseponse pakuwoneka ndi kuphukira.
- Zosiyanasiyanazi zimalimbikitsa kayendetsedwe ka maulendo ataliatali.
- Zima zovuta za chikhalidwe ichi ndizitali.
- Kwenikweni, matenda osiyanasiyana a bowa sakhudza chikhalidwe ichi.
- Kutentha kwa dzuwa sikukukhudza mtengo.
Tikufika Moscow dera cherries: kuwulula zinsinsi zonse
Mitengo yonse ya chitumbuwa, yopanda malire, imakonda nthaka yachonde ndi dzuwa. Malo omwe simukufunika kulima chikhalidwe ichi ndi loam ndi sandstone, ndipo malo ayenera kukhala bata. M'pofunikanso kuti m'nyumba yanu yachilimwe ikule mitundu yambiri ya yamatcheri kapena yamatcheri ofanana nthawi yakucha, kuti mitengo iwonongeke.
Tikufika Sweet Cherries ku Moscow ziyenera kupangidwa m'chaka zaka. Pofuna kukonzekera dothi lodzala, muyenera kudziwa kuti mizu ya mtengoyo imakhala pamtunda wa masentimita 30-80, ndipo imakhala yozungulira pa mamita awiri.Cifukwa cace, njira yabwino kwambiri iyenera kukhala yochitira izi: kupanga minda yolima mmalo mwa mabowo pamalowa.
Chingwe chokumba ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse odzazidwa ndi nthaka kuchokera mu nthaka ndi feteleza. Musanafike pamunsi pa chingwe choikapo. Kenaka, mkatikatikati mwa dzenje, amapanga phiri laling'ono, amaika mmera ndi kuliyika pamtengo, kenaka amaikamo dzenje, kuchoka masentimita asanu ndi awiri pamwamba pa pamwamba. Pamapeto pa kubzala, madzi ndi mchenga pansi.
Mtunda woyenera pakati pa mbande uyenera kukhala mamita 3-5. Ndi bwino kupanga mtunda wautali pakati pawo, kuyambira pamenepo mitengo ikuluikulu idzagwetsa mthunzi.
Zomwe zimasamalidwa ndi yamatcheri akukula m'dera la Moscow: kukambirana za kuthirira, kudulira ndi feteleza, komanso momwe angapewere matenda ndi tizirombo
Mitengo ya mbewuyi si yabwino kwa namsongole, choncho muyenera kuchita zonse zoyera pamtengo.
Pofuna kuteteza mbewu kuchokera ku mbalame, mbewuyo iyenera kukumbidwa ndi ukonde wapadera wamaluwa.
Mitengo imakhala ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, koma njira zotetezera zimatengedwa kuti zitsimikizidwe: kudulira zolunjika, kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala osakaniza, kutchera mosavuta nthaka nthawi zonse, kupopera mbewu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zoteteza.
Madzi Mitundu iyi ya mitengo kawirikawiri, makamaka katatu pa nyengo.
Kubzala pakati pa yamatcheri a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera kumateteza iwo ku chisanu cha chisanu. Komanso m'dzinja zonse muyenera kuzungulira mitengo yomwe ili ndi pepala loyera komanso m'nyengo yozizira kuti iwononge chisanu kuti asamaundane.
Pofuna kudyetsa mitengo mumagwiritsa ntchito manyowa a madzi, komanso feteleza kwa mbewu ndi zipatso. Pokhapokha thunthu la fetereza silinapangidwe, ndi lotsatira.
Chaka chilichonse mumayenera kukonzanso mitengo, kuchotsa nthambi, zowuma ndi zowonongeka. Zowonjezera zosowa ndi nyengo kuti aziyeretsa mitengoyo.
