Fodya ndi mbewu yomwe ili ndi mitundu yambiri. Onsewa ndi osiyana mu mitundu, fungo, kapangidwe, kukula. Tchire la fodya limalimidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, fodya wamba amalimidwa m'mafakitale ambiri, ndipo masamba ake owuma amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga fodya. Maluwa a fodya onunkhira bwino amakongoletsa malowa ndikudzaza ndi fungo lokoma. Kodi fodya wokongoletsa ndi chiyani, komanso chifukwa chomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse, imapezeka m'nkhaniyi.
Momwe zimayambira komanso mawonekedwe ake
Mbiri ya chiyambi cha fodya idayamba ndiulendo wina wofufuza Christopher Columbus. M'mayiko osaphunzitsidwa omwe pambuyo pake adakhala Amereka, iye ndi amzake adakumana ndi nzika. Adatulutsa utsi wakuda bii pakamwa pawo. Poyang'ana koyamba, izi zinkawoneka zachilendo kwambiri, koma ndi kupumira koyenera komanso mpweya wabwino, kusuta kotereku kumadzetsa mtendere, mpumulo komanso nyonga mu thupi. Munthu akhoza kumverera ngati pansi pa Hypnosis.
Fodya wamaluwa
Apaulendo omwe anali ndi chisangalalo anayamba kusuta ndodo zachilendo, kapena kuti ndudu, monga momwe anthu akumaloko amawatchulira. Pambuyo pake, adaperekedwa monga mphatso zolemekezeka ku bwalo lachifumu, ndipo mkazi woyamba kudziwika wosuta ku Europe anali Mfumukazi ya Spain yotchedwa Isabella.
Anthu aku Spain anali oyamba kupanga minda ya fodya, chifukwa kulima kwawo adasankha zisumbu za Cuba ndi Haiti. Kuyambira mu 1540, kayendedwe ka nyanja ka kununkhira, kochotsa kumayiko aku Europe kwachitika.
Zosangalatsa! Wogulitsa bwino kwambiri mbewu za fodya anali wa ku France Joan Nicot, ndikugawa iwo ku France ndi England. Polemekeza dzina lake, mbewuyi idatchedwa Nicotiana.
Russia idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito masamba a fodya panthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ivan Wowopsa. Kusuta kunkaloledwa kokha kwa anthu omwe anali mbali ya ulemu waku Russia. Koma posachedwa, mwa lamulo la Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, kugwiritsa ntchito fodya kunaletsedwa. Pambuyo pake, Tsar Peter I yekha adalola kusuta.
Fodya ndi chomera pachaka, nthawi zina osabereka, kubanja laling'ono. Kukula kwake kumafikira mamita awiri m'litali, zachilengedwe zilipo kuyambira 6000 BC. Imakongoletsedwa ndi masamba akulu ndi maluwa apinki, ofiira kapena oyera mu mawonekedwe a chosemphanitsa, masentimita asanu mpaka asanu ndi limodzi.
Kwawo kwa fodya
Fodya kale adakulila ku Peru ndi Bolivia, adamaliza ku Europe chifukwa cha Christopher Columbus. Pakadali pano, imakulidwa ku China, North America, Asia Minor, India. Mayiko omwe kale anali Soviet Union, omwe ndi Transcaucasia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Crimea ndi Krasnodar Territory ndi ena.
Momwe fodya amakulira
Fodya wokoma ndi mbewu ya thermophilic, yomwe nthawi zambiri imabzalidwe m'nthaka monga mbande. Mbewu zake zimabzalidwa kumapeto kwa February kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Kodi fodya umawoneka bwanji?
Chomera chokongoletsera ichi ndi tchire lalitali komanso lalifupi komanso yolimba, yokongoletsedwa ndi masamba akulu okhala ndi malekezero osongoka. Kutalika kwa mizu nthawi zambiri sikopitilira mita ziwiri. Maluwa amaphatikizidwa ndi panicle inflorescence. Zipatso za tchire la fodya ndi makapu ambewu omwe amatha kuwola akakh kucha.
M'mene Maluwa A Fodya
Fodya, yemwe maluwa ake ndi nyenyezi, amawoneka wokongola kwambiri. Dongosolo la inflorescences sioposa masentimita asanu. Mtundu wa inflorescence uli ndi chubu chachitali chamaluwa ndi mitundu isanu ya mitundu yoyera, ya pinki, ya rasipiberi, yofiyira, ya lilac, yachikasu, ya burgundy.
Fodya wotsekemera amangotulutsa kuwala pang'ono kwa maola khumi ndi anayi patsiku. Fodya umamera bwino pamakhonde kapena pawindo loyatsidwa ndi dzuwa. Chomerachi chizikhala ndi dzuwa lokwanira maola anayi tsiku ndi tsiku kuti lizitulutsa maluwa.
Zosangalatsa! Duwa limakhala lonunkhira bwino ndi fungo labwino, likukulira madzulo. Kuwonongeka kwa inflorescence kwake kumachitika usiku ndi njenjete usiku.
Mitundu yotchuka ya fodya yokulira m'mundawo
Pali mitundu ingapo ya mbewu zomwe zimabzidwa pamalowo kapena m'munda.
Fodya Wamtchire
Nthawi zina imafikira kutalika kwa masentimita 150, imakhala ndi mitengo yolunjika yoongoka ndi masamba oyera oyera. Malo omwe fodya wamtunduwu ndi ku Brazil amakhala. Mitundu yake nthawi zambiri imakongoletsedwa ndi mitundu yosakanikirana ndikuyika kumbuyo kwa bedi lalikulu la maluwa.
Fodya wamaluwa
Fodya Langsdorf
Chomera cha pachaka, kuyambira 1 mpaka 1.2 metres, ndi mtundu wowala wobiriwira wokhala ndi masamba omwe amawoneka ngati belu lonunkhira wokongola. Brazil ndi Chile ndi mayiko omwe amakula pawokha.
Maluwa ofota maluwa
Fodya wamapiko
Ichi ndi mbewu yosatha, nthawi zina mitundu yamitundu yonse ya pachaka imapezeka. Imakhala ndi tsinde lolunjika, pafupifupi 60 kapena 70 masentimita m'litali, komanso masamba, apakatikati kukula ndikukulira pang'ono. Mphukira za mbewu zimakhala zaumbanda, pafupifupi masentimita 7 kapena 7.5, polumikizana mu tsache limodzi lalikulu lotayirira.
Kwenikweni, fodya wamtunduwu umaphukira usiku, koma mitundu yomwe imaphuka masana inali yopakidwa. Mwachitsanzo, Red Mdyerekezi, Lime Green, Mphepo Yamadzulo, White Beder, Domino Samer-Pink, Krimson Rock.
Fodya Sander
Ndi mtundu wosakanizidwa wopingidwa wopangidwa ndi mapiko a fodya ndi mitundu yakuiwalika. Ilipo kuyambira mu 1903, pamene obereketsa adabzala mtundu uwu. Masamba ndi akulu kwambiri ndipo alibe fungo. Ma inflorescence awo amatha kukhala ofiira komanso ofiira.
Maluwa otulutsa fodya
Malamulo Akusamalira Fodya
Kusamalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbewuyi ndi zofanana.
Fodya wamitundu yayitali onunkhira: mayendedwe osamalira
Zomwe zimamera pachomera ichi zimakongoletsedwa ndi masamba akuluakulu kwambiri omwe amakonda madzi ambiri. Chifukwa chake, wosamalira mundawo ayenera kumakonza nthaka nthawi zonse.
Zabwino kudziwa! Ngati mumasula dothi, nyenyezi zowala zowala bwino zimaphukira pamitengo ya fodya, ndipo maluwa okongola amakusangalatsani ndi kukongola kwawo kwanthawi yayitali ndikununkhira bwino.
Fodya wophatikizidwa - malongosoledwe aomera ndi malamulo kuti azisamalira
Kuti mupeze mbande zolimba za fodya, kuwunikira koyenera ndi kutentha kwofunikira, ndikofunikira kuthirira ndikuwonjezera kuwala. Ngati musamalira mbewuyi mokwanira komanso mokhazikika, mutha kumatha kumeta zitsamba zabwino komanso zabwino.
Kusamalira mbande moyenera ndi motere:
- Kutsatira kutentha kwa 22 kapena 23 ° C pamwamba pa zero mpaka kumatuluka. Akangooneka, kutentha kuyenera kutsitsidwa mpaka 18 kapena 20 ° C pamwamba pa ziro.
- Kutsirira pafupipafupi kwa mbewu. Iyenera kuchitika mosamala pogwiritsa ntchito poto kapena mfuti yothira ndi kupanikizika pang'ono.
- Kuwongolera mini-greenhouse m'mawa ndi madzulo. Ndikofunikanso kutsegula mbande, ngati sizili wowonjezera kutentha, koma pansi pa kanema kapena chivindikiro. Khalani otseguka kwa mphindi zosachepera 20. Tsitsi lililonse lonyowa lophimba filimuyo kapena chivundikiro chimachotsedwa musanalore mbewu.
Zofunika! Maluwa oyamba akangotuluka, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti musadzawaphimbanso ndi chilichonse ndikuwasunthira mbali ya dzuwa: kumwera kapena kumwera chakumadzulo.
Omwe alimi ambiri odziwa bwino amawonjezera kuyatsa kukongoletsa fodya pogwiritsa ntchito ma phytolamp kapena nyale za LED. Nyali zimayikidwa patali kuchokera mbande zofanana ndi zosachepera zisanu komanso osapitirira masentimita khumi. Ngati mbewuyo ilibe kuwala lokwanira, tsinde lake limatambasula kwambiri.
Fodya wokoma: Mkhalidwe wokula
Fodya nthawi zambiri umalimidwa kuchokera ku mbewu. Imeneyi ndi nthawi yowononga nthawi, koma zotsatira zake mwakufuna kwanu zingasangalatse.
Fodya Wotsekemera: Kukula Mbewu
Kufesa mbewu za fodya kumachitika ndi dothi lokonzekeretsedwa bwino, dothi ndi dimba, momwe mulingo wake ndi: 1: 1: 1. Zomera zizikhala zopanda chidebe kwambiri. Asanayike nthanga pansi, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muziyimata mu nsalu yokulungika, yonyowa masiku angapo, koma osadikira kuti imere.
Kukula kwa njere ndizochepa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, podzala, ziyenera kugawidwa mosamala m'nthaka yonse. Kenako, mbewu zimasungunuka ndi sprayer. Kenako, zotengera zomwe zili ndi njere zimakutidwa ndi filimu kapenagalasi. Pambuyo pake, ziyenera kusungidwa m'nyumba kutentha kwambiri osachepera 20 osati oposa 22 ° C.
Zofunika! Pakatha pafupifupi milungu iwiri, mphukira zizimera zomwe zimapitilira kukula bwino pawindo lopepuka lopanda chogona.
Mukadzala liti pachaka
Mbewu za fodya wamafuta onunkhira bwino pachaka zimabzalidwa bwino lomwe mu mawonekedwe a mbande, chifukwa ichi ndi mbewu yotentha kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, mbewu za fodya zimabzalidwa kumapeto kwa February kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi.
Kusamalira Mbewu
Mbande iyenera kuthiridwa madzi, kenako nkuphimbidwa ndi galasi kapena zanema. Sungani mbewu zomwe zalimbikitsidwa m'malo otentha, koma osati otentha. Zomera zobzalidwa zimayikidwa pawindo, komwe kumakhala dzuwa lokwanira.
Kusamalira Mbewu
Mbande ziyenera kuthiriridwa mwadongosolo, ndipo nthawi zina kumasula nthaka, mosamala kwambiri. Mbewu zikangowoneka masamba awiri enieni, zimabzalidwa mumbalezo.
Momwe mungabzalire fodya onunkhira panja
Kuti abzale nthambi za munthu wonunkhira bwino poyera, wosamalira mundawo ayenera kusankha bwino nthawi yabwino kuchita izi. Mkhalidwe wofunikira ndi malo okwanira kutentha. Choyamba, muyenera kusankha nthawi yobzala fodya onunkhira. Minda yokongola m'munda ingabzalidwe panthaka, bola dziko lapansi latha kutenthe bwino. Nthawi yomwe akufuna kutsatsa ndi Meyi.
Zofunika! Ndikwabwino kubzala mbande motalikirana masentimita 20-30 pakati pa tchire kuti zitsimikizike kuti zikukula bwino.
Njira yothirira
Chofunikira china pakukula kwa tchire lafodya ndikuthirira nthawi zonse. Chomerachi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomera m'malo okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri. M'nyengo yotentha ndi nyengo yadzuwa, muyenera kuthilira madzi tsiku lililonse.
Mavalidwe apamwamba
Fodya wokoma safuna kuvala pafupipafupi, amathanso kupanga kamodzi kokha mumsika umodzi. Nthawi yoyamba kudyetsedwa masamba atapangidwa, ndipo kachiwiri - asanayambe kuphuka. Monga feteleza, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito phosphate. Zambiri za nayitrogeni mu feteleza zimakhudza kukula kwa masamba a chomera, koma sichingakhale pachimake kwambiri.
Zosamalidwa nthawi yamaluwa
Maluwa okongoletsa fodya samawoneka nthawi zonse owoneka bwino. Mitengo yamaluwa yamaluwa nthawi zina imapezeka. Samayambitsa vuto lililonse pakapangidwe kakang'ono ka inflorescences. Sangachotsedwe ngati mungosamalira mtundu wa maluwa. Kuchokera kumbali ya zokongoletsa, inde, chomera chamaluwa chopanda ma petals chitha kuwoneka bwino, chifukwa chake, ndibwino kuchotsa masamba owuma, makamaka chifukwa amachotsedwa mosavuta pa tsinde.
Maluwa okhala ndi mapiko
Mitundu yambiri yamasamba okongoletsa fodya amatuluka, kuyambira mu June mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala. Kuti muwonjezere maluwa, nthawi zambiri pamafunika kuchotsa maluwa. Ndipo aliyense wobzala akufuna kusangalala ndi chitsamba chowala nthawi yayitali, lisanazizire nyengo yozizira.
Zinthu zosamalira pakupuma
Ndikotheka kupeza zitsamba zapamwamba zokwanira kusuta fodya ngati mutachotsa inflorescence koyambirira kwa maluwa awo, kuthyola mivi yamaluwa. Njirayi imathandizira kuti mapangidwe a stepons omwe safunikire kuchotsedwa.
Kukonzekera yozizira
Kutukula moyo wa chiweto cha m'munda, zotsatirazi ziyenera kuchita:
- Kumapeto kwa mwezi watha wa nthawi yophukira, kukumba mosamala ma tchire akuluakulu.
- Ikani mbewuzo mumiphika yayikulu ndikuziyika pawindo labwino.
- Chepetsa ziwalo zobiriwira ndi chitsamba, ndikusiya pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri potalika kutalika.
- Thirirani maluwa, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi.
- M'masiku oyambilira a kasupe, thirani tchire la dothi lotseguka.
Ndikotheka kuletsa kufa kwa chomera chomwe mumakonda mukakulitsa patsogolo mumphika kunyumba. Pankhaniyi, ndikupumula, ndipo kumapeto kwa chaka chatsopano kumayamba kuphuka.
Zotsatira zake, chitsamba chomwecho cha fodya chimatha kulimidwa kwa zaka makumi angapo. Wosamalira nyengayo amangofunika kuchotsa maluwa owuma, kuti mbewuyo ikhale yokongoletsa.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa! Fodya wonunkhira atakhala nthawi yachisanu kunyumba, amayenera kuphuka kale, mosiyana ndi tchire linanso lomwe limapezedwa ndi mbande. Odziwa maluwa ayenera kuganizira izi popanga maluwa.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso matenda tikamasamalira fodya onunkhira
Tchire la fodya limalimbana kwambiri ndi matenda osiyanasiyana komanso tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Muli ma phytoncides ambiri omwe amatha kuthana ndi tizirombo tina tosiyanasiyana.
Kutha kwapadera kwa fodya onunkhira ndikuteteza mbewu ku tizilombo zoipa zomwe zimamera pafupi ndi izo. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambiri olima m'minda yawo amabzala mbewuyo ndi cholinga, kuti tipewe kachilomboka.
Fodya wokoma amafunika kumera ndi chisamaliro choyenera. Chomera chathanzi chimatha kubweretsa chisangalalo kwa olima maluwa kwanthawi yayitali. Masamba a fodya amatha kukhala obiriwira kwa nthawi yayitali nthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yamvula, mpaka atayamba kuzizira. Maluwa ake amakhalanso ndi mithunzi yowala kwa nthawi yayitali.
