Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya namsongole. Ambiri a iwo amapikisana ndi zomera zomwe zimalima, kupambana pa malo awo okhala. Kudyetsa okha (mwa sayansi, kukhala autotrophs), iwo, monga mwachikondi anabzala masamba kapena maluwa, amafunikira kuwala, chinyezi, mchere, choncho amayesetsa kulimbana ndi moyo, kupondereza anzawo.
Namsongole amachita izi mothandizidwa ndi mizu yowonjezereka kwambiri, ena amawononga kutenga malo atsopano, mwachitsanzo, mwa kufalitsa kwambiri.
Koma palinso namsongole wambiri omwe sagonjetsa gawo kuchokera ku zomera zina, koma amangogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo, motero sakhala okangana nawo, koma "odalira." Ndi imodzi mwa mavairasiwa ndipo tiyenera kudziwa bwino. Tsono, zowonjezera: zomwe ziri ndi momwe mungagwirire nazo.
Kukula: Kukumana ndi udzu woipa
Dodder - Ndi chomera chakupha popanda masamba ndi mizu yomwe sitingathe kukhalapo mosiyana ndi ena omwe ali m'zomera: pogwiritsira ntchito zidakudya zapadera zomwe zimaphatikizapo woperekayo ndikulowa m'thupi mwake, chakudyachi chimafalikira m'madera otere, kufalikira kumadera atsopano ndi atsopano .
Mukudziwa? Ziwalo zapadera zomwe zimathandiza kuti zakudya zizikhala bwino pa zomera zimatchedwa haustoria. Mawu akuti haustor amachokera ku Chilatini ndipo amatanthauziridwa ngati mowa, kukoka. Haustoria chifukwa cha cholinga chake chimalowetsa mizu yowonjezera. Ndipotu, izi ndizo mizu yosinthidwa, zimangobweretsa mphamvu osati kuchokera kunthaka, monga zomera zina, koma kuchokera mthupi la "mwini" (makamaka, wogwidwa). Kukumana ndi chomera china, haustoria imayamba kukula mofulumira, ngati mizu ikugwera m'nthaka yachonde, kulowa mkati mwa ziwalo za wopereka ndi kuyamwa timadzi timene timayenera kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.Kukhala ndi mphamvu zoterezi kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zoopsa kwambiri komanso zowonongeka, komanso zimakhala zovuta kwambiri komanso zimakhala zatsopano.
Mitengo yotentha ya ku Afrika ndi America imatengedwa kuti ndi malo omwe amamera namsongole, kuchokera kumene adayendetsa nsomba zake pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kusintha malinga ndi zofunikira za madera atsopano. 
Zotsatira zake, mitundu yambiri ya mitundu iwiri ya 2.5 ya tizilomboti timadziwika lero, mosiyana ndi wina ndi mzake ndi mtundu, makulidwe ndi maonekedwe a maluwa ndi maluwa, komanso zomwe amakonda zokonda - mtundu wa chikhalidwe, chifukwa cha mavitamini makamaka amadya "omnivorous"). Mayiko 164 okha akuvutika ndi kuukiridwa kwa munda lero!
Kunja, kutentha kumawoneka ngati ubweya wautali, womwe ukhoza kukhala wofewa komanso wovuta. Popeza chomeracho sichisowa zowonongeka, mulibe mbali zobiriwira: chifukwa cholowa chokhala ndi dye flobaphene, chiri ndi mtundu wachikasu kapena wobiriwira. Mapazi omwe sakhala ndi mapepala omwe amapezeka pamtunda wautali ndi kukumbutsa kuti chomeracho chinali ndi masamba, koma chinawasiya kuti asinthe.
Maluwa ochepa kwambiri, pinki kapena obiriwira amaphimba zomera zonse. Nthanga ndizochuluka kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zokhazikika: Mphesa umodzi umabzala mbewu zoposa zana limodzi, zomwe zimatha kumera, zakhala pansi pansi zaka zoposa zisanu komanso zimadutsa m'thupi la nyama ndikugunda pansi ndi manyowa.
Mukudziwa? Chinthu china chosasangalatsa chokwanira ndi "kusokoneza" mbewu, kuzipanga kukhala maonekedwe ofanana ngati momwe zingathere ku mbewu za wofesedwa. Choncho, pokolola kubzala mbewu za maluwa omwe mumakonda kwambiri matendawa, mumayesedwa nokha kumapeto kwa masika pamodzi ndi maluwa ndi vampire yomwe imawapha.
Nthanga za kudya, kuthamanga, masabata 2-3 oyambirira amatha kudyetsa okha. Komanso, zakudya mkati mwa mbewu zimatha kuchoka pa nsonga imodzi kupita kumzake, chifukwa mbewuyo imayenda mumlengalenga kwafupipafupi (mpaka 30 cm).Mitengo ya Grassy komanso zitsamba ndi mitengo zikhoza kukhala zowonongeka. Kawirikawiri, udzu wochuluka wa udzu m'mapiri (clover, nyemba ndi udzu wina wa nyama zakutchire zimakhala zovuta makamaka kuti ziwonongeke), koma ukhoza kukhala mlendo wosafunidwa m'munda kapena m'munda. Mavitamini ambiri omwe amapezeka m'matumbo, masamba, mavwende, minda ya mpesa ndi zipatso, mitengo ya zipatso ndi zitsamba, komanso maluwa.
Ntchito yofunika ya chakudya imabweretsa mavuto aakulu kwa wovutitsidwayo. Kudyetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, chikhalidwe chimachepetsa kukula kwake, kutaya mphamvu yakukula bwino chifukwa cha kusalinganikirana kwa mchere ndi zinthu zina. Mu mbewu zosatha, zotsatira zake zimakhala zochepa kwambiri, kuchepa kwa nyengo kumachepa kwambiri, ndipo zotsatira zowonongeka za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sizingathe kunenedwa. 
Kuwopsa ndi koopsa osati kwa zomera zokha, komanso kwa nyama. Mankhwala owopsa omwe ali m'gulu la chakudya amatha kupha poizoni, ndipo nthawi zina imfa ya zinyama, makamaka ngati zomera zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya osati mwatsopano, koma ngati udzu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kudya ndi chonyamulira cha matenda ambiri a tizilombo. Udzu wodyera sunachotsedwe kuchokera kwa iwo uli ndi nkhungu ndipo sumauma.
Muzitsamba zazing'ono, kudya kungakhale ndi phindu pa thupi laumunthu, ndipo muzinthu zambiri izi zimatsogoleredwa ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala zoopsa kwambiri. Pa maziko a mankhwalawa amapanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zipatala (mankhwala ovomerezeka sakugwiritsa ntchito chomera chifukwa cha kusadziwa okwanira). Monga mankhwala obiriwira ayenera kusonkhanitsidwa pamene chomera chimamasula.
M'masitolo ena pa intaneti, pankakhala zoperekedwa kuti zogula mbewu zowonjezera, ndipo mtengo wake ndi wochititsa chidwi: 50 g ya mbewu amawononga ndalama zokwana madola 8 ofanana, pamene thumba lofanana la mbewu, likuti, parsley, ndi losavuta! 
N'zotheka kuti malonda a malonda ndi bizinesi yopindulitsa, koma sizayenera kubzala chomera chomwecho pa chiwembu chawo: zoterezi zimapweteka kwambiri kuposa zabwino. Pofuna kubzala chakudya, kuti ndisaswe mutu wanga, ndibwino kuti ndichotsere, ndi bwino kupeza mankhwala osakaniza mwanjira yowonjezereka.
Ndipo n'zosavuta kulingalira kuti zimakhala zovuta bwanji kumenyana nanu pamene mukuwona momwe chomera chimalowerera mu "thupi" la munthu amene amamuvutitsa: pamene kugwirizana koteroko kwachitika, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tingawonongeke panthawi imodzimodzimodzi ndi woperekayo. Kuonjezera apo, kupatsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali kwa mbewu, ngakhale kutalika kwaokha kwasungidwe pa webusaitiyi sikungakhale kovuta.
Ndikofunikira! Monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti chakudyacho chikhale cholimba komanso chosasunthika chiri panthawi yofanana ndi zofooka zake: mpaka mbewuyo itapeza wopereka ndipo siiyikomwe bwino, imakhala yotetezeka kunja kwa chikoka ndipo ikhoza kuwonongeka mosavuta komanso mwachangu. .Ndipo komabe njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli - kupewa.
Njira zothandizira: momwe mungalewerere kuthamanga kwadzidzidzi
Popeza chakudyacho chili ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa, lamulo lalikulu kwa munda wamaluwa ndikutsimikizira ndi njira iliyonse kuti mbewu za zomera zomwe mumabzala, ndiwo feteleza zomwe mumagwiritsa ntchito, zomwe mukuzigwiritsira ntchito sizikhala ndi mbewu za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. 
Ngati nyembazo zapezeka pa tsamba lanu, pewani mbeu yobzala zomwe zimasonkhana pafupi ndi chaka chotsatira (ndithudi, sitikulankhula za mbewu zazikulu zomwe zili mkati mwa chipatso ndipo zimachotsedwa zitatha masiku angapo pazenera lanu).
Gulani mbewu za maluwa omwe mumakonda kwambiri m'sitolo - zidzakhala zotsika mtengo: popeza kuti miyezo yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'dziko lathu imaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mbewu zodzala ndi zokolola, wopanga chidziwitso amachititsa kafukufuku wapadera wa mbewuyo asanagulitse, kotero ndizosatheka kugula zakudya pamodzi ndi mbewu yaikulu.
Musafunse manyowa kuchokera kwa agogo aakazi omwe amadziwika bwino, chifukwa simukudziwa zomwe nyamazo zidya. Pezani feteleza m'malo ochezera ndikufunsani kuchokera kwa wopanga kapena kwa wogulitsa ngati akutsimikizira kuti mankhwalawa ndi oyera. Zimakhulupirira kuti manyowa owonongeka kwathunthu ndi chitsimikizo chokwanira kuti mbewu zowonjezera, ngati zigwera mmenemo, zataya kumera.
Chenjezo lomwelo liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofanana ndi nthaka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mmera. Musalowetse malowo kumunda komwe kuli udzu wambiri, ndipo bwino kwambiri kugulitsanako zopangidwa mosungirako m'sitolo: nthaka iyi si yokwera mtengo, koma imatsimikiziridwa kuti siidatetezedwe ndi tizirombo ndi kuwonjezera imadzaza ndi zinthu zonse zakutchire ndi zofunikira zomwe zimayenera kuti zikhale ndi mbande. Si zachilendo kuti mbewu zowonjezereka zibweretsedwe pansi ndi madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kuthirira, koma pano ndi zovuta kwambiri kuti muteteze.
Kotero, khalani osamala kwambiri ndipo kumbukirani: Kudya, monga lamulo, kumapweteka pa osalima minda, ndipo kunyalanyaza kwathu kumathandiza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kulowa mkati mwa dacha!
Njira zamakono zolimbana ndi zovuta
Ngati nthendayo ikadalibe m'munda wanu, pali njira zina zomwe mungachotsere udzu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito ziphe kapena kuika kwaokha nthawi yayitali.
Choncho, tidziwa kale kuti vuto lalikulu la nthendayi ndi mbewu zake zambiri, zomwe zimatha kukhalabe ndi moyo kwa nthawi yaitali, ngakhale kukhala pansi kwambiri. Choncho, ntchito yayikulu ndi yoyamba ndikuteteza mbeu za tizilombo kuti zisakunuke.
Kuchotsa magetsi kuchokera ku chomera chimene chimamatira ndi njira yopanda mphamvu yothetsera namsongole: Ndikokwanira kusazindikira kachidutswa kakang'ono ka tsinde ndipo tizilombo tizilombo tidzatha. Choncho, chomeracho chiyenera kuchotsedwa pansi ndikuwotchedwa mopanda chifundo, ndipo posakhalitsa bwino! 
N'zotheka kuyesa kuchotsa chomera kuchokera ku chomera pokhapokha ngati tizilombo toyambitsa matenda sitinayambe kuvulaza munthu amene akumuvutitsa, ndipo chodabwitsachi chimakhala ndi khalidwe lodziwika bwino. Komabe, pakadali pano nkofunika kuchita ma check-up angapo, chifukwa mapesi omwe amang'ambika mosavuta amamatira ku chomeracho kachiwiri.
Mukhoza kuyeretsa dothi loyipitsidwa ndi mbewu zowonjezera. Pali njira zingapo zopangira izi.
Yoyamba ndi kukwirira mbewuzo mozama zomwe sangathe kukwera. Chidziwitso cha nthendayi ndi chakuti, monga tafotokoza, ilibe mizu yake, choncho mbeu zake zimatha kumera pa nthaka. Choncho, njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli ndi yakuya (makamaka osachepera awiri bayonet mafosholo) kukumba nthaka ndi kutembenuka kofunikira kwa nthaka - izi zimakulolani kuti "muike" mbeu zomwe zimapezeka pamwamba pamtunda.
Njira yachiwiri ikufuna kuti mbewuzo zizikula mofulumira, kuti awononge mphukira zawo, osawalola kuti amamatire kwa wolimawo (monga momwe zinanenedwa, chida chimakhala chopanda chitetezo popanda mphamvu). Kulimbikitsa kumera kwa mbewu zomwe zatsala pamwamba kungakhale wochulukitsa ulimi wothirira mu kugwa ndi kasupe kwa masabata angapo musanabzala mbewu yaikulu pansi. 
Mbeu zowumera zidzakula msanga zomwe zikhoza kuchotsedwa mosavuta ndi mankhwala apamwamba. Komabe, ngati mphukira zazing'ono za mpesa mu sabata ndi theka sichipeza chomera chimene chingamangirire, iwo amamwalira chifukwa cholephera kukula pawokha.
Njira yowonjezera yowonongeka itatha kuyera nthaka ikubzala mbewu zomwe zomerazo sizimasokoneza. Mwachitsanzo, oat ndi tirigu sagonjetsedwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zakudya zomwe zili ndi matendawa, zimalimbikitsa kutchetchera maluwa asanayambe kumera. Ngati tikukamba za munda wa ndiwo zamasamba, timadula pamtunda wa masentimita 2-3 pamwamba pa nthaka, ndibwino kuti udzu wonse wathyola (mwachitsanzo, mumsewu) komanso oyandikana nawo mkati mwa malo osachepera mita 1. Kenaka ndikuyenera kufesa malowa ndi oats omwewo kapena mbewu zina kuti mupewe kachilombo ka HIV.
Njira inanso yolimbana nayo - moto. Kuti izi zitheke, kumapeto kwa zaka zapitazo, amwenye a America adagwiritsa ntchito moto wapadera wotentha (flame weeder), womwe adalima minda ya mpesa ndi minda. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Palibe zipangizo zoterezi m'dziko lathu, ndipo sizili zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito moto pamoto. 
Pomaliza, njira ina yosagwiritsira ntchito mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza chakudya ndi ntchito yokonzekera yopangidwa ndi mafuko a bowa Alternaria, komabe kachiwiri, m'dziko lathu zoterezi zimakhala zovuta, komanso, zimagwira ntchito pamalo otentha, Kudya kumafunika madzi kwa nthawi yaitali. Mbewu ikangomva, imasiya kupezeka ku bowa.
Kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a herbicides kuwononga nsomba
Makolo athu atsopano, pokhumudwa ndi laimu, ankayesetsa kugwiritsa ntchito sirfu ndi mkuwa sulphate komanso parafini ndi sulfuric acid motsutsana nazo. Mankhwala awiri oyambirira sanasonyeze kuti ali ndi mphamvu kwambiri, monga yachitatu ndi yachinayi, ndiye kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoterezo m'nyumba, mwina, zimakhala zofanana ndi kupweteka mutu ndi guillotine.
Kotero, mu milandu yovuta kwambiri, pamene moto, ngakhale "lupanga", kapena "zofanana ndi zina zotero" sizinathe kugonjetsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, pali njira imodzi yokha yotulukira - herbicides. Sitikunenedwa kuti zosankha zawo ndi zazikulu, koma ndi chipiriro china n'zotheka ndi kuthandizira kuthana ndi zamasamba, mitengo ya zipatso ndi minda yamphesa.
Ngati kuli kofunikira kuchotsa mbewu zowonjezera pa bedi lomasuka ku chikhalidwe chachikulu, ethylhexyl salt ndi esters zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Zosakaniza ndi ammonium nitrate ndi ammonium sulphate, mankhwalawa adzakupulumutsani ku udzu. Koma ngati m'deralo muli zitsamba zina, makamaka zowonongeka, zimakhala zowawa kwambiri monga tizilombo tokha. 
Glyphosates ndi otetezeka ku mbewu zoterozo, koma sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakatha mbeu. Choncho, mankhwalawa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa ulimi wothirira, ngati mbeuyo ikamera, koma mbeu isanabzalidwe. Njira yachiwiri - kusinthidwa mu kugwa, mutatha kukolola mbewu komanso mukatha kumwa madzi.
Ndikofunikira! Mankhwala a herbicides amapha mwanayo mofulumira kwambiri. Pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiyamba pachimake, kukana kwake mankhwala kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Choncho, polimbana ndi vuto, nthawi ikukutsutsani! Chinsinsi china: herbicides amagwira ntchito bwino pa chomera chonyowa, choncho ndibwino kuti azitha kuchiza pambuyo pa mvula kapena madzi okwanira.Chotsani zitsamba, gwedeza ndiwo zamasamba, zovuta kwambiri kuposa laimu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa udzu wa udzu.
Mbatata, tomato, tsabola, tomato ndi zina zotchedwa solanaceous dodder zowonongeka ndi nthaka herbicides monga "Reitar", "Gezagard", "Zenkor Liquid", ndi zina zotero (kukonzanso komaliza kwa kampani ya ku Germany Bayer kuwononga chiwombankhanga pachiyambi cha kukula kwake) .
Koma mankhwala a C-metallohlorovye monga "Mkuntho" kapena "Wachiwiri Golidi" akhoza kupha nkhuku zokha zomwe zingakhale zoopsa kwa masamba.
Kaloti akhoza kupulumutsidwa ku zakudya zokhala ndi mankhwala osakaniza a herbicides "Stomp" ndi "Reiter".
Zina mwa zina zotchedwa kuti herbicides zomwe zimalimbikitsa nkhondo, ndizotheka kuthetsa Tito (wopangidwa ndi a Swiss kampani DuPont) ndi Targa (mankhwala a ku Japan ochokera ku Nissan Chemical).
Kudula - udzu woopsa kwambiri. Mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amathandiza kuthetsa izo, komabe, zotsatira zabwino zingatheke pokhapokha atagwirizanitsidwa, ndi iwo omwe ali ndi njira zina (nthaka ikumba, kudzipatula, kubzala mbewu zosakhudzidwa, etc.). Ntchito yokhazikika ndi yodalirika yokhayo ingapereke zotsatira zana.
