Mukamera mbewu zonse ndi mitengo ya zipatso, feteleza ndi yofunika kwambiri. Zomera zambiri zimadalira zifukwa zingapo, koma kulemera kwa nthaka ndi kutali kwambiri ndi malo otsiriza. Imodzi mwa feteleza yotchuka komanso yothandiza ndi nitroammofoska - yovuta kwambiri feteleza yomwe imakhala ndi zigawo zitatu zothandiza: nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Nthawi zambiri, chidachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chisanadze kufesa kapena feteleza kwa mitundu yonse ya nthaka ndi mbewu zosiyanasiyana. Mwina njira yabwino kwambiri ya chernozem ndi imvi panthaka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zolembera ku nthaka pa ulimi wothirira, ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya nitroammofoski yotulutsidwa lero imathandiza kusankha feteleza payekha, kuganizira za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka ndi zosowa za mbewu zomwe zimakula pa iwo.
Komabe, pokamba za nitroammofosk, choyamba, muyenera kudzidziwitsa ndi makhalidwe ake, chifukwa popanda kudziwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito chidachi kungawononge zomera zanu mosavuta.
Nitroammofosk: kufotokoza komanso kupanga feteleza
Zomwe zili mu nitroammofosk (NH4H2PO4 + NH4NO3 + KCL) za zigawo zitatu zikuluzikulu (nayitrogeni, phosphorus ndi potassium), zomwe ndi zofunika kuti chomera chitukulire ndi kukula patsogolo pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za moyo, zimapangitsa chipangizochi kukhala chotchuka kwambiri pakalipano. Kwenikweni, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mozizwitsa monga chakudya cha foliar kwa mbewu za m'munda ndi munda.
Mukudziwa? Kuphatikiza pa nitroammofoski, mumsika wamakono mungapeze njira yofanana ya nitroammophos, ngakhale mutayang'ana bwino feteleza ndikuphunzira malangizo ake, zimakhala zomveka kuti izi ndizosiyana ndi mankhwala. Pachifukwa chomaliza, feteleza sichikhala ndi potaziyamu, ndipo chiŵerengero cha nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous chili chosiyana payekha (mwachitsanzo, A ndi 23% payekha, komanso m'kalasi B, 16% ndi nitrogen ndi 24% phosphorous).
Mu nitroammoposka, potaziyamu ndi nayitrojeni zimapangidwa mofanana ndi mankhwala osungunuka mosavuta, ndi phosphorous (pang'onopang'ono) monga mawonekedwe a dicalcium phosphate, omwe, ngakhale kuti sungununkhidwe m'madzi, amakhalabe osakwanira kwa zomera, ndipo mwina mwa madzi omwe sungunuka ammonium phosphate ndi mono-calcium phosphate. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kachipangizo kachipangizoka, kuchuluka kwa sulfure-sungunuka ndi phosphorous madzi akhoza kusinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, palibe phosphorous yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi mu carbonate nitroammophosca, chifukwa chake mtundu uwu wa feteleza ukhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga waukulu pamtunda wosakanizidwa.Ndikofunikira! Chofunika kwambiri pa nitroammofosca Ca (H2PO4) 2, yomwe imamasulidwa, imakhala yochuluka kwambiri mu asidi ya nitric, yomwe imalola kuti phosphorous imatuluke mwamsanga kuchokera ku mitundu yambiri ya m'magazi ndipo imatenga mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri kwa zakudya zamasamba (ichi ndicho chinthu chachikulu chofotokozera mlingo wa ntchito ya feteleza) .Musanazindikire momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito feteleza nitroammofosku, zidzakuthandizani kudziwa momwe zimakhalira. Choyamba, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti izi ndizosawonongeka, zomwe zimadziwika kuti palibe vuto lophulika ndi poizoni, ngakhale kuti nthawi yomweyo ndizovuta zowonongeka ndi zotentha kwambiri (kutentha kwa airgel ndi 490 ... +520 ° C). Pakati pa kutentha kwa + 900 ° C, nitroammophoska sichimachitika poyaka moto m'ng'anjo.
Kuwonjezera pamenepo, kuyimitsa mpweya sikukuphulika ndipo sikungowonongeka pamene imalowa mu coil yaukhondo (mpaka +1000 ° C). Nitroammofoska ndi ofooka oxidizing wothandizira, omwe nthawi yomweyo amatha kutentha zinthu zakuthupi paziwonetsero za kutentha za + 800 ... + 900 ° C. Umakhala wosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, ulibe ballast ndipo ukhoza kuphatikizapo zakudya zokwanira 55%. Choncho, powerenga zonsezi, n'zosavuta kuona kuti potaziyamu, phosphorous ndi nayitrogeni m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nitroammophoses ndi pafupifupi 51%, ndipo zonsezi zili mu mawonekedwe omwe zomera zimapezeka mosavuta ndipo zimaphatikizapo kwambiri. Kawirikawiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumakhala kusakaniza kwa feteleza wambiri.
Mukudziwa? Zinthu za Phosphorous (kupatula CaNH4PO4) zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito monga zakudya zowonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, dicalcium phosphate ndi imodzi mwa chakudya chodyetsa nkhuku ndi zinyama, ndipo phosphate imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi, komanso m'makampani (monga ufa wophika mkate).
Mbali za kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski m'munda chiwembu
Manyowa amchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino mu ulimi kwa zaka zopitirira khumi, koma amaluwa ambiri lerolino amadziwa nitroammofoska, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti zimathandiza nitrates kuti zisungidwe bwino mu mbewu yokolola. Kufika kwina kulikonse, chifukwa ngati feteleza iliyonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yowonjezera ya mbeu, ndiye kuti njira zamakono zidzakhalabe m'magazi ake. Komabe, ngati mwayimitsa nitroammofoski pasadakhale, nitrate yazitsamba muzakolola idzakhala mkati mwachindunji.
Mukudziwa? Nitrates zilibe mchere komanso feteleza, choncho, kusagwirizana ndi mlingo womwe umapangidwa ndi wopanga akhoza kuwononga masamba ndi zipatso kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito mchere wambiri.
Mtengo wa feteleza woterewu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, chifukwa chimadalira nyengo ya zomera, nthawi ya zakudya zina ndi mtundu wa nthaka. Mulimonsemo, ndibwino kuti muyang'ane ndi malangizo omwe musanagwiritse ntchito kuti muwerenge kuchuluka kwa nitroammofoski mukamagwiritsa ntchito, monga mbatata, tomato kapena mphesa. Manyowa omwe amadziwika (ang'onoang'ono) angagwiritsidwe ntchito pa feteleza ya masamba, zipatso ndi mabulosi (1-2 supuni ya granules amadzipiritsika mu malita 10 a madzi otentha, pambuyo pake pamapeto pake amapangidwa pambewu). Pambuyo pa kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski m'munda wam'munda, onetsetsani kuti mumwa madzi omwe amachiritsidwa bwino ndi njira yoyendetsa madzi, chifukwa ngakhale mochepetsetsa nitroammofoska, mwachindunji mapulogalamuwa amachititsa kuti mbewuzo zikhale zoopsa.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nitroammofoski monga mawonekedwe a feteleza kwa mbewu zowonongeka, makamaka pogwiritsira ntchito zidazo kuti zikhale ndi ubwino wa tomato, zimachiritsa zomera: zimadwala pang'ono ndizu komanso zimayambira zowola, nkhanambo, ndi phytophthora. Komabe, n'zotheka kuwadyetsa ndi feteleza osati kawiri pa nyengo, nthawi yoyamba yomwe NPK imalimbikitsidwa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito 16:16:16, ndipo nthawi yachiwiri - kudyetsa nthawi ya zipatso (muyiyi ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi potaziyamu wambiri zolemba). Izi zimayambitsa kupanga shuga, zomwe zimapangitsa chipatso kukhala chokoma kwa kukoma.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito nitroammofosku: chikhalidwe cha feteleza kwa zomera zosiyanasiyana
Monga momwe mukugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala ena, musanayambe feteleza tomato, mbatata kapena horticultural mbewu ndi nitroammophotic, nthawi zonse werengani malangizo oti mugwiritse ntchito. Ngakhale kuti chida chomwecho chili ndi chiŵerengero chokhazikika cha zigawo zikuluzikulu (potassium, nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous), nthaka ndi zofunikira za zomera zomwe zimakhalapo nthawi zonse, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyenera kusintha ndondomeko ya mchere poonjezeranso kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza zosavuta.
Pogwiritsira ntchito mlingo wa m'munsi, zomera sizidzakhala ndi zinthu zina zomwe zidzatengera kusamba kwa nyengo ndi kuchepa kwa khalidwe lake. Kumbali inayi, musadwale, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa zakudya zimatha kuwononga mbewu yonse. Inde, chiwerengero cha nitroammofoski kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito m'munda ndi m'munda chidzakhala chosiyana, komanso mitundu ya feteleza idzakhala ndi maonekedwe awo.
Ntchito m'munda
Kawirikawiri nitroammofosku imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu horticulture monga feteleza chachikulu nthawi yomweyo musanadzalemo zomera pansi (momwe chiwerengero cha chiwerengerocho chimadalira mtundu wa mbeu). Ndilibwino kwa nthaka yamtundu uliwonse, koma imakhala yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri panthaka yakuda ndi sierozem.
Ndikofunikira! Kulowera kwa feteleza kulowa m'nthaka yachonde, m'nthaka yolimba imakhala pang'onopang'ono, chifukwa cha nthaka yakuda ndi kugawa kwa tirigu wolemera kwambiri ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a granular yokonzekera. Kwa dothi lowala, nthawi yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski ndi kuyamba kwa masika.Masiku ano, opanga ambiri amapanga nitroammofosk, ndipo chiwerengero cha mchere chimasiyana malinga ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wogulitsa. Choncho, pamene mukugula mankhwala enaake, onetsetsani kuti mukuwerenga malangizo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi kubwezeretsanso malamulo omwe akuyenera, kuti agwiritse ntchito moyenera kunthaka komanso kuntchito ya foliar.
Mitengo yosiyana imakhala ndi mchere wosiyana siyana, kotero popanda kulingalira chiŵerengero cha zakudya, mukhoza kulakwitsa pa mlingo. Kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski kawirikawiri, chiwerengero cha ntchito za mbewu zosiyana ndi izi: mbatata, tomato ndi mbewu zina za masamba - 20 g pa 1 mamita (kapena mabowo 4); kubzala - 6-7 g pa 1 mamita, ndipo musanadzalemo zitsamba ndi mitengo ya zipatso mumbewu mudzafunikira 60-300 g ya feteleza, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamzu, musanayambe kusakanikirana ndi nthaka kuchokera mu dzenje.
Ndikofunikira! NdipoZomwe zimathandiza kuti manyowa a manyowa ndi nitroammophoska ndi ofunika komanso chifukwa chofunika kuti mbeuyi ikhale ndi zakudya zowonjezera. Mvula ndi kusungunuka madzi pafupifupi zimawononga nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu m'nthaka, ndipo onse tomato ndi mbewu za mtundu wolimba ndipo amafuna zambiri za mchere.Mbewu zina za mabulosi (mwachitsanzo, currants kapena gooseberries), imodzi chitsamba nkhani 65-70 g ya chinthu, pamene mbewu zina mabulosi (raspberries kapena mabulosi akuda) safuna kuposa 35-40 g pa 1 m². Mitengo yayikulu ya zipatso imadyetsedwa ndi nitroammofosca pamlingo wa 70-90 g pa mtengo (fetereza imasakanikirana ndi nthaka ndipo imaphatikizidwa ku thunthu la mtengo). Kwa feteleza strawberries ndi strawberries, 40 g wa nitroammofosca amwazikana pamwamba pa nthaka, pansi pa chitsamba, ndipo kuthirira feteleza raspberries kuchuluka kwake kumawonjezeka kufika 50 g pamtunda wa mpata.
Ntchito m'munda
Ngati mitengo yomwe ili m'munda wanu imakula pa dothi lokoma, ndiye kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski ndi njira yabwino yoperekera. Mitengo ya zipatso, ndi okwanira kuwonjezera 40-50 g ya zomwe zikugwiritsidwa ntchito pa 1 mamita okwanira kapena 4-5 makilogalamu zana lalikulu mamita ku mtengo wa mtengo. Mitundu ina ya dongo (dothi, lolemera, ndi kusowa kwa zinthu zina), ndiye simungathe kuchita ndi nitroammophoska yekha. Pachifukwa ichi, feteleza mitengo ya zipatso ndi nitroammofoska idzabweretsa zotsatira zokha kuphatikizapo feteleza ena kapena ndi zina zowonjezeredwa za zinthu zosowa. Zomera zobiriwira (birch, mkungudza, larch, mapulo, mthethe, hornbeam, beech, msondodzi, mbalame yamatcheri) nitroammophoska ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chovala chapamwamba, chifukwa sichimabala zipatso.
Wokonda nayitrogeni, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous ndi mphesa. Kuyesedwa kosalekeza kwatsimikizira kuti munthu wokhala kummwera uyu akukula bwinobwino pakatikati. Komabe, kukula kwathunthu ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndizotheka kokha panthawi yake feteleza wa chomera ndi zonse mchere ndi organic zowonjezera. Mukamadyetsa mphesa, nitroammophoska imagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana ndi muzu komanso foliar pamwamba, koma mulimonsemo, mosamala mosamala malangizowa musanayambe kukonzekera. Muzowonjezeramo ziyenera kusonyezedwa momwe mungasungunulire nitroammophoka m'madzi kuti ikhale ndi zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, mukamapereka mapepala akudyetsa, NPK iyenera kuchepetsedwa m'madzi pa mlingo wa supuni 2 za mankhwala pa 10 malita a madzi.
Ntchito ya mitundu
Feteleza nitroammofoska inali yodabwitsa kwambiri moti yapeza ntchito yake ku floriculture, kumene imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Palibe munda ungakhoze kuchita popanda zomera zokongola izi, koma kuti iwo akusangalale inu mu chilimwe ndi maonekedwe owala ndi obiriwira, nkofunikira kuti muwapatse chakudya chabwino. Izi zikhoza kuchitidwa pothandizidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi komanso pogwiritsa ntchito feteleza mchere. Makamaka, nayitroammofoska ndi yabwino kwa feteleza maluwa (zomwe zimapangidwira zimadzipangidwira kapena zimayambika mu nthaka yonyowa kwa 2-4 masentimita), koma zimangokhala kuti sizikugwirizana ndi mizu ya mtundu. Anapangidwira thupi mofanana ngati feteleza mphesa.
Kutentha kwa maluwa kumakhala bwino panthawi yopuma. Mu nthawi ya masika idzakhala ngati gwero la zinthu zofunika kuti pakhale chitukuko, ndipo pofika m'dzinja iwo adzabwezeretsa zinthu zothandiza, motero kukonzekera chitsamba m'nyengo yozizira.
Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito nitroammofoski
Mofanana ndi feteleza ina iliyonse, nitroammofosk sichidziwika ndi mbali zokhazokha, kotero n'zosadabwitsa kuti pali zovuta zina kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito. Inde, iyi ndi feteleza yothandiza kwambiri, koma nthawi zina imakhudza kwambiri zomera, zomwe zimafuna kusamalira mwaluso. Panthaŵi yomweyi, malembawa ndi othandiza kwambiri moti wamaluwa ambiri samangoyang'ana zowonongeka.
Choncho, mphamvu za nayitroammofoski ziyenera kuphatikizapo:
- Kuchulukanso kwa 100% kwa chiwerengerocho, chomwe chimasungidwa nthawi yonse yodalirika (ma granules sagwirana pamodzi panthawi yosungirako nthawi yaitali);
- mchere wambiri, ndi gawo limodzi la zowonjezera zokwana 30 peresenti ya misala;
- nthaka yochepetsera pang'ono poyerekeza ndi njira imodzi yokha;
- Kukhalapo kwa zitsulo zonse zokhazikika zitatu mu granule imodzi;
- kusungunuka kwakukulu m'madzi;
- Zokolola zimakula ndi 30-70% (ngakhale kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewu izi ndizofunika kwambiri).
- chikhalidwe cha nitroammofoski;
- kuyambitsa mapangidwe a nitrates m'nthaka;
- Kukhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala zoopsa kwa anthu (kuphatikizapo, zimakhala zosawotcheka komanso zimawononga);
- zochepa zamapulatifomu moyo.
Chimene chingalowe m'malo mwa nitroammofosku feteleza analogues
Nitroammofoska siyo yokha yamtundu wake, ndipo pali mankhwala angapo omwe ali ofanana kwambiri.
"Chibale" chapafupi kwambiri cha nitroammofoski ndi azofoska - feteleza ya magawo atatu, omwe, kuphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimayendera (potaziyamu, nitrogen ndi phosphorous), sulfure imapezedwanso. Zina zonse za nitroammophoska ndi azofoska zimakhala zofanana, osati zolemba zokha komanso zotsatira za zomera. Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti chiwerengero cha zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha mankhwalawa chimadalira mtundu wa mankhwala.
Ammophoska - amasiyana ndi feteleza ena kuchokera ku chigawochi ndi kukhalapo kwa magnesiamu ndi sulfure yowonjezera mu zolemba (zosachepera 14% za zonsezo). Palinso kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa feteleza pamtunda ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zidazo mu nthaka yotsekedwa. Palibe sodium ndi klorini mu ammonium phosphate, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ballast zinthu kumachepetsedwa.
Nitrophoska - ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana a NPK, koma imathandizidwanso ndi magnesium. Zimataya kangapo ku nitroammofosca pamapeto pake, ndipo nayitrojeni imapezeka mwa iyo yokha ya nitrate yomwe imasambidwa mosavuta m'nthaka, ndipo zotsatira za feteleza pa mbeu zimataya mwamsanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mitundu iwiri ya nayitrogeni imapezeka mu nitroammofosk - ammonium ndi nitrate. Mtundu wachiwiri umatulutsa nthawi ya feteleza.
Nitroammophos ndi yemweyo nitrophosphate (yomwe ili ndi NH4H2PO4 + NH4NO3), yomwe ndi dibasic element. Komanso, kusiyana kwake ndikuti potassium siipo mu nitrophosphate, yomwe imalepheretsa ntchito yake.
Monga mukuonera, nitroammofosk ndi fetereza ya ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimayenerera bwino tomato ndi mbewu zina za masamba, mitengo ya zipatso, zitsamba ndi maluwa.
