Chomera chofanana chard, kapena beet, Sichikufalikira m'madera athu. Pakalipano, akuyamikiridwa kwambiri m'mayiko a Mediterranean. Kumeneko amadyedwa ndi sipinachi, chifukwa ubwino wake kwa thupi la munthu ndi osachepera. M'nkhaniyi tikukupatsani malingaliro odzala ndi kusamalira tsamba la beets m'munda wamunda. Komabe, choyamba tidzamvetsa zomwe chard ndi zomwe amadyidwamo nazo, motero.
Mukudziwa? Mangold ndi chomera chakale. Agiriki ndi Aroma akale anali kugwira ntchito yolima. Palibe zodabwitsa kuti chikhalidwechi nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa Aroma kabichi. Kenaka adatumizidwa ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya.
Tsatanetsatane wa chard ndi mitundu yake
Mangold - Mtundu wapadera wa beet, womwe, mosiyana ndi wachibale wamba, uli ndi mizu yosakwanira ndi masamba odyetsedwa ndi petioles. Zomera zabwino zamasamba ndi za banja lofalikira. Kulima saladi ya saladi kumachitika ku USA, Europe, Japan, India ndi mayiko ena. Masamba a tsamba beets - yowutsa mudyo, minofu, 30-40 cm wamtali. Malinga ndi zosiyanasiyana, iwo ali ndi mitundu yosiyana - wofiira, wobiriwira, wobiriwira-pinki, wobiriwira-wofiira. Muzuwo chomera ichi sichipanga konse. Pali mitundu iwiri ya zojambula: stem (petiolate, long-veined) ndi leafy (shnitt-chard, chard-chisel). Tsinde, pamodzi ndi masamba, ndi oyenera chakudya ndi petioles. Zili zazikulu komanso zamtundu, zimakhalanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: zobiriwira, zachikasu, zofiira.
Mukudziwa? Mtengo ndi chakudya chofunika kwambiri chifukwa chakuti masamba ake ndi petioles ali ndi mavitamini ambiri (C, B1, B2, A, K), salt ya chitsulo, phosphorous, sodium, calcium. Zokoma - masamba ochepa a kalori, 100 g yokha 19 kcal.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya tsamba la masamba, lomwe limasiyana ndi mtundu wa zimayambira, masamba ndi petioles, komanso mawonekedwe a masamba. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi "Emerald", "Scarlet", "Belavinka", "Green", "Lyon", "Sipinachi" ndi ena. Mmerawo umayimilidwa ndi mitundu yokongoletsa ndi mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, yozungulira ndi masamba a wavy. Izi zikuphatikizapo, mwachitsanzo, "Yellow-wood", "Red-stalked", "Silver Curly", ndi zina zotero. Kuwonjezera pa munda, iwo akhoza kubzalidwa pamabedi ndi osakaniza.
Kodi chard imafuna kukula kotani?
Chida - chomera chodzichepetsa, kulima ndi kusamalira sikukumana ndi mavuto ena ndipo zimakhala zofanana ndi kulima beet wofiira. Pansipa mudzapeza malangizowo pa ulimi woyendayenda wa mbewuyi, malo omwe amasankha, malo osankhidwa a nthaka komanso njira zolimala.
Okonzekera Otsatira
Ndi bwino kubzala beets pamalo omwe zomera zimakula, akakula, organic feteleza, monga anyezi, nkhaka, mbatata, analowa m'nthaka. Pofuna kusunga malamulo a kusintha kwa mbewu za beets, sikuyenera kulima pamalo omwewo chaka chilichonse, ndi bwino kubwezeretsa mbeu kumalo omwewo pambuyo pa zaka zitatu. Sitikulimbikitsanso kufesa mbewu mmadera omwe kale sipinachi, kabichi, ndi beets zakula. Choyamba, nkofunika kuchita izi kuti muteteze tsamba la beets ku matenda ndi tizirombo.
Mukudziwa? Masamba obirira amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga saladi, kabichi ma roll, borscht, mbale zowonjezera zamasamba. Caviar imakonzedwa kuchokera ku mapesi, kuzifutsa ndi stewed. Kukoma kwake kukumbukira sipinachi ndi sorelo. Madzi a petioles amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuchiza matenda m'magazi.
Kuunikira kwa chard
Chida sichinthu chokwanira ponena za kuyatsa, chikhoza kukula m'madera otsegula m'munda komanso mumthunzi wache. Komabe, ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ndi kakhazikika komanso kwa nthawi yayitali tsamba la letesi la beets lidzakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo silidzapereka masamba osaneneka ngati kuwala kwabwino. Palinso chomera chomwe chimakula mumthunzi, kuchuluka kwa nitrates kumawoneka.
Kodi nthaka yoyenera kubzala beets ikhale yotani?
Zakudya zapatso zing'onozing'ono zingamere pa nthaka iliyonse, koma zidzakhala zokoma kwambiri komanso zowonjezera zowonjezereka zikadzabzala mu nthaka yonyowa ndi nthaka yopanda ndale. Chomera sichimalola nthaka yosavuta bwino. Musanafese, ndibwino kuti mumere nthaka ndi humus kapena kompositi (3-4 kg / 1 mita mita). Komabe, izi ziyenera kuchitika mu kugwa. M'chaka, organic feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi masiku 12-14 asanafesedwe.
Mukudziwa? Beetroot anapezeka chifukwa cha kusakanizidwa kwa mtundu wa zinyama ndi zinyama zina zakutchire.
Zomwe zimakhazikika pansi
Kudzala chard pogwiritsa ntchito mbewu kapena mbande. Rassadniy njira nthawi zambiri sanagwiritse ntchito. Mukamabzala chard pamalo otseguka, zimadalira nthawi yomwe mukufuna kukolola. Pa nthawi yomweyo, odziwa wamaluwa amalangiza kuti asafesenso mofulumira (pamaso pa April), kuti asagwe m'chaka cha chisanu. Ngakhale kuti mbewuyo imakhala yozizira kwambiri - mbewu zimatha kumera kutentha kwa 4-5 ºї ndikulekerera chisanu, ndibwino kuti mubzale pamalo otentha. Chokondweretsa kwambiri kwa iwo chidzakhala 18-20 ºї. Ngati cholinga chanu chiri kokolola kwambiri, mungagwiritse ntchito njira yobzala kapena kufesa pansi pa filimuyi. 
Mitundu ya Petiolate idzakhala yokonzeka kudya masiku 90-100 mutabzala, masamba owopsa 60-70 patapita masiku. Pofuna kukhala ndi masamba atsopano kwa nthawi yayitali komanso kumayambiriro, masamba a beets akulimbikitsidwa kuti afesedwe mu nthawi zitatu: masabata oyambirira a mwezi wa May, pakati pa July (kukolola kudzakhala kumayambiriro kwa masika) komanso chisanafike. Nthawi yabwino yobzala nthawi yoyamba idzakhala chiyambi cha May. Musanadzalemo mbewu zowonjezera, ndikofunikira kukonzekera zitsime za mbewu iliyonse. Mtunda pakati pa maenje ndi 25-30 masentimita yaitali, pakati pa mizere - 35-40 masentimita (25 cm tsamba la masamba). Mbewu imalowa mu nthaka ndi 2-2.5 cm.
Ndikofunikira! Musabzale beets wandiweyani. Kukula kwakukulu kumayambitsa matenda a fungal mu zomera.
Nkhumba zachinyamata, zomwe zimapezeka chifukwa cha kulima kuchokera ku mbewu, ziyenera kuonekera masiku pafupifupi 20. Mbewu imodzi imapereka mphukira zingapo, kotero kuti mbande ziyenera kudulidwa, kusiya mipata pakati pa 40 cm ndi mitundu ya petiolate ndi 10 masentimita a tsamba. Kuti mupitirize kuchulukitsa saladi yanu, mukhoza kusonkhanitsa mbewuzo. Mayeso okhwima amadulidwa ndikuyimitsidwa kuti azisakaniza. Nkhumba za chard zili zofanana ndi zofanana ndi beets. Ayenera kusungidwa m'thumba la mapepala. Kumera amasunga kwa zaka zitatu.
Popeza kuwonjezeka kwa tsamba la masamba mothandizidwa ndi mbande sikofala, tidzatha kunena mwachidule mmene tingamere mitengo ndi mbande. Njira yayikulu ya njirayi idzakhala kuti motere ndizotheka kukwaniritsa zokolola kale. Mukhoza kufesa zomera kwa mbande kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April. Musanafese mbewu za mbande, ziyenera kuthiridwa tsiku limodzi.
Popeza kuti mizu ya chard imakula kwambiri, m'pofunikira kusankha chodeza chozama kapena mapepala amodzi kwa mbande. Mtunda pakati pa mbewu ukhale 25-30 cm. Pa nthaka yotseguka, mbande imabzalidwa ikafika msinkhu wa masabata 3.5-4.5 ndi kukula kwa 8-9 masentimita, pachiyambi kapena pakati pa May. Zingabzalidwe mwamphamvu - kusunga nthawi 15-20 masentimita pakati pa zomera. Pokolola, mbeu idzakhala yokonzeka pafupifupi mwezi umodzi pomwe masambawo atalika masentimita 25.
Kodi mungasamalire bwanji panja?
Ngakhale kulima kulima sikunayambitse mavuto ena, komabe kuti tipeze zokolola zabwino monga masamba akulu, ndi bwino kusamalira mbewu. Chisamaliro chidzakhala mu kumasulidwa kwa nthawi yomwe nthaka, kuthirira, kudyetsa ndi kuchotsa peduncles.
Kusamalira nthaka ndi zomera zothirira
Nthaka yomwe ili pansi pa chithunzichi imayenera kukhala ndi namsongole nthawi zonse kuti iwononge namsongole ndikuthandizira kupeza mpweya kwa mizu. Kutsekedwa koyenera kumayenera kukhala pambuyo kuthirira ndi mvula kuti pasakhale mawonekedwe otsika. Ma beets ngati mchere (koma osakhalapo), choncho ayenera kuthiriridwa mochulukira, makamaka panthawi youma. Nthawi zambiri ulimi wothirira udzadalira nyengo, koma ndibwino ngati kamodzi pa sabata.
Ndikofunikira! Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kungayambitse kukula kwa powdery mildew pa chomera.
Momwe manyowa angapangidwire
Saladi ya mapepala imayankhidwa bwino popamwamba. Komabe, pakuchita njirayi, muyenera kudziwa mlingo, popeza kuchulukanso kwa feteleza kungayambitse - kuvulaza mbewu. Kwambiri kudya kudwalitsa kusonkhanitsa nitrates mu chomera. Kudyetsa chophimbacho ndi chofunika pambuyo podulidwa masamba kapena petioles. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito yankho la urea (10 g / 10 l madzi), mullein (1: 5), madzi azitsamba feteleza.
Kuteteza tizilombo ndi matenda ku chard
Mangold akhoza kuthana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, makamaka chifukwa cha kubzala kosayenera ndi chisamaliro. Kawirikawiri tsamba la tsamba limapezeka powdery mildew. Mavuto abwino pa chitukuko cha matendawa ndi mvula yamkuntho komanso yowonjezereka, komanso kuwonongeka kwa majeremusi. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha matendawa ndi kuvala koyera pamasamba. Monga njira yowonetsera matendawa, kuyambitsa pollination ndi yankho la sulfure, nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous-potaziyamu zowonjezera zimalimbikitsidwa. Pogonjetsedwa ndi powdery mildew, zomera zowonongeka zimachotsedwa, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitidwa ndi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Komanso masamba a beets akhoza kupanga bowa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda "mwendo wakuda". Zizindikiro - masamba amafota, zimayambira kutembenuka wakuda, mizu imafota. Matendawa akhoza kutsogolera imfa. M'nyengo yotentha, imfa ikhoza kuchitika mofulumira - patatha masiku asanu ndi limodzi chiyambireni matendawa. Pofuna kuteteza chard ku mwendo wakuda, iyenera kubzalidwa pa mabedi mosamala kutsukidwa mu kugwa. Ndikofunika kusunga njira yochepetsera ya kuthirira.
Korneal, beet aphid, beetroot, wireworm ndi owopsa kwa tsamba la tsamba. Polimbana ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, njira zothandizira, kusunga malamulo a kayendedwe ka mbeu ndi ulimi wamakono kumayambira. Popeza gawo lapamwamba kwambiri likugwiritsidwa ntchito popatsa letesi, kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo n'kosafunika. Ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha ngati ali ndi vutoli. Posankha mankhwala, makondomu ayenera kuperekedwa kwa opanga mankhwala omwe si owopsa kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe.
Zosangalatsa: Kukolola
Mabala a chard, omwe anafesedwa mu April-May, akhoza kudula kuyambira kumapeto kwa June mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yopuma. Amachoka pamodzi ndi mapesi m'munsi. Kawiri kawiri kuti adule mapepala, amakula kwambiri. Pafupifupi, kuchokera pa 1 lalikulu. M maluwa pa nyengo, mukhoza kusonkhanitsa 1 makilogalamu a zobiriwira.
Mukudziwa? Kwa banja la anthu atatu kapena anayi, ndikwanira kubzala masamba awiri kapena atatu a beet.
Mitengo yambiri yokha, amadya masamba okha. Chakudya chokwanira chokwanira si choyenera. Ndikofunika kudya zakudya zadothi zomwe zimadulidwa pa tsiku lokolola. Zikadzasungidwa nthawi yaitali, zimakhala zocheperako. Kuphatikizanso apo, imatha msanga. Mufiriji, mankhwala otsukawo amasungidwa mu thumba la pulasitiki kwa masiku oposa awiri.
Ngakhale chomera cha beet ndi chomera chosatha, ndi chizoloŵezi chochikula ngati chaka chilichonse m'minda yakhitchini. Komabe, ngati mutsimikiza kuti akhoza kukhala bwino m'nyengo yozizira, mutamuphimba bwino, mutha kuonetsetsa kuti masamba atsopano akuwonekera nthawi yayitali. M'nyengo yozizira, zomera zimadulidwa pazu ndipo zimaphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza dothi, peat, utuchi, masamba. Pofuna kukolola chard m'malo mwake, mukhoza kuyamba pang'onopang'ono chomera tsamba la tsamba.
Mangold ikufala kwambiri m'dera lathu, chifukwa chakuti masambawa ndi osasamala pokonza kwake, ozizira komanso amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza thupi la munthu. Ngati kuli koyenera komanso kumayambiriro koyamba kubzala, ndiye kuti mukhoza kukwaniritsa kuti idzakhala yoyamba masamba a vitamini omwe adzakhale mu khitchini yanu pambuyo pa nthawi yozizira ya avitaminosis.
