Olima amaluwa ndi omwa vinyo amayang'ana nthawi zonse mitundu yatsopano yamphesa m'minda yawo ya mpesa ndi minda ya mpesa.
Chifukwa cha nyengo zosiyana, si mitundu yonse ya zomera izi zimayambira, chifukwa nthawizina tchire sichilimbana ndi chisanu cha nyengo yozizira ya ku Ulaya.
Koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga "Blagovest" ili yoyenera nyengo iliyonse ndi nthaka ndipo idzasangalala ndi zipatso zake zokoma.
Taganizirani za mphesa zosiyanasiyana.
Kufotokozera za mitundu ya mphesa "Blagovest"
Mitengo ya Blagovest yamtunduwu ndi chifukwa cha ntchito ya wobadwira Krainov VN, yemwe adadutsa mitundu ya Talisman ndi Kishmish Radiant.
"Blagovest" ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyanachifukwa imapsa masiku 110 mpaka 125 pakati pa mwezi wa August.
Maluwa amakula bwino, mphukira zambiri zimabereka zipatso. Maluwa okwatirana.
Masangowa ndi aakulu kwambiri, kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 1 makilogalamu, makilogalamu kapena mawolo, kuchulukitsitsa kulikonse.
Zipatso ndi zazikulu, kulemera kwake kumafika 10 g, oval mu mawonekedwe, kuwala kofiira mtundu. Nyama ndi yowutsa mudyo, imakhala ndi mchere wonyezimira, ndi yamchere, yokoma, imasungunuka pakamwa.
"Blagovest" akhoza kulimbana ndi dontho la kutentha la -23 C. Angayambe kuonongeka ndi mildew ndi oidium, ndipo iyenso iwonongeke ndi mavu.
Zokolola zazikulu, kulemera kwa zipatso kuchokera ku koyamba kumatha kupitirira 6 makilogalamu. Magulu omwe achotsedwa pa sukulu akhoza kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali pamalo ozizira, othandizira.
Maluso:
- zipatso zabwino kukoma
- kusasitsa koyambirira
- zokolola zazikulu
- mkulu chisanu kukana
- moyo wautali wambiri
- bwino amayendetsa kayendedwe
Kuipa:
- Amakhudzidwa ndi zilonda, mildew ndi oidium
Pazochitika za kubzala mitundu
Mbeu zouma "Blagovest" zimatha kukhala masika komanso nthawi yophukira, chifukwa kusintha kochepa kwa kutentha sikuwopa.
Pofuna kubzala mbande zosakanizidwa, mizu yake imakula bwino ndipo imakula mokwanira.
Musanafike pamtunda mumasowa pang'ono kuchepetsani mizu (mpaka kutalika kwa 10 mpaka 15 masentimita), komanso kumangopulumuka, kusiya awiri kapena atatu.
Ngati mukuponyera mphukira ziwiri kapena zambiri, ndiye kuti mumachoka kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, mizu yayikidwa mu dongo phala. Kenaka, muyenera kukumba mabowo a chitsamba chilichonse. Koma, ngati mwasankha kubzala Blagovest saplings m'chaka, ndi bwino kukumba mabowo mu kugwa ndi kudzala nthaka mwa iwo.
Phando 80x80x80 masentimita akukankhidwa pansi pa chitsamba chilichonse chamtsogolo. Chisakanizo cha pamwamba (chomwe chinapezeka polemba mabowo), humus, phulusa ndi phulusa (pafupifupi 300 g) imatsanulira pansi pa chitsime chilichonse.
Pa dzenje limodzi muli zitsamba ziwiri ndi zitatu za phulusa ndi humus. Kutalika kwa kapangidwe kotere kumakhala pafupi masentimita 40.
Ngati sizikanatheka kukonzekera maenje pasadakhale, ndiye kuti chomera chomera chonchi chiyenera kukhala chokwanira bwino. Apo ayi, mizu sikumangomufikira.
Kenaka, mmera umayikidwa mu dzenje, yomwe imadzazidwa poyamba ndi chisakanizo chachonde (pafupifupi 5-10 masentimita), ndiyeno ndi nthaka wamba kuchokera pansi pa dzenje.
Palibe chifukwa chodzaza dzenje kwathunthu. Ndi bwino kusiya mtundu wina wa dzenje pafupi ndi mbande.
Kutalika kwa dzenjeli kuyenera kukhala osachepera 10 masentimita, ndipo kutalika kwake kuyenera kukhala pafupifupi masentimita 30. Pambuyo mutabzala, mmerawo umayenera kuthiriridwa ndi kusungunuka. Pa mtunda wa tchire lamtsogolo, uyenera kukhala mamita 2 kuti mphesa zisakwane.
Komanso chidwi chowerenga za mitundu ya mphesa
Malangizo osamalira "Blagovest"
- Kuthirira
Zitsamba zazing'ono za pachaka zimafunikira kuthirira nthawi zonsemakamaka m'nyengo yozizira.
Kuthirira koyamba kumachitika mutabzala, zonse zomwe zikutsatiridwa ziyenera kuchitika mu masabata awiri.
Nthawi yotsiriza ulimi wothirira watha kuchokera pa 5 mpaka 10 August.
Kuti nthaka ikhale yodzaza ndi chinyezi, muyenera kukumba mabowo ambiri 10 mpaka 15 cm pamtunda wa masentimita 40 mpaka 50 kuchokera mmera mu bwalo. Muzitsulo izi muyenera kutsanulira 4 - 5 zidebe zamadzi mzere.
Zomera zambiri "akuluakulu" zimafunika kuthirira mu kuchuluka kwa 4 mpaka 5 pa nyengo.
Kuthira kwa kasupe koyamba kuyenera kuchitidwa isanayambe madziwo atayamba kusuntha pambali pa mphukira. Ngati kuli mvula yokwanira m'nyengo yozizira, simungakhoze kuthirira tchire. Ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti pa chitsamba chilichonse mumafunikira 50 - 70 malita a madzi.
Madzi ofanana ayenera kuchitiranso masiku 20 asanayambe maluwa. Masangowa atakhazikitsidwa kale, ndipo zipatsozo zimakula kukula kwa nandolo, ndiye kuti yoyamba yothirira iyenera kuchitidwa.
Pa imodzi chitsamba chiyenera kupita osachepera 60 l madzi. Nthawi yotsatira tchire tiyenera kuthirira madzi masabata atatu tisanafike kucha. Musanayambe masamba, ndikofunikira kupanga madzi okwanira kuthirira m'nyengo yozizira ndi kuwerengera kwa 60 - 70 malita pa chitsamba.
- Mulching
Kuphimba mulching kumathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa mphesa.
Nthawi yoyamba bwalo ndi dera la pafupifupi masentimita 40 kuzungulira mmera limadzaza ndi mulch mutangobzala.
Monga zipangizo zogwiritsira ntchito udzu, masamba otsala, zomera Batva, ndi zina zotero.
Kuwonjezera pa zipangizo zamagulu, mungagwiritse ntchito polyethylene kapena zipangizo zamtengo wapataliMwachitsanzo, pepala la mulch. Ntchito yaikulu ya mulch ndiyo kusunga chinyezi m'nthaka.
- Pogona
Malo okhala mphesa m'nyengo yozizira ndi njira yofunikira. Ndipotu mizu ingasokonezedwe ndi chisanu, chomwe chimadzetsa imfa ya chitsamba chonse.
Choncho, chitetezo cha mphesa chiyenera kulingalira pasadakhale.
Nthaŵi yabwino kwambiri yopulumukira imabwera pakati - mapeto a Oktoba, pamene kulibe chisanu, koma kutentha kwachepa kale.
Ngati masambawo agwedezeka kale kuchokera ku tchire, ndiye kuti ndi nthawi yokonzekera "munda wamphesa.
Pachifukwa ichi mungagwiritse ntchito zipangizo zonse zachilengedwe ndi zopangira. Kuteteza tchire kungakhale malo, burlap, pulasitiki kukulunga.
Pogona tchire tiyenera kumangirizidwa gonani pansi, yikani ndi zitsulo zitsulo, koma musanalowetse zinthu pansi (plywood, slate) kuti mipesa isagwire pansi. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndodo zachitsulo monga mawonekedwe a arcs zimayikidwa pamwamba pa tchire ndipo imodzi kapena ziwiri zigawo za polyethylene zimatengedwa pa iwo.
Kuwonjezera pa filimuyi pazitsulo izi zingatengeke, mwachitsanzo, mabulangete. Kumbali ya chophimbacho ndi phulusa ndi dziko lapansi kukonza.
Ngati kutentha m'nyengo yozizira sikutsika, tchire tingakhoze kuphimbidwa ndi dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chitsambachi "chigawanika" ndi theka, hafu iliyonse imagwirizanitsidwa ndikukhazikika pansi.
Mipesa iyenera kusamalidwa bwino ndi dziko lapansi, makamaka ndi mthunzi. Ngati chisanu chikugwa, ndiye pamwamba chisanu chimatsanuliridwa pansi. Choncho, kutentha ndi chinyezi zidzakhalabe pansi. Pamaso pa pogona ndi kofunika kuti kuthirira ulimi wothirira.
- Kudulira
Nthawi yabwino yochekeretsa mitengo ndi yophukira, kumayambiriro ndi pakati pa mwezi wa October.
Kuthepetsa mphukira sikuvomerezedwa mu chilimwe kapena kasupe, ndipo mochuluka kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira. Popeza mphukira za mphesa "Blagovest" zimatha kupanga masango ambiri, izi zingayambitse katundu ku chitsamba. Choncho, chomera chachikulu chikhoza kuchoka pafupipafupi 25 mpaka 30 achinyamata omwe akuwombera, omwe ndi mphukira pafupifupi 1 sq. M. chakudya chokwanira.
Mphukira zofooka ziyenera kuchotsedwa kuti asatenge mphamvu kuchokera ku nthambi zathanzi. Pa mipesa ayenera kukhala maso 8 mpaka 9.
Ngati mukufuna kutchera mbande zazing'ono, chaka choyamba muyenera chotsani mpesa wokhwima, ndipo pambuyo - kuchepetsani. Mukamapanga chitsamba, ndikwanira kusiya 3 - 8 mphukira zakuya zomwe zimabereka chipatso, ndi 2 mpaka 5 masamba.
- Feteleza
Chinsinsi cha kukolola kwabwino kudzakhala tchire nthawi zonse. Ndondomekoyi ikhoza kuchitidwa katatu pa nthawi ya kukula kwa tchire limodzi ndi mwezi umodzi.
M'chaka choyamba mutabzala, sikofunikira kudzala nthaka, monga kuvala pamwamba kunayambika panthawi yobzala. M'chaka chachiwiri m'nyengo yamasika, asanathe kusungunuka, nayitrogeni feteleza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi organic matter.
Kuvala uku kumachitika ndi kuwerengera kwa 40 - 50 g ya ammonium nitrate pa 10 l ya yankho la manyowa kapena kompositi.
Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, musanayambe maluwa, muyenera kudyetsa dziko lapansi ndi zinc, timadontho ta potaziyamu kapena superphosphate. Mutatha kukolola, mukufunikira chakudya cha m'nyengo yozizira, ndiko kupanga superphosphate ndi salitsi ya potaziyamu.
Ngati makonzedwe a ngalande akonzedwa panthawi yobzala, ndiye kuti feteleza imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati sichoncho, ndiye kuti mukufunika kukumba kuzungulira tchire kakang'ono 30 cm ndikudzaza ndi feteleza.
Ndikofunika kuti "musatenthe" mizu ndi feteleza. Choncho, zinthu zakuthupi sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kamodzi kokha kamodzi pa zaka 2-3 ndi chiwerengero cha 10-15 makilogalamu pa shrub.
- Chitetezo
Blagovest mphesa zitsamba zikhoza kuonongeka kwambiri ndi zilonda, mildew ndi oidium. Chitetezo pa misampha ikhoza kukhala ngati matope apadera, omwe mukufunika kukulunga masango omwe kale apangidwa.
Sungani masamba a chikasu pamawanga a tchire. Ngati fumbi limatuluka pamasamba, tchire timakhala ndi oidium.
Njira zolimbana ndi zofanana pazochitika zonse ziwiri. Nthawi zitatu mphesa zimafunika kuchitidwa ndi fungicides (anthracol, zipata ndi zina). Choyamba, tchire zimayambika, pamene mphukira zakula mokwanira (kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 20), nthawi yachiwiri - maluwa asanaphuke, ndipo nthawi yachitatu - kutha kwa maluwa.
