Mbeu zathanzi ndizomwe zimathandizira kukolola zochuluka kwa tomato. Ndipo popeza ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu, osiyanasiyana pamitundu yambiri yothandiza, kuchuluka kwa zipatso zoyambirira komanso zokoma, kulondola kwa mbande za phwetekere ndikofunikira kwambiri.
Ambiri okhala chilimwe chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chidziwitso komanso chidziwitso chofunikira nthawi zambiri amalakwitsa pakupeza kapena kukulira mbande. Zomwe zimasokoneza kukula kwa mbewu ndikupanga zipatso.
Mukamagula mbande zachikulire, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuyesa kuti ndi yabwino bwanji. Kuwala kwa unyinji wobiriwira nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chinyengo. Anthu omwe amasankha kubzala tomato ndi manja awo amapeza mwayi wosankha payekha mbeu zofunika.
Madeti obzala tomato kwa mbande
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tomato imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:
- kupsa koyambirira - kuyambira 90 mpaka masiku 100;
- nyengo yapakatikati - kuyambira 110 mpaka masiku 120;
- kucha mochedwa - mpaka masiku 140.
Kucha nthawi kumasonyezedwa phukusi. Kuti mudziwe tsiku lakufikira, onjezerani kwa masiku 10-15. Nthawi iyi ndiyofunikira kuti chikhalidwe chisinthidwe. Mukamawerengera, muyenera kuyang'ana pazilingaliro za olima odziwa zamaluwa ndi omwe akupanga mbewu. Mukamasankha mitundu yoyenera, muyenera kuganizira nyengo.
Madeti amalo osiyanasiyana
| Dera | Tomato wotseguka | Tomato kwa wowonjezera kutentha |
| Kummwera, Kumpoto Caucasian | Pakati pa dzinja. | Mapeto a Januware. |
| Belarus, dera la Volga | Hafu yachiwiri ya Marichi. | Chiyambiriro cha masika. |
| Chapakati, Kumpoto chakumadzulo | Mapeto a Marichi. | Pakati mwezi woyamba wamasika. |
| Ural | Kuyamba kwa Epulo. | Mapeto a Marichi. |
Siberia ndi Far East |
Chofunikira china ndi tsiku lotulutsidwa. Kuti mukwaniritse kumera bwino, ndikofunikira kugula mbewu zofesedwa zaka 2 zapitazo.
Kukonzekera dothi kufesa mbewu za mbande
Tomato samakula bwino pama dothi acidic. Kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwa pH, amawonjezera laimu, ma superphosphates kapena feteleza wachilengedwe. Chithandizo cha dothi chimayamba masiku 7-10 asanabzalidwe. Dziko lapansi limatulutsidwa ndi potaziyamu permanganate. Dothi logwiritsiridwa ntchito kufesa tomato liyenera kutenthetsedwa. Izi zitha kuchitika mu uvuni kapena kusenda mumadzi osamba.
Akatswiri amalimbikitsa kuti atenge malo pamalo pomwe mbande zidzabzalidwe pambuyo pake. Izi zikuthandizira kusintha kosinthika. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito gawo logulidwa, njira yolumikizira imachedwetsedwa.
Pali zosankha zambiri zosakanikirana ndi dothi, pakati pawo nyimbo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi izi:
- peat, mullein, dziko la turf;
- utuchi wosenda, mullein, peat;
- turf kumtunda, peat, humus.
Zina zomwe zimaphatikizapo: mchenga wamtsinje, urea, ammonium nitrate, potaziyamu sulfate, superphosphate, phulusa, potaziyamu mankhwala ena.
Kutsatira nthaka yogulidwa, muyenera kuwona zotsatirazi:
- Chosakaniza chachikulu mu chisakanizo cha dothi ndi peat. Kuphatikizikako kumadziwika ndi kuchepa kochepa komanso acidity yayikulu.
- Kuti mupeze zotulukapo zabwino, muyenera kusakaniza malo omwe mwapeza ndi gawo lazophatikiza ndi michere.
- Kuchepetsa acidity, choko chophwanyika kapena ufa wa dolomite ungagwiritsidwe ntchito.
- Feteleza wa potashi kapena nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito musanabzike.
Akasinja
Pa gawo loyamba, phwetekere imabzalidwa m'bokosi laling'ono. Pambuyo poti mbewuzo ziziikidwa mu makapu osiyana. Ndondomeko zimatengera zomwe amakonda munthu wokhala mchilimwe, malo omasuka komanso kuchuluka kwa mbande.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba, mbewu zimatha kukhala m'matakata omwe kale anali ndi msuzi kapena mkaka. Kupanga chidebe sichitenga nthawi yambiri. Mukatola, mbande ziyenera kuyikidwa muzotengera zazikulu. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndi miphika yapakatikati. Zina mwa zophophonya zawo zimawonetsera mtengo wokwera ndi kufunikira kwa malo ambiri aulere. Kuzama kwa kotala sikuyenera kukhala ochepera 8 cm.
Kukonzekeretsa mbewu kuti mubzale
Kuti muchotsere zochuluka, mbewu ziyenera kuyeretsedwa. Kuti muchite izi, tsatirani zoyambira zina:
- Mbewu zimayikidwa mu cheesecloth.
- Konzani njira yothetsera matenda. Kuti mumwe madzi, 2.5 g ya potaziyamu permanganate amatengedwa mu kapu imodzi ya madzi ofunda.
- Ikani mbewu mmenemo. Amasiyidwa kumeneko kwa theka la ola (osatinso).
- Ndasambitsa mbewu za phwetekere ndi madzi.
- Chitani kuyanika kwawo.
Mu gawo lotsatira, tomato wosankhidwa amatumphuka. Kuti tichite izi, zimayikidwa pa pulasitiki ya pulasitiki. Monga poyimira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito sosi wamba. Mbewu zimayikidwa mu thumba la pulasitiki kapena pepala. Mulimonsemo, ayenera kutetezedwa ku dzuwa. Popewa kupukuta, mbeu imanyowa nthawi zonse. Mbewu zomwe sizinaphuke sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti zibzalidwe.
Kuti muwonjezere kumera, zophatikiza zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (Epin, Zircon kapena ena). Zilowerereni kwa mphindi 30. Zithandizo za Folk zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito (uchi, aloe madzi - 1 tsp pa 200 g).
Kusamalira mbande kunyumba
Mabokosi a tomato nthawi zambiri amaikidwa pazenera za dzuwa. Gome pansi pazomwezi sizingatheke kugwira ntchito. Ngati ndi kotheka, mutha kupanga zomangamanga zowunikira zowonjezera.
Mbande zimafunikira kudyetsa nthawi zonse, kuthirira, kutola, kuumitsa, mpweya wabwino. Pambuyo pofika poyera, mndandanda wazinthu zokhudzana ndi agrotechnical umathandizidwa ndi hill ndikupanga chitsamba.
Zinthu zikukula
| Choyimira | Mkhalidwe |
| Malo | Mawindo ayenera kukhala kumwera, kumwera chakumadzulo kapena kumwera chakum'mawa. |
| Kuwala | Mukabzala mbande m'miyezi yoyamba ya masika, imapatsanso mitsinje yokwanira ya ultraviolet. Ngati palibe kuwala kokwanira, gwiritsani zojambulazo, magalasi, nyale za diode, phytolamp. |
| Njira yotentha | M'masiku oyambirira - mpaka 20 ° C, nthawi yonseyo - kuyambira 18 mpaka 22 ° C. Usiku, kutentha kumayenera kukhala madigiri angapo. |
| Kuthirira | Pasakhale madzi ambiri. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi kumabweretsa kudontha kwa nthaka, kuzungulira kwa mizu, kukulitsa matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi. Mbeu zimafunika kuthiriridwa ndi madzi, kutentha kwake komwe kumasiyana kuchokera pa 25 mpaka 30 ° C. Ndondomeko ziyenera kuchitika pokhapokha dothi likawuma. M'magawo omaliza, kuthirira kuyenera kukhala tsiku ndi tsiku. |
| Mavalidwe apamwamba | Feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi yake. Chovala chapamwamba choyamba chimachitika pamaso pa masamba oyamba. Lachiwiri limachitika patadutsa milungu iwiri chitatsika pansi pamadzi. Zovuta zimapangidwa, malinga ndi nthaka. |
Kutola mbande
Masamba oyamba amakula pachitsime patatha masiku 7-10. Kufunika kosankha kumakhala ngati nzika yachilimwe itabzala mbewu zambiri m'bokosi limodzi. Kutengera ndi zofunikira, woyambayo akhoza kusiyidwa. Njira yachiwiri ikuchitika masabata awiri mutabzala. Nthawi imeneyi, mbande zimasunthidwa m'makapu, voliyumu yomwe imaposa 200 ml. Potere, amatsogozedwa ndi njira yosavuta: chomera chimodzi chimafunikira 1 litre ya dothi.
Zikumera zimasulidwa kuchoka pachidebe china kupita kwina pamodzi ndi nthaka. Mosiyana ndi chikhulupiriro chodziwika bwino, kudina pakatizu ndi koletsedwa. Kupanda kutero, chitukuko cha chikhalidwe chizachedwa sabata limodzi.
Ngati chomera chikatsalira m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, zokolola zimachepa kwambiri.
Mmera kuumitsa
Chifukwa cha njira ya agrotechnical iyi, tomato azitha kulolera pazovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kutentha, kuwala kwadzuwa mwachindunji komanso kusanja kolimba. Kusamalira kumayambira masiku 15 musanachitike kumuika. Kuyendetsa koyamba sikutenga maola opitilira 2. Kutalika kwa njira zotsatirazi kukuchulukirachulukira. Pamapeto omaliza, mbewu zamatayala zimatengedwa kupita panja. Nthawi imeneyi, kutalika kwa mbande ndi pafupifupi 35 cm.
Tikukula pang'onopang'ono kumachitika mozungulira June, mu wowonjezera kutentha pang'ono koyambirira. Pofika nthawi ino, masamba akuluakulu, masamba akuluakulu amapanga kale phwetekere. Pali ma tekinoloji awiri obwera: osakhazikika komanso opingasa. Njira yotsirizayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazomera zomwe zili ndi mizu yamphamvu. Musanafikire, muyenera kukumba mabowo akuya. Mphukira zimasunthira mkati mwawo maenje okonzekera atatha. Pakuyenera kukhala ndi masentimita osachepera 30 pakati pa mphukira. Mothandizidwa ndi zoterezi zimathandizira pa ntchito yakucha kwa tomato.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta mbande
Kusamalira bwino zikumera, chiopsezo cha matenda ndi chochepa. Chifukwa chake, pamene zizindikiro zikuwoneka, njira ya ntchito zaulimi iyenera kupendedwa.
| Tizilombo / matenda | Zizindikiro | Kuthetsa |
| Mwendo wakuda | Mdima ndi kuwonda kwa tsinde, kufa mwachangu kwamasamba. Zimachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa madzi ozizira komanso kubzala wandiweyani. | Palibe chithandizo, mbewu zomwe zakhudzidwa ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Nthaka yopewera imakhetsedwa ndi yankho la potaziyamu permanganate. Nthambi zathanzi zimasinthidwa kukhala dothi loyera. |
| Mawonekedwe oyera | Malo owala amawonekera pamasamba. Popita nthawi, amada. | Fungicides amagwiritsidwa ntchito, Ridomil Gold ndi osakaniza a Bordeaux amawerengedwa pakati pawo. |
| Fusarium wilt | Zimayambira zimayipa kwambiri. Chomera chimaleka kukula ndikufota. Masamba amapotoza ndikugwa. | Mbande zodwala sizingathe kupulumutsidwa. Popewa kuwonongeka kwina, zikumera zimathandizidwa ndi Fitosporin-M ndi Trichodermin. |
| Mose | Zonsezi zimayamba ndi kusintha kwa masamba kwamasamba. Kenako amwalira. | Zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimachotsedwa. Popewa, yankho la urea (3%) limafunikira. |
| Maonekedwe a bulauni | Chizindikiro choyamba ndi mawanga achikaso. Pambuyo pake, mbewuyo imafota, ndipo masamba ake amafota. | Gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala okhala ndi mkuwa. Pa mndandanda wa mankhwala othandiza kwambiri ndi Bordeaux fluid ndi Hom. |
| Zopatsa | Zingwe zofanana ndi kulumidwa zimawonekera pazomera. | Mbande imafunika kuthiridwa mankhwala ndi Fitoverm, Actellik ndi kulowetsedwa kwa adyo. |
| Ma nsabwe | Zowonongeka kumunsi kwamasamba masamba. |
A Dachnik akuchenjeza: zolakwitsa mukamamera mbande
Kukula tomato sikufuna ndalama zambiri. Popanda chidziwitso, mavuto otsatirawa akhoza kuchitika:
- kuchuluka kwakumera kwa mphukira - kuwala kosakwanira kwa dzuwa;
- misa kugwa kwa mbande - wandiweyani kufesa;
- Kuchepetsa kukula kwa mbande - kutentha kosiyana;
- kusintha mumithunzi yamasamba - njala ya nayitrogeni, kuyatsa kochepa;
- kufota msanga ndi imfa - chinyezi chambiri kapena chokwanira.
Kukula tomato, wokhala m'chilimwe ayenera kukhala ndi luso.
Asanabzala, chisamaliro chikuyenera kutengedwera pamalopo ndi mbewu. Pogula mbande, muyenera kulabadira zomwe zili ndi mizu. Kutengera ndi zikhalidwe zonse komanso zofunikira, tomato watsopano amapezeka patebulo kumapeto kwa June.
