Kukula adyo, pafupi ndi munda uliwonse vuto la chikasu cha masamba a adyo. Izi zingawoneke ngati zachilendo, monga momwe masamba amachitira chikasu m'chilimwe, zomwe zimasonyeza nthawi yokolola. Koma n'chifukwa chiyani masambawo amatembenukira chikasu m'chilimwe? Mwa kukumba chikasu chikasu, mukhoza kuzindikira mawanga akuda, mababu opunduka, mizu yodetsedwa, ndi zina zosawonongeka. Zitha kukhala kuti adyo amawoneka okongola atatha kukolola, koma patapita mwezi imakhala yofewa ndipo imasonyeza zizindikiro za kuvunda. M'munsimu muli mwachidule. bowa, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zovuta zina zomwe zingasokoneze zokolola za adyo.
Spring chisanu ndi zoopsa kwa adyo
Kusiyanitsa nyengo (kasupe) ndi nyengo yozizira (yozizira) adyo. Amaluwawo anazindikira kuti nyengo yachisanu adyo imatembenuka chikasu. Kukongola kwa chisanu cha adzi nthawi zambiri kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika - nthawi ya masika chisanu. Chipale chofewa sichikuphimba chomeracho, ndipo chimakhala chosavuta. Zikatero, mizu imafooketsa, ndipo adyo imatenga mphamvu ku masamba ake.
Kuyala kwakukulu kumayambitsa kuzizira kwa adyo komanso maonekedwe a masamba achikasu. Choncho, kuyendetsa ndikumakonda kwambiri pa 5-7 masentimita. Mukhozanso kuteteza chikasu powaphimba achinyamata a adyo ndi pulasitiki.
Ngati muzindikira kuti adyo kale kale poyera kwa woyamba kasupe frosts, Gwiritsani ntchito chomeracho ndi zokondweretsa posachedwa. Pachifukwa ichi, biostimulants monga "Epin" ndi "Zircon" ndi zabwino kwambiri. Mankhwalawa amasintha maluwa, rooting, chomera kukana matenda.
Dothi lakuda kwambiri limayambitsa chikasu cha masamba.
Chifukwa china chozizira adyo akutembenukira chikasu m'nthaka yamchere. Garlic ndi chomera chomwe chimapangitsa kukolola bwino pokha pa nthaka yopanda ndale. Ndipo pakuwonjezeka kwa acidity m'nthaka mawonekedwe a chomera amatha. Dothi losakaniza dothi siloyenera kwenikweni. Nthaka iyenera kukhala yochuluka yokwanira ndi okosijeni.
Acidity ya nthaka ikhoza kuchepetsedwa, izi ziyenera kuchitika nthawi ya kugwa. Ndikofunika kukonzekera chimwala. Limu imayambitsidwa pamtundu wotsatira: nthaka yolimba kwambiri (PH 4 ndichepera) - 50-70 makilogalamu a mandimu, chifukwa chapakati asidi (PH 4-5) - 35- 45 kg, ndi nthaka yochepa kwambiri (PH 5-6), 30- 35 makilogalamu. Chotsitsa chamagazi chiyenera kusakanikirana bwino ndi nthaka, ndipo pokhapokha pangakhale mabedi omwe angapangidwe chifukwa chodzala adyo. Komabe, pofuna kuteteza chikasu cha mbewu m'tsogolo, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito cloves lalikulu kuti mubzalidwe. Kuwonjezera apo, mabedi okwanira akulimbikitsidwa pokhapokha mutatha kuyamwa.
Kutaya kwa nayitrogeni ndi adyo
Mavitamini ang'onoang'ono m'nthaka nthawi zambiri ndi yankho la funso loti n'chifukwa chiyani masamba a adyo amasanduka chikasu mumasika. Bzalani isanayambike nyengo yozizira, zomera zimakhala ndi njala ya nayitrogeni. Pofuna kupewa izi, m'dzinja muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ammonium sulphate.
Kuwonongeka kwa nayitrogeni m'nthaka, monga lamulo, kumachitika nyengo ya mvula yambiri. Mvula inachotsedwa feteleza kuchokera kunthaka. Pofuna kupewa njala ya nayitrogeni ya adyo, m'pofunika kufesa nthaka kumayambiriro a masika pamene zomera zimakhala ndi ntchito yokula. Ndibwino kuti manyowa azimwaza nthaka ndi adyo kapena mineral substances. Urea (carbamide) kapena manyowa amadzi ozizira kwambiri monga feteleza a nitrogen.
Monga lamulo pakati pa mizere ya adyo kupanga zosalala zakuya ndikugona pamenepo feteleza (malinga ndi malangizo). Mitengo ikuluikulu iyenera kuwonongedwa, ndiye kutsanulira deralo ndi madzi. Pofuna kuti nthaka ikhale yonyowa, ndibwino kuti muonjezerepo kompositi kapena manyowa owuma.
Mukudziwa? Zomwe anakumana nazo wamaluwa amalangiza katswiri wina wa njira yogwiritsira ntchito nayitrogeni feteleza kunthaka. Choyamba, yankho lirikonzedwa: 20 g wa feteleza pa chidebe cha madzi. Kenaka njirayi ndi madzi okwanira. Choncho, chofunikira cha njirayi ndikuti madzi ndi feteleza ndizoyambe kusakanizidwa. Njirayi imakhala yothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa zinthu zofunika nthawi yomweyo zimapita ku adyo.
Chifukwa masamba a chikasu a adyo, zomera zosakwanirira madzi okwanira
Ngati tsamba la adyo likutembenukira chikasu, ndipo simudziwa chifukwa chake, ndiye chifukwa chake sichikwaniridwe. Kuperewera kwa chinyezi nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kusintha kwa masamba a anyamata adyo.
Musaiwale kuti mosamala komanso nthawi zonse muzimwa madzi adyo. Izi ndi zofunika makamaka mu Meyi-June, pamene mapangidwe a zomera amapezeka. M'chaka, pambuyo pa kusungunuka chipale chofewa, m'pofunika kuyang'anira mkhalidwe wa nthaka. Pochita izi, kumasula nthaka pansi pa adyo, kenako imakhala ngati nthaka ili ndi madzi okwanira. Ngati chinyezi sichikwanira, muyenera kuyamba kuthirira adyo nthawi zonse.
Ngati mwazindikira kwambiri nthaka chinyezi, ndiye inu Afunika kupanga njira zowonongeka m'mitsinje yonse ya adyo.
Ndikofunikira! Mukamwetsa adyo, nkofunika kugwiritsa ntchito madzi omwe athazikika ndi kutentha kwa nthawi yaitali padzuwa. Popanda nyengo yowuma kwambiri, mvula imakhala pafupifupi 10 malita a madzi idzagwiritsidwa ntchito pa 1 mita imodzi. Musati muiwale pakati pa kutsirira kuti mupange kuvomereza kovomerezeka, pafupi masiku 9.
Kodi kusowa kwa potaziyamu kumakhudza bwanji adyo?
Garlic nthawi zonse imakhudzidwa ndi kusowa kwa potaziyamu: achinyamata masamba a adyo amatembenukira chikasu, amafota ndi owuma; mizu yawonongeka; Kulepheretsa kukula kwa zomera. Choncho, m'pofunika nthawi zonse kuthira nthaka ndi potaziyamu sulphate ndi kuchuluka kwa 20 gn ndi 10 l madzi. Potaziyamu imayambitsa kukula kwa adyo, kumathandiza madzi bwino, kumawonjezera chomera kukana chilala ndi tizirombo, kumapangitsa kuti chisanu chikhale cholimba.
Kusowa kwa potaziyamu sikutheka kokha ndi masamba a chikasu, komanso ndi mawonekedwe a mpweya wopsereza womwe uli pamphepete mwa tsamba - "m'mphepete yotentha". Kukula kosawerengeka kwa masamba n'kotheka, iwo amakhala ofooka ndi otsika.
Wood phulusa ndi othandiza ngati feteleza. Phulusa ndi fetashi wabwino ndi phosphate feteleza. Phulusa phulusa pang'onopang'ono (pa mlingo wa 100 g / m). Nthaka imapindula ndi zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa mineral zofunika pakulima.
Ndikofunikira! Garlic samalola kukhalapo kwa klorini. Choncho, ndi potaziyamu sulphate, osati potassium chloride, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati potaziyamu kuti idyetse kudya.
Matenda a adyo ndi masamba a chikasu
Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kumvetsa zomwe zikuchitika ndi chomera. Kufufuza mosamalitsa kungakuthandizeni kupeza chifukwa chenicheni chomwe masamba a adyo amatembenukira chikasu, ndi choti achite muzochitika zoterezi. Yesani kuyamba kuyang'anitsitsa momwe nthaka ikuyendera komanso kuyera kwabzala. Matenda a chilimwe adyo amaoneka ngati obiriwira pamdima, kenako masamba amasanduka achikasu. Malo a leaf amakhudza mutu wa adyo, kukhala pamenepo mpaka masika.
Matenda ambiri a adyo ndi awa:
Vuto loyera la adyo. Masamba a zomera zamasamba amatembenukira chikasu ndi kumira, mababu amavunda ndikuphimbidwa ndi yoyera nkhungu. Matendawa amapitirira mwamphamvu kwambiri mu kasupe wouma komanso pamene pali zakudya zosakwanira ndi nayitrogeni. Ngati adyo agwidwa ndi zovunda zoyera, zidzakhala zovuta kuchotsa bowa ili. Vuto la White likhoza kukhala m'nthaka kwa zaka zoposa 30 ndipo limakhala lolimbika kwambiri pa nyengo yozizira, yamvula. Vuto loyera limawoneka pansi pa masamba, pafupi ndi nthaka.
Masamba akuyamba kuchokera kumalangizo amatembenukira chikasu msanga. Zimayambira, mababu, kenako mizu imayamba kuvunda. Chipinda chimodzimodzi chimamwalira. Pa nkhope yonse ya adyo ovunda akhoza kuona fluffy white formations. Pofuna kuteteza adyo ku zoola zoyera, gwiritsani ntchito feteleza feteleza (mwachitsanzo, ammonium nitrate). Musaiwale za kuthirira nthawi zonse, makamaka pa nthawi yamvula.
Zosambira zowonongeka. Bowa ili liri pafupi dothi lonse, koma, monga lamulo, si vuto lalikulu ngati zomera sizifooka ndi zovuta zina. Kuda chikasu kumayamba ndi nsonga za masamba ndipo kumapita pansi. Matendawa amafanana ndi zovunda, koma adyo amatha pang'onopang'ono.
Chinyengo cha basal ndi chakuti sichikuoneka pamwamba pa nthaka mpaka adyosi amasanduka chikasu. Pa yosungirako, zowola zowonjezera zimapitiriza kuononga adyo yokolola. Atawona masamba asanatuluke, tsambulani mwamsanga matenda olepheretsa kufalikira kwa matendawa. Kutsekula m'mimba kwa kubzala zinthu ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo "Thiramu" idzakuthandizani polimbana ndi zowonongeka.
Mtundu wakuda wa adyo kapena asperillosis. Nkhungu yakuda imatengedwa kuti ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri. Chifukwa chachikulu cha maonekedwe ake ndi malo osayenera a kutentha. Makamaka matendawa amakhudza adyo wosapsa. Zomera zimakhala ndi maonekedwe oipa, mababu amakhala ofewa, ndipo masamba - achikasu.
Fusarium Matenda ena amodzi a adyo, omwe masamba amasanduka chikasu, ndi fusarium. Choyambitsa matendawa chimakhala ndi chinyezi kapena chinyezi. Poyamba kucha masamba amasanduka chikasu, kuyambira pamwamba kwambiri. Nthendayi imadziwonetsanso ngati mikwingwirima ya bulauni pa zimayambira. Pankhaniyi, m'pofunika kuti adyoze adyo ndi potassium permanganate.
Chobiriwira (buluu) kapena penicillus. Nkhungu imawoneka ngati zobiriwira zobiriwira pambali ya adyo. Kutenga kumapezeka mlengalenga ndipo kumakhudza kwambiri adyo oyambirira. Zomera pang'onopang'ono zimatembenuka chikasu ndikufa. Koma kawirikawiri nkhungu yobiriwira imakhudza adyo mutatha kukolola, chifukwa cha kusamala mosasamala. M'pofunika kuyendetsa adyo panthawi yosungirako ndikuchotsa ma clove oonongeka.
Downy mildew kapena perinospora. Fungasi imeneyi imakonda kuzizira, nyengo yamvula. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kukhala m'nthaka kwa zaka zambiri. Matendawa akhoza kufika mliri wambiri. Masambawa amadzazidwa ndi misozi yofiira ngati mame. Kukula pang'ono ndi kukula kwa mbewu. Masamba amatembenukira chikasu, nthawi zina amawongolera ndi kuwada. Achinyamata amafa. Kuteteza nthaka kuchokera ku peronosporoza amagwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (biofungicides).
Khosi (imvi) kuvunda. Katundu kapena kuvunda ndi imvayi ndiyo matenda omwe amapezeka komanso owopsa a adyo. Nkhumbayi imapulumuka m'nthaka ndipo imayambitsa adyo mvula yamvula.
Matendawa ndi ovuta kuyendetsa nyengo yamvula: mvula yambiri kapena ulimi wothirira mowa kwambiri ukhoza kuyambitsa chitukuko chake. Komanso khosi lovunda limadziwonetsera palokha nthawi yosungirako. Mizu yotembenuka, zimayambira ndipo zimakhala zofiira pakati pa mano ndizozizwitsa zowola khosi. Yesani kuyang'ana kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'nthaka komanso mozungulira kuzungulira adyo.
Garlic Rust. Matenda owopsa kwambiri a adyo, omwe masamba amasanduka chikasu, ndi dzimbiri. Kutenga kumachitika mlengalenga. Kutupa kumakonda kukondwa, nyengo yamvula (mkulu chinyezi). Mawanga ndi mawanga amawonekera pa masamba. Patapita nthawi, masamba amasintha lalanje ndi bulauni. Zotsatira zabwino zogonjetsa dzimbiri garlic amapereka mankhwala processing cloves musanadzalemo.
Musa wa adyo. Mbali zapakati pa mbeuyi zimadwala matendawa, zomwe zimachititsa kuti kuchepa kwakukulu. Masamba a chomera ali ndi malo obiriwira, achikasu kapena oyera.
Garlic Mosaic ndi matenda a tizilombo; Zimayambitsidwa ndi mavairasi osiyanasiyana omwe amafalitsidwa kudzera muzakolo. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, imbani mbewu zokhazokha. Chaka chilichonse, yesetsani kusinthira mbewuyi pafupifupi 30%.
Chizungu chamdima. Sikuti masamba onse a adyo ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV, ndipo momwe matendawa amakhudzira mbewu zimadalira zochitika kunja ndi msinkhu wa matenda. Zizindikiro za matenda ndi mzere wa chikasu pa masamba. Komanso, zimayambira kutembenukira chikasu, kupotoza ndi kupereka chomera kuyang'ana. Matendawa sapezeka ngati chomera chimayamba pang'onopang'ono. Njira zothetsera vutoli ndi njira yabwino kwambiri.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a adyo komanso momwe tingachitire ndi iwo
Garlic amamenyedwa ndi tizirombo zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimachulukitsa chikhalidwe chake ndikuyambitsa chikasu. Kapepala wa adyo kuchokera ku tizirombo zoopsa monga Sungani nematode, anyezi auluka, fodya, mzu mite.
Tsinde nematode. Matenda aakulu a adyo ndi tsinde la nematode. Kunja, awa ndi nyongolotsi zofiira zofiira, zomwe kutalika kwake ndi 1.5 mm. Koma, ngakhale kukula kwake kakang'ono, iwo amakana kwambiri, ndipo ndizosatheka kuthetsa. Zili zoopsa kwambiri moti zimatha kubweretsa chikhalidwe cha masamba kuti chiwume. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kawirikawiri timayambitsa nthaka yobiriwira. Mbewu sizingasonyeze zizindikiro zirizonse mu nyengo yozizira, koma mu nyengo yofunda mudzawona kuti masamba a adyo amasanduka chikasu msanga.
Zizindikiro za stem nematode:
- Masamba a garlic amadzala ndi mikwingwirima yaitali.
- Masamba ayamba kutembenuka chikasu, kupiringa ndi owuma.
- Kuchokera ku adyo kumabwera fungo losasangalatsa.
- Babu la adyo poyamba limamasulidwa, ndiye kwathunthu amawonongeka ndi rots.
Kuchokera ku matenda omwe ali ndi kachilombo ka HIV ayenera kukhala mwamsanga ndipo osadandaula kuchotsa - kukumba ndi kuwotcha kutali ndi munda. Apo ayi iwo adzadwala mizu yathanzi. Musayese kuchotsa tizirombo ndi mankhwala. Pankhaniyi, iwo alibe pake. Monga mankhwala opatsirana, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zitsamba (calendula, thyme, timbewu tonunkhira). Konzani zitsamba m'mphepete mwa mabedi komwe adyo imakula.
Mukudziwa? Nthaka yowonongeka ndi nematode imakhala yosayenera chifukwa chodzala mbewu za masamba ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka zambiri. Komabe, udzu wosatha ungafesedwe m'malo awa.
Anyezi auluka. Ndi ntchentche yamtundu wobiriwira, pafupifupi mamita 10 m'litali. Amaika mazira pansi pa masikelo apamwamba a adyo. Mphungu - mdani wamkulu wa kukolola adyo, amakhala ndi chilakolako chosakhutira. Yellow adyo m'malo mofulumira. Chomeracho chimachepa ndipo chimatha kufa. Kulimbana ndi anyezi othamanga mumayesetsani kusankha mbewu zokhazokha za kufesa, kusintha malo okufesa.Kusuta fodya. Thrips ali ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokongola kapena kofiirira (0,8-0.9 mm) ndi mapiko. Amakonda nyengo yozizira, yamvula. Komabe, mvula imatha kukhala yozizira pakati pa adyowa ndipo imatenga kachilombo ngati chiwindi chachikasu (chotchulidwa kale). Ngati mumakhala pamalo otentha, mungathe kuona mibadwo 10 ya tizirombozi m'dera lanu nthawi imodzi.
Thrips kuyamwa madzi mwachindunji kuchokera ku masamba a chomera. Chikhalidwe cha zizindikiro za kukhalapo kwa tizilombo timene timakhala tating'onoting'ono pa masamba a adyo. Masamba a masamba, atembenuke chikasu ndi owuma, kuyambira pamwamba. Thrips akupitiriza kuononga adyo komanso nthawi yosungirako. Pofuna kuteteza tizirombozi, tipezani zomera ndi mankhwala (tizilombo toyambitsa matenda) kapena tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Muzu Tiketi. Phiri, nkhuku ili ndi thupi laling'ono (0.7 mm) ndi miyendo 8. Nkhupakupa imatha kukhala mazira 800 pa nthawi. Watsopano wamkulu mizu mite amapangidwa mwezi umodzi wokha. Pamene mite imadyetsa adyo, mamba ya adyo imadzazidwa ndi fumbi lofiira, motero, masamba ndi adyo amakhala wouma.
Pofuna kuthana ndi mitsempha ya mizu, chitani mtundu wa disinfection m'chipinda chodzala mbeu (fumigation ndi sulfure dioxide kapena chloropicrin). Njirayi iyenera kuchitika m'chilimwe pamene nyumba yosungiramo katunduyo ilibe mfulu. Zonongeka ndi zinyalala zonse ziyenera kutenthedwa. Komanso musaiwale za kusintha malo okufesa komanso za kuyang'anitsitsa mbeu nthawi zonse musanabzala. Pa chizindikiro choyamba cha matenda, chotsani ndi kuwotcha mbewu.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kukolola bwino, musamabzalitse adyo kumalo omwe anyezi kapena mbatata anali atakula kale. Amadwala matenda omwewo monga adyo. Malo awa adzakhalanso oyenerera kubwerera patatha zaka zisanu zokha.
Polimbana ndi matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a adyo chimodzi mwazimenezi - Gwiritsani ntchito mbewu yokhayokha, yowonongeka. Kukula adyo ndi kophweka. Tsatirani malamulo ena a chisamaliro cha mbeuyi, ndipo mudzakhala ndi zokolola zambiri.
