Matenda a mpendadzuwa, komanso tizirombo, zimayambitsa mavuto aakulu ku chuma. Chifukwa cha matenda a mpendadzuwa, zokolola zimachepa kangapo kapena kufesa kwathu kumatha. Choncho, chidziwitso chomwe chingathandize kusiyanitsa matenda akuluakulu a mpendadzuwa ndikudziwitsanso kuti kuyesetsa kulimbana nawo ndikofunika pakukula mbewu za mpendadzuwa.
Ndikofunikira! Matenda owopsa ndi owopsa a mpendadzuwa ndi powdery mildew (makamaka mbande), broomrape, fomoz.
Mmene mungachiritse mpendadzuwa kuchokera kuvunda lakuda
Gray zowola - izi ndi pamene mphukira ya mpendadzuwa imatha kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba. Matendawa ndi otheka pa nthawi iliyonse ya chitukuko - kuchokera kuphulika kumene kumabala mpendadzuwa. Chinyezi chimathandiza kuti chitukukocho chiwonjezeke, monga matendawa ndi fungal, ndipo pafupifupi onse bowa (koma paliponse) amakonda chinyezi. Ndi imvi yovunda, tsinde limaphimbidwa ndi maluwa achikasu, omwe pamapeto pake amafiira, ndipo kenako sclerotia (madontho akuluakulu) a mtundu wakuda amaoneka pamwamba. Pachifukwa ichi, masamba otsika amauma pa tsinde, ndipo apamwamba amayamba kufuna.
Kugonjetsedwa kwa mycosis mu nyengo yokolola kumapita ku kapu ndipo kumakhala ndi mafuta oundana komanso mdima wandiweyani m'dengu, ndipo patatha masiku 8-12 sclerotia amapezeka mu mbewu. Kuletsa kayendedwe ka zowola: Kusungira mbewu kusinthasintha ndi kupewa kuwonongeka mwa kuvala musanabzala mbewu, mwachitsanzo, ndi TMTD mu msinkhu wa 80%. Kuonjezera apo, mankhwala opatsirana pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa atatha kumera ndipo asanafike msinkhu amayamba ndi mankhwala otsatirawa: Vesuvius, Glyphos super, Dominator, Clinic Duo, Chistopol, ndi zina zotero.
Matenda a zowola woyera mu mpendadzuwa
Mpendadzuwa amadwala nawo panthawi iliyonse ya kukula. Matendawa amadziwika ndi mapangidwe a thonje lamtundu wa thonje kapena wofiira m'munsi mwa tsinde ndi mizu, malo okhudzidwawo amakhala ofiira kwambiri.
Tsinde pazu limachepetsa, kuswa, masamba amafalikira, mpendadzuwa amafa. Koma ikhoza kuthana ndi tsinde lopanda mizu - pakali pano, kuvunda kofiira kumaonekera pakati pa tsinde, lomwe limangoyambira pakati. Mtundu wambiri wa kuvunda woyera ndi pamene matendawa akukula mu nyengo yakucha ya mpendadzuwa. Ndiye nsalu zofiirira zimapangidwa m'basiketi, zophimbidwa ndi thonje loyera, monga pachiphuphu ndi mapangidwe a sclerotia. Ndipo panthawi ina, mbewu zimatuluka ndipo mmalo mwa baskiti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imakhala ndi zingwe.
Mankhwalawa sakuchitika, zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa zimawonongedwa. Ndipo njira yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi zovunda zoyera - kuteteza kwake. Kwa ichi, onse agrotechnical miyeso ya kukula kwa mpendadzuwa, mbewu kuvala musanafesa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwala monga zomera zimakula ndi zofananazo monga imvi zowola zimachitika.
Njira zothandizira broomrape pa mpendadzuwa
Kuwombera kwa mpendadzuwa (kumtunda) ndi udzu wokolola wa mbewu, chifukwa cha mavitamini-namsongole amawononga mpendadzuwa, kuchotsa zakudya ndi chinyezi kuchokera pamenepo.
Matenda a mpendadzuwa, monga broomrape, amadziwika ndi kumera kwa mbewu zobiriwira mu mizu ya mpendadzuwa ndi mawonekedwe a haustoria - njira monga mawonekedwe omwe amamwa kuchokera ku chomera ndikudya mmalo mwake mchere ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapangidwira. Kupewa ndi chithandizo cha broomrape - kubzala mbewu pafupi ndi mpendadzuwa zomwe sizingamvetsetse udzu wathanzi - chimanga, soya, fulakesi ndi kufesa mitundu ya mpendadzuwa yomwe imatsutsana ndi udzu wa parasitic. Izi zimathandiza kupewa matenda a mizu ya mpendadzuwa.
Mukudziwa? Mitundu ina ya Arakar, Belgrade, Jazi, Dniester, Emperor, Leila, Neom, Sanay, Tristan, Fragment, Khortytsia ndi opambana kwambiri ndi broomrape.
Komanso njira yabwino yotsutsana ndi broomrape ndi ntchentche ya phytomiza, mphutsi zomwe zimadya mbewu za broomrape ndipo zimamasulidwa mwapadera pa maluwa otetezeka a namsongole wamsongole.
Downy mildew
Mpukutu wa mpendadzuwa, wothandizira kwambiri wa bowa, sikuti nthawi zambiri amathira mbewu. Zowonjezereka ndi powdery powdery mildew wa mpendadzuwa, womwe umatsutsanso ndi bowa. Matendawa amapezeka kumayambiriro ndi kumapeto kwa kukula kwa mpendadzuwa. Pachiyambi choyamba, iyi ndi nthawi ya mapaundi awiri awiri mpaka awiri oyamba a masamba, ndipo zizindikirozo zidzakhala motere: phesi limakula lonse kutalika ndi masamba owonongeka, pambali yomwe ili pansi pamtunda woyera, ndipo pamwamba pamtunda pali phokoso lobiriwira.
Mitengo yaing'ono imatha kufa, kapena kupanga mabasiketi osasinthika. Pamapeto pake pali madontho aatali pa masamba omwe ali pansipa ndi bulauni-bulauni pamwamba pake, phesi loponyera mkati ndi beige-brownish (m'malo moyera), mopanda kuoneka kwa phesi ndi zilonda za madengu.
Mukudziwa? Mvula imagwa nyengo, mofulumira ndi kufalikira kwa ufa wa powdery mildew, causative wothandizira amene amakonda chinyezi ndipo nthawi yomweyo amakonza zatsopano. Mpendadzuwa amakhudzidwa kwambiri mwamsanga ngati kutentha kwa mpweya kumadumphiranso ku 16-17 ° C.
Palibe mankhwala monga choncho. Ngati mpendadzuwa sichidzachiritsidwa, agrofungicides - Adaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Choncho, ndibwino kuti tipeze njira zothandizira kuti tipeze mbewu (fungal treatment) ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya mpendadzuwa komanso kuwonjezera kukana kwa causative wothandizira downy mildew.
Mmene mungachiritse mpendadzuwa kuchokera ku fomoz
Mpendadzuwa fomoz ndi matenda a mycotic, omwe amadziwika ndi maonekedwe ofiira ndi ofiira omwe ali ndi chikasu pamasamba. Kawirikawiri izi zimachitika pa siteji ya 3-5 mapaundi a masamba enieni, koma zomera zimatha kudwala panthawi iliyonse ya kukula.
Pambuyo pake, tsamba lonse limakhudzidwa, limatha ndipo limagwedezeka, ndipo kugonjetsedwa kumapita ku tsinde. Poyamba, mbali za phesi zimakhudzidwa kumalo omwe masambawo amamangiriramo, kenako mawanga amawongolera, kuphatikiza, ndipo thunthu lonse limakhala lofiirira kapena lofiira. Kenaka nthendayi imapita ku dengu, yomwe imakhudza ziphuphu zake ndi mbewu.
Njira zotsutsana ndi fomoz - kupopera mankhwala ndi fungicides m'nthawi ya kukula (Impact-K, Derozal, etc.), kumatsatira mwamphamvu zowonongeka kwa mbeu komanso kugwiritsira ntchito njira zamakono.
Mukudziwa? Nyengo yotentha imachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mpendadzuwa ndi fomoz. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasowa kuwonjezeka pa kutentha pamwamba pa 31 ° C.
Fomopsis mpendadzuwa
Fomopsis ya mpendadzuwa kapena Grey Spotting - Matenda a fungal ya masamba, zimayambira, madengu ndi mbewu za zomera. Matendawa amapezeka ndi mabala a bulauni ndi amphuno pa masamba ndi mapesi a mpendadzuwa. Pakapita kanthawi, masamba a zomera amauma, amawombera, ndi mapesi m'malo ovunda. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa madengu, njere ndi yofiirira ndi yopanda kanthu.
Kulimbana ndi fomopsis - kutsata malamulo a kusintha kwa mbewu ndi mbewu zobvala ndi fungicides musanafesa ndi kukonza mpendadzuwa pamunda pazomera (zomwe zikukonzekera ziri zofanana ndi kufanana).
Bacteriosis wilt
Izi ndi matenda a mpendadzuwa omwe angapangidwe pa nthawi iliyonse ya nyengo yokula, ndipo malinga ndi kukula kwake, ziwonetsero zosiyanasiyana za kuwonongeka zidzawonekera. Pakati pa masamba awiri awiri a masamba awiri, tsinde lakhala lophwanyika, lopotoka ndipo limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mawondo a mawondo, ndipo masambawo amatembenuza bulauni, zowuma ndi zowola. Chotupachi m'kupita kwa nthawi chimadziwika ndi tsabola yofiira pamwamba pa tsinde - kuchokera ku dengu ndi 10-12 masentimita pansi, ndipo mizu yake imafalikira pang'onopang'ono, pamene imakhala yopanda pake. Mtengo wa tsinde ndi wofiira wofiirira. Dengu lokha limakwera, limathamanga, pamene masambawo amakhalabe abwinobwino, obiriwira komanso opanda zizindikiro zowononga.
Njira zolimbana ndi bacteriosis zikufota motere: Kuyezetsa kawirikawiri mbewu ndi zizindikiro zoyamba za zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa zimachotsedwa ndi kutenthedwa.
Ndikofunikira! Mpendadzuwa wokhudzidwa ukukwera mamita 4-5 kuzungulira zomera zathanzi. Kutentha mwamsanga - kumunda, kunja kwa munda, kudula mpendadzuwa sikuletsedwa, chifukwa bacteriosis ingakhudze mbewu zina.
Kuchiza kwa septoria
Septoria kapena mpendadzuwa wofiira ndi mycosis yomwe ikhoza kumakula pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za kukula. Kugonjetsedwa kwa bowayi kumakhala ndi uve wonyezimira, komanso mawanga a bulawuni pamasamba, ozunguliridwa ndi zobiriwira. Pambuyo pake, masamba okhudzidwawo ali ndi madontho wakuda ndi mabowo - zouma-mbali zimakhala zochepa.
Kulimbana ndi septoria ndiko kupewa matendawa, ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa a mpendadzuwa pa nyengo yokula ndi agrofungicides (Acanto plus, etc.), kukolola kwa nthawi yophukira ya mbeu zotsalira komanso kulemekeza mbewu.
Mawanga akuda pa mpendadzuwa
Black spot kapena embelisia - matenda fungal wa masamba, tsinde, ndipo nthawizina madengu a mpendadzuwa. Kawirikawiri zomera zachinyamata zimakhudzidwa ndi gawo la masamba awiri, koma mabala a mpendadzuwa omwe ali kale akudwala. Matendawa ali opatsirana, ndipo akapezeka m'mayiko ena, kudzipatula kumayambika. Zizindikiro za zojambulazo: zakuda ndi / kapena zofiira zowoneka bwino kapena mawanga ophwanyika kapena mikwingwirima yakuda (mikwingwirima), kutuluka koyamba pamphepete mwa masamba ndi kupita pakati, ndipo ming'alu yachisawawa imapanga thunthu pa mawanga.
Kulimbana ndi mdima wakuda kumakhala kochiza mbewu asanayambe kufesa, kutsata njira zaulimi ndi kayendedwe ka mbewu ya mpendadzuwa.
Sunflower altenaria
Matenda a fungal a mpendadzuwa, omwe amadziwika ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa masamba, zimayambira, madengu. Pa mbali zonse za mpendadzuwa zimawonekera bulauni-graphite ndi udzu wobiriwira, zosiyana. Kuwonjezera apo, kuwona kumakhala kobiriwira wobiriwira ndi zokutira zakuda kapena graphite. Kulimbana ndi altenariosis - mankhwala ndi agrofungicides mu kukula gawo la mpendadzuwa mbewu ndi kulemekeza mbeu yoyendayenda.
Dry tsabola zowola
Izi ndi matenda a fungal a madengu a mpendadzuwa. Pali mitundu iwiri ya zowola zouma - pinki ndi bulauni, motero, ndi mtundu wa nkhungu. Kuwonongeka ndi bulauni ndi kuvunda pinki kumachitika, monga lamulo, pachiyambi pomwe kapena pakati pa kucha kwa mpendadzuwa. Pamene zovunda zofiira m'dengu, malo a bulauni amachepetsedwa kuchokera pansi koma kutsika kuchokera pamwamba kumawonekera. 
Mbewu yopanda chitukuko, yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika, ikhoza kugwera mudengu. Ndi zowola pinki, zonse zimakhala zofanana, zilonda zokha zimayamba kuchokera kumbewu zokha ndikupita mkati mwadengu, ndipo mawangawo amakhala oyera nthawi yoyamba ndi pinki.
Zowola zowola zowuma: kusunga mwamphamvu malamulo a kusintha kwa mbewu, kubzala mbewu, kupopera mbewu ndi fungicides pamene mbewu zikukula.
Zosatheka kutetezedwa kwa mpendadzuwa ku matenda ziyenera kuchitika makamaka, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, m'kupita kwanthawi, zimakhala zophweka komanso zosavuta pa famu iliyonse.
