Letesi yonyezimira yotchedwa Crispy ndizopangira zakudya zambiri. Ngati kale sitinagwiritse ntchito masamba, tsopano kukula kwa saladi mbewu ikuwonjezeka, ndipo zikuwonekera kwambiri pa tebulo lathu.
Ndipo ngati zonse zimadziwika ndi letesi yomwe ili ndi letesi, ena amavutika kuti ayankhe. Kwenikweni, letesi ndilofanana ndi letesi, ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zingakulire pa webusaiti yanu popanda mavuto.
Letesi: mafotokozedwe ndi zinthu zamoyo za letesi
Letesi, kapena saladi, - mtundu wa maluwa a banja la Astrovye, kuphatikizapo mitundu 147. Mwa izi, chakudya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito letesi, kapena letesi, mitundu ina ndi namsongole. Amakula padziko lonse lapansi.
Ichi ndi chomera chakale, choyamba kucha ndi taproot, masamba a sessile, madengu a yellow inflorescences ndi mbewu ya zipatso. Zizindikiro za ziwalozo (masamba kapena mitu) zimadalira zosiyanasiyana ndi letesi. Masamba a letesi amabwera mosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu, nthawi zina ndi mtundu wa anthocyanin.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika monga masamba a vitamini a saladi, masangweji, zakudya zopsereza komanso mbale zina. Letesi ili ndi katundu wothandiza kwambiri: kumapangitsa kudya ndi kudya, kumakhudza thupi pamene mukulemera kwambiri, mimba, kutopa, kuchepa kwa magazi. Kugwiritsa ntchito masamba, cabbages, unakhuthala zimayambira. Masambawa amadya mpaka chomera chimapanga tsinde, kenako zimataya kukoma kwawo. 
Letesi imadziwika ngati masamba, koma sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti chomerachi chimachiritsa. Kulowetsedwa kwa masamba atsopano kumagwiritsidwa ntchito monga sedative, antispasmodic, hypnotic, kuchokera ku madzi a letesi kukonzekera mankhwala odwala matenda a m'maganizo a matenda a mtima.
Mukudziwa? Dzina lachibadwa mu Latin (Lactuca) limachokera ku liwu lachilatini "mkaka" ("lac"). Pamene zimayambira ndi masamba a chomeracho awonongeka, amamasulidwa madzi oyera, omwe amatchedwa mutu.
Mitundu ndi mitundu ya saladi ya letesi
Letesi imayimilidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- Lactuca sativa var. secalina - tsamba la tsamba lomwe lili ndi masamba ambiri, ena ali ndi: Raspberry Ball, Levistro, Constance, Concord, Record, Little Krasny, Anthony, Rubett, Green Coral, Red Coral, Grenada, Kucheryavets Odessa.
Chiyukireniya chosiyanasiyana Chipale chofewa ndi kukula msinkhu (masiku 20-25). Zotsutsana ndi chilala, chinyezi chachikulu ndi kuzizira, zosagonjetsedwa ndi matenda. Kulima - 1.05-2 kg / sq. Yaikulu yamkati yopanda 30-35 masentimita pamwamba ndi 20-25 masentimita awiri ili ndi masamba 12-18. Masambawo ndi obiriwira, onse, otalika komanso ovunda, okongola. Chomeracho ndi kukongoletsera.
Golden Ball - Chiyukireniya sing'anga oyambirira (masiku 25-30). Mu chikwama chokwanira chokhala ndi awiri a 22-24 masentimita pali 10-14 lonse chikasu masamba a sing'anga makulidwe, wavy m'mphepete. Saladi ndi yokongoletsera, masamba onse amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chokongoletsera cha mbale.
- Lactuca sativa var. acephala - saladi yamapepala ndi masamba onse. Mitunduyi ndi yoyenera kukolola mofulumira: masamba akunja amadulidwa, masamba amkati (achinyamata) kukula. Maphunziro: Lollo Blonda, Lollo Rossa, Lollo bionda, Lollo Gorbi.
Lollo rossa - yotchuka mid-nyengo zosiyanasiyana (masiku 40-55), kukongoletsa kwambiri, kugonjetsedwa ndi bolting. Masamba ndi aakulu, obiriwira, ophimba, obiriwira obiriwira omwe ali ndi mbali yofiira. Zosiyanasiyana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa mabedi. Chomera chomera - 325 g, zokolola - 3.0 makilogalamu / sq. m
- Lactuca sativa var. capitata - kabichi saladi ndi masamba akuluakulu amphepete kapena amphesa. Msika ukuyimiridwa ndi mitundu Etti, Olzhich, Godard, Major, Senator, Laravera.
Olzhich - Chiyukireniya chimayambira mosiyanasiyana (masiku 40-46) ndi mutu wozungulira, wosakhwima mafuta obiriwira masamba. Zokolola za letesi - 2.5-3.2 makilogalamu / sq. m
- Lactuca sativa var. longifolia - saladi ya Roma (Roma), yomwe imadziwika ndi mutu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso mzere wa masamba.
Chiyukireniya chosiyana Skarb analengedwa chifukwa cha chisankho cha ku Spain Romana rorogorana ndi a Algerian Varte maraihere pa malo oyesera "Mayak" a Institute of Vegetable and Melon-growing, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. Zosiyanasiyana zolimbana ndi chilala. Saladi ili ndi mutu waukulu wooneka ngati msuzi, masamba ndi obiriwira, otsika, ovunda ndi obiriwira, ndi osalala. Kulemera kwa mutu wa letesi ndi 556.0 g. Nthawi yochokera kumera kupita ku kugulitsa ndi masiku 48. Zokolola za zosiyanasiyana - 3.2 makilogalamu / sq. m
- Lactuca sativa var. angustana (var. asparagina) - Tsinde (asperagus) letesi, lodziwika ndi nkhungu tsinde ndi yaitali, yopapatiza, yosalala masamba pamphepete. Chaka chilichonse chomera chokhala ndi kutalika kwa 60-120 masentimita. Chikhalidwe chosagonjetsa, mbewu zomwe zimayamba kukula pa kutentha kwa 2-5 ° C ndikupirira pang'ono chisanu. Zofesedwa kuyambira April mpaka June. Zovuta kulekerera chilala cha digiri iliyonse.
Mitundu yaku Chiyukireniya yosankha Pogonych Ali ndi zokolola zambiri komanso zabwino kwambiri. Kutalika kwa tsinde - 25-40 masentimita, masamba - masentimita 17, pamtunda 11 masamba. Masambawa ndi ofiira makulidwe, imvi-yobiriwira, yowirira, yowongoka. Mtundu wa tsinde - 310 g, masamba a rosettes - 750 g. Zokolola zobiriwira - 5,32 makilogalamu / sq. M, zimayambira - 2.18 kg / sq. m
Ndikofunikira! Mitundu yamakono yamakono ndi ogula mitundu ya letesi imagawanitsa mitundu yambiri ya mafuta ndi crispy kabichi, Rome lettuce (Romain), laisi lachilatini (udzu), shear ndi tsinde lachitsulo.
Kusankha malo ndi dothi
Letesi ndi yoyenera kulima pamalo otseguka ndi otetezedwa.
Saladi imamva bwino pa malo a dzuwa pamene palibe zida. Sikoyenera kudzabzala pafupi ndi masamba, omwe amapanga mthunzi wambiri.
Kwa letesi yabwino yachonde yopanda chonde, yopanda ndale kapena yochepa. Manyowa a feteleza sayenera kukhala apamwamba kwambiri. Letesi yobiriwira ikhoza kusonkhanitsa nitrate, kotero simukusowa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza feteleza.
Mukudziwa? Mankhwalawa amathira makilogalamu 5 pa munthu pa chaka. Anthu a ku Britain ndi a France akhala akuposa chiwerengero ichi, chifukwa chaka chomwechi chikudya 14 kg ndi 7 kg pamtundu uliwonse.
Ntchito yokonzekera musanafike
Kuchulukitsa chonde mu kugwa, kwanira kumwazika pa kompositi yovunda kapena manyowa (zidebe 1-2 pa 1 sq. M). M'chaka, kuwonjezeka kwa acidity m'nthaka kudzafuna liming. Pambuyo pa malo oyendetsa letesi ayenera kuyendetsedwa. Kufulumizitsa kumera ndi kuonjezera zokolola, mbewu zimatha kusinthidwa ndi kukula kokondweretsa. 
Makolo akale komanso malo ena okhala ndi zomera zina
Nyemba ndi tirigu zimaonedwa kuti ndizofunikira zowonjezera saladi. Anyezi, kabichi, radish ndi radish angathenso kukhala oyandikana nawo a letesi. Chomera choyamba chimayambitsa nsabwe za m'masamba, ndipo zina zonse zimapindulitsa pa saladi yokha, chifukwa imayimitsa utitiri wa dziko lapansi. Mukhoza kubzala saladi pafupi ndi strawberries, nandolo, nyemba, sipinachi.
Kubzala pafupi ndi dzungu (mbewu, nkhaka, mavwende, mavwende) amalola zomera izi kukula m'malo okolola a letesi. Mu August, letesi ingabzalidwe m'madera atatha kukolola kaloti, anyezi ndi adyo, ndi mbatata zoyamba.
Ndikofunikira! Letesi ikhoza kukhala chophatikizira cha tomato: idzalimangidwe ngati mawonekedwe oyandikana ndi mabedi a phwetekere, izi zidzakuthandizani kusunga malo ndi kupereka malo okongoletsera.
Kubzala mbewu za letesi
Saladi ndi mbewu yosazizira, imafesedwa m'masiku oyambirira a ntchito ya kumunda, kusiyana ndi radishes ndi kaloti. Zomera zimatha kulimbana ndi chisanu mpaka -2 ° С, ndipo zomera zokhwima zimatha kuima -5 ° С.
Tsamba la letesi likhoza kufesedwa mzere kapena kupitirizabe kufesa. Kuyala kwa letesi ya madzi yaing'ono kumachitika malinga ndi kachitidwe ka 20 x 20 cm, mbewu yonse-30 x 30 cm. Katsamba katsitsumzukwa kakabzalidwa pabedi ndi mtunda wa 25-30 cm pakati pa zomera ndi 50-60 masentimita pakati pa mizere. 
Kufesa mbewu poyera kumapangidwa muzitsulo ndi mamita 0,5 masentimita. Kukula kwa mbeu ndi 2-3 g / 10 lalikulu mamita. m Mbewu zimayenera kutsekula nthaka, mozizira - mozama, mpaka masentimita 1.5.
Ndikofunikira! Kuti mupeze saladi yatsopano nyengo yonse yachisanu, pesa saladi kuchokera pakati pa kasupe mpaka pakati pa chilimwe ndi nthawi ya masabata awiri. Kumayambiriro kwa autumn saladi imaphimbidwa usiku..Kuti agwiritse ntchito malo a munda kapena munda wamaluwa, kulima saladi kuthengo kungatheke m'njira ziwiri. Njira yoyamba ndikuyikidwa pamabedi osiyana. Chotsatira chake, mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri yothetsera malonda, sizowonjezera kuchepetsa zomera, zitunda ziyenera kukhala zowirira.
Njira yachiwiri ikuphatikizapo kuika saladi pakati pa zomera zina - zitsamba kapena masamba (mwachitsanzo, kaloti). Saladi ndi maluwa kapena maluwa ena adzawoneka bwino.
Ndi kukula kwa timapepala timene timatulutsa 3, mbewu zimapulidwa. Kupatulira kumachitika pakatha masabata awiri. Mitengo yowonjezera imadyedwa. 
Mukudziwa? Ku Scandinavia, zokolola 90 peresenti za letesi zimakula ndi njira ya hydroponics - kuika zomera pamalo osasunthika omwe mchere umatha.
Chisamaliro: zofunikira za zokolola zabwino
Saladi ndi chikhalidwe chomwe sichifuna miyeso yapadera ya kulima ndi kusamalira. Kuti mupeze zokolola zambiri, muyenera nthawi yake kumasula nthaka, kuchotsani namsongole ndi kuthirira letesi. Kuthirira kumachitika nthawi zambiri, koma mobwerezabwereza. Mu nyengo yowuma, muyenera kumwa kamodzi pa tsiku, nyengo yozizira - 2-3 pa sabata. Kupaka pamwamba sikuli koyenera, chifukwa letesi ndi chikhalidwe choyambirira.
Mukudziwa? Mayiko a ku Ulaya akupanga tani pafupifupi matani 3 miliyoni. Ogulitsa kwambiri ndi Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Spain. Mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi Spain.
Matenda ndi tizilombo ting'onoting'ono ta letesi
Ngati mabala a bulauni amaonekera pamunsi mwa masamba a letesi, omwe amafalikira mu tsamba la axils, zomwe zimayambitsa mutu, mapesi ndi masamba, saladi ikhoza kuthandizidwa. imvi zowola. 
Vuto loyera amawunikira mawanga a madzi, poyamba pa masamba, ndiyeno pa tsinde. Pamalo okhudzidwa a saladi amawonekera woyera scurf. Zinthu zomwe zimathandizira kuti chitukukocho chizizira ndi malungo (24-27 ° C) ndi chinyezi.
Masamba, zimayambira ndi mitu ya letesi zingakhudzidwe ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kutentha. powdery mildewPa nthawi imodzimodziyo, zomera zimachepetsa kukula ndi kukula.
Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumayambitsa chitukuko peronosporosis. Mbali yakumtunda ya masamba ili ndi mawanga osadziwika a kuwala kobiriwira ndi a chikasu, ndipo mbali ya pansiyi ili ndi white scoria ya mycelium. 
Zakudya zambiri m'nthaka zingayambitse mphepo yotentha - zowola, zimakhudza zomera zonse.
Pofuna kuteteza ndi kuteteza matenda, m'pofunika kuyang'anitsitsa kusinthasintha kwa mbeu ndi ulimi wa letesi pamalo omwewo kwa zaka zitatu. Mitengo yovulala ndi yodwala iyenera kuchotsedwa, ndipo zotsalira zotsalira pambuyo pake ziyenera kuwonongedwa. Sikoyenera kuchitira masamba ndi mankhwala; musanadzalemo, ndi bwino kuthirira nthaka ndi Bordeaux osakaniza kapena mkuwa sulphate (5 l / sq. M).
Tsinde la saladi Aphid amakhala m'madera ena a chomera, kuchititsa chomera kuti asiye kukula, masamba a curl ndi discolor. Kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa zimayenera kukonzekera decoction. Per lita imodzi ya madzi, tengani 0,5 makilogalamu a wosweka phwetekere masamba, kunena 5 maola, ndiye wiritsani pa moto wochepa kwa maola atatu. Kenaka, madziwo ayenera kuthiridwa ndi kunyezimira, kuwonjezera 5 g sopo, kuchepetsa 2 malita a madzi musanapopere. Kupanga bwino kumachitika masana. 
Pofuna kuthana ndi slugs pakati pa mabedi, misampha yodenga nsalu ndi slats zimatulutsidwa, tizilombo timayambira pansi pawo, ndipo amatha kusonkhana. Zopinga zowonongeka ndizitsulo zazing'ono zopangidwa ndi mandimu pamphepete mwa mabedi.
Ngati pali malo omwe mungakhale nawo a letesi kukula wireworms, Masabata awiri musanadzalemo, muzu wa mbewu monga mbatata, beets, kapena kaloti iyenera kuikidwa m'nthaka. Pamene tizirombo timakwera mmunda, zimathetsedwa.
Ndikofunikira! Mitundu ina, yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa saladi, si ya mtundu wa letesi: arugula, watercress, saladi ya chicory, sipinachi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, letesi si chikhalidwe chosiyana pakati pa zomera za saladi. Mazira a Iceberg, Oak Leaf ndi Batavia ndi mitundu yake.
Kukolola ndi kusungira zomera
Kukolola kwa mitundu yoyamba yakucha kumatulutsidwa masiku 40-50 mutatha kuphuka, pakati pa nyengo nyengo - pambuyo pa masiku 50-60, kutseka mochedwa - patatha masiku 70-80.
Ndibwino kuti tichotse letesi m'mawa pamene saladi yatsopano ndi yofiira. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuchita izi mutatha kuthirira, chifukwa cha chinyezi letesi ikhoza kuvunda. Letesi yamutu imatsuka monga kucha, posankha. Kuti mudziwe ngati letesi lakula, yesani pamutu ndi chala: ngati ndi lakuda, mukhoza kudula. 
Kuchokera ku letesi, kudula masamba kapena kuchotsa chitsamba chonse ndi mizu, zimadalira zosiyanasiyana. Sambani zitsamba, ngati simunakonzekere kugwiritsa ntchito mwamsanga, osapindulitsa.
Saladi imataya mwamsanga, kotero muyenera kutumiza ku malo osungirako mwamsanga. Mu galasi lotsekedwa kwambiri kapena pulasitiki, saladi ikhoza kusungidwa mufiriji kwa milungu iwiri. Pansi pa chidebe mungathe kuyika chophimba chopukutira kapena pepala, muyeneranso kuphimba masamba pamwamba.
Letesi ya kabichi imayikidwa pa zigawo ziwiri: pansi - pansi ndi pansi, pamwamba - pansi.
Mu letesi, mankhwala ochuluka kwambiri a nayitrogeni amapezeka mu zimayambira ndi masamba. Asanagwiritse ntchito, ayenera kuthira madzi. Izi zidzathandiza kusamba mpaka 20 peresenti ya nitrates.
Ngati mbewu yokolola silingathe kudyedwa nthawi yomweyo, zomera zimakumbidwa ndi dothi la nthaka ndikuzisunga.
Mukudziwa? Ku US, mafakitale amalonda a letesi amachitika mkatikati mwa mzindawo. Ku New York, malo obiriwira okhala ndi ndiwo zamasamba ali pamwamba pa denga la zipangizo zamakampani ndi zipinda.Kukula kwa letesi kumakhala ndi njira zophweka zaulimi. Pomupatsa zinthu zabwino, mumapeza zokolola zabwino zowonjezera kapena zogulitsa.
