Zomera zambiri zothandiza, zakula bwino m'madera ena ndipo zimapindulitsa m'makampani ambiri, sizikudziwika ndipo sizikudziwika ndi anthu ambiri.
Nkhaniyi idzafotokoza zokambirana, kambiranani Kodi chomerachi ndi chiyani, ndi phindu lanji ndi maonekedwe ake.
Wowonongeka: mafotokozedwe ndi zamoyo
Safflower ndi chomera cha Asteraceae kapena Aster banja, kawirikawiri pachaka chomera, chosungira kapena safironi zakutchire amakula mu chikhalidwe, monga amatchedwa. Chomera chimakula mpaka mamita limodzi ndi hafu, chomeracho chimakhala cholungama, nthambi, chowala. Masamba oblong, okonzedwa mosiyana, pamphepete mwa tsamba la masamba - spikes. Maluwa a chomerawo amakhala odzala ndi lalanje kapena ofiira, tubular, pambuyo pa maluwa amapanga chipatso cha mbewu zoyera.
Safflower ndi mbewu ya mafuta, mbewu ya mafuta si yotsika mtengo kwa mafuta a mpendadzuwa. Mafuta a m'kalasi yoyamba amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafakitale, ndipo sukulu yachiwiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale, mafakitale, ma varnishes. M'makampani ogulitsa, chomeracho chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito monga dothi lachilengedwe lopulumuka thupi la munthu, komanso kupanga margarine ndi confectionery; Dayi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa makina opangira nsalu, povina nsalu, kupanga mapepala.
Safflower amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ndi cosmetology. Pafupifupi mbali zonse za zomera zimathandiza. Safflower ndi chomera cha uchi. Uchi wa chomera ichi ndi kamba kakang'ono kothandiza thandizo. Lili ndi mavitamini B, E, C, A, PP; mapuloteni ndi zidulo zaku organic; mapuloteni ndi dextrins. Maonekedwe a uchi kuchokera kwa wopanga zitsulo amaphatikizapo pafupifupi zonse zomwe zimakhala zofunika kuti thupi likhale lofunika kwambiri.
Pogwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso makhalidwe abwino, osungunula sangathetseretu kulima. Kumera kwa mbewu kumatheka pa madigiri awiri, kutentha kwakukulu kulimbana ndi chisanu mpaka madigiri asanu ndi limodzi, ndiko kuti, kubzala kwa chomera kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa masika ndi autumn.
Mitundu yopanda mafuta
Mu chikhalidwe cha mitundu yochepa yoyenera kukula pakatikati. Taganizirani za abwino kwambiri.
Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ndi "Sunny" - mbewu imapirira nyengo youma bwino. Nthawi ya zomera ndi masiku 127. Amakula mpaka masentimita 85. Maluwa omwe ali ndi mamita atatu masentimita ali ndi mbeu zambiri, zokolola zonse pa hekita ndi imodzi ndi theka. Mtengo wa mafuta mu mbewu - 34%. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imakula m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Kazakhstan, Russia ndi Ukraine.
Mitengo yachitsulo "Ahram" imasiyana ndi nyengo yochepa - kuyambira masiku 90 mpaka 120. Chomeracho ndi chochepa poyerekeza ndi "Sunny" wosakaniza - 60 masentimita, nthambi, masamba, ndi maluwa ambiri (mpaka madengu sikisi pa inflorescence imodzi). Chomeracho chichedwa kukolola, zokolola za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi 15 peresenti pa hekitala. Mafuta omwe ali mu mbewu ndi 35%, mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatengedwa kuti ndiyo yabwino yopangira mafuta, kuchokera ku hekita limodzi kulandira mafuta okwana 300 kg.
Zosiyanasiyana Zosiyana ndi "Beauty Stupinskaya" - Chomera chokhazikika chilimbikitseni; ndi thumba lolimba lomwe limakula mpaka masentimita 20, ndiye kuti ndodoyo imakhala yochepa kwambiri komanso pansi pa nthaka (m'madera akum'mwera) imatha kufika mamita awiri. Masamba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi oval-shaliptical mawonekedwe, ndi serrated m'mphepete ndi ofooka spines. Nthawi yosamba ya zomera imatenga masiku 105 mpaka 130. Chitsamba chimodzi chingathe kunyamula mabasiketi makumi awiri a inflorescences ndi mamita atatu mpaka masentimita 3.5. Zilondazo ndi zowopsya, zachikasu kapena zalanje. Zipatso: Mbewu zoyera ndi chipolopolo wandiweyani, mbewu yolemera mpaka 51 magalamu. Ndizofunika kuti mbewu zisaphuke zikapsa.
Ikani mmbuyo
Katswiri wamakina opanga makina opangira zinthu zowonongeka kubzala mbewu, nyengo yozizira ndi nyengo ya masika, kugwiriridwa, chimanga, fulakesi. Pokumbukira kusinthasintha kotere kwa nthaka, nthaka imapanga mitsinje yambiri ya chinyezi, chilengedwe chake chimakula bwino.
Ndikofunikira! Musati muzitsuka msuzi pambuyo pa mpendadzuwa, shuga beet ndi chakudya beet, manyuchi. Mitengo iyi imatulutsa pafupifupi chinyezi chonse kuchokera m'nthaka.
Sikofunika kulima mbeu pamalo amodzi kwa zaka zingapo mzere; kubwereranso kumalo otsegulira komweko kuli kotheka zaka zingapo zotsatira. Safflower ndiwotchulidwira bwino mbewu za tirigu, nyengo yamasika ndi yozizira balere ndi tirigu (bwino nyengo yophukira nyengo).
Kukonzekera kwabwino kwa mbeu kuzungulira kudzakhala kusungidwa kwa wogulitsa mbewu yotsatira-kumapeto, mwachitsanzo, nthunzi - nyengo yozizira - nyemba - balere; kapena Kutentha - nyengo yozizira - chimanga - kasupe wa tirigu - wothira - balere.
Chithandizo cha dothi
Amalimbikitsa kwambiri kulima wolima Kusalongosola mozama ku nthaka. Zomwe zimamupindulitsa ndizomwe zimakhala ndi mchere wa mchere wa mchenga, wosasunthika mchenga kapena mchenga, pamene sakuopa saline ndi osauka.
Kwa munthu wosayera, kuyendetsa kwambiri ndi kofunika, Zizindikiro zabwino za zokolola zimapangidwa pofesa m'munda wolima kwambiri. Khalani ndi zigawo za nthaka za arable ndi subsurface. Ngakhale kuti wolima alibe mantha namsongole, asanayambe kufesa bwino namsongole. Pofesa mbewuzo, ndibwino kuti munthu asamakolere, udzu ndi mankhusu omwe amwazika mumsana wochepa kwambiri amasiyidwa m'munda.
Kufesa njira ndi mbeu za mbeu
Kufesa wolima akhoza kuchitidwa chimodzimodzi ndi tirigu kusamba zomera, chifukwa mbewu zimatha kumera kutentha. Kumapeto kwa kufesa, chinyezi mu nthaka yosanjikiza sichikwanira bwino kumera.
Pofuna kuteteza ku matenda ndi kuonjezera zokolola, mbewu zimasungidwa mu kukonzekera. "Premis" kapena "Cardon", kuwonjezera zolimbikitsa kuti chitukuko chikule.
Kufesa kumachitika mozama masentimita asanu ndi limodzi mpaka asanu ndi atatu, pakati pa mizere imakhala pamtunda wa 60 masentimita. Mbeu yofesa mbeu ya 30-40 kg / ha. Mlingowo umatsimikiziridwa ndi zikhalidwe za dothi la dothi, pansi pa zinthu zabwino, kufesa kumapangidwa ndi mtengo wapatali, ndi zovuta kwambiri - kuchepa kwafupika.
Mukudziwa? Kubwerera mu 1061, a Chitchaina anali akudwala matenda a mtima ndi magazi. M'nthaŵi zakale, wofowoka ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito kusokoneza mimba zosafuna, kotero kuti amayi omwe akuyembekezera mwana ayenera kupereka bwino mankhwalawa.
Kusamalira Bwino
Kusamalira wothira mafuta ndiko makamaka kusamalidwa kwa nthaka: kumasula zowonjezera pamwamba, kupatulira ndi kuthirira mmera namsongole.
Chenjerani! Wotukula nsalu ndi wowala adzawonjezera zokolola ndi makumi asanu ndi awiri pa zana.
Wotentha akhoza kuchita popanda kuthiririra kwa nthawi yaitali chifukwa cha mizu yonse, kukula kutali. Kuthirira kumaperekedwa ngati n'kofunika, makamaka pokhala kosalekeza kwa mvula ndi kumayanika kwazitali kwa nthaka.
Pofesa mbewu pa dothi lachonde, simuyenera kudandaula za feteleza; ngati dothi liri losauka, ndi bwino kulima ndi organic kapena mineral feteleza, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium feteleza. Mukhoza kupanga nyengo isanafike, alimi odziwa bwino amalangiza nthaka panthawi yokolola musanafese.
Kukula kofiira kwa mbewu ndi kophweka, kusamalira sikolemetsa. Chinthu chachikulu ndikuchita kufesa, kupweteka mpaka mphukira yoyamba ikuwoneka ndipo pamene masamba awiri kapena atatu amphamvu amaoneka pa mphukira, kutumphuka kumawonongeka panthaka pamwamba pake. Kusamalira zomera kumatsirizika panthawi yopanga masamba.
Chitetezo ku matenda komanso tizilombo towononga
Msuzi angakhudzidwe ndi matenda otsatirawa: fusarium, dzimbiri, septoria ndi broomrape. Matenda owopsa kwambiri omwe amawononga mbewu ndi dzimbiri. Matendawa ndi fungal mu chilengedwe, amakhudza mphukira ndi masamba obiriwira - bulauni. Ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa matenda, mbewu zimachizidwa ndi mankhwala: Altazol, Alto Super, Acanto Plus, Alpari, Atlas.
Nyongolotsi zomwe zimayambitsa mbewu pa zomera ndizo ntchentche, ntchentche, aphid ndi ognevka. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mphutsi ndizoopsa. Akuluakulu amakoka mapesi ndi masamba, amaika mazira, zomwe mphutsi zimathamangira, kuyamwa madzi a maluwa osati osati kokha. Ntchentche imatulutsa mbewu m'mphuno yopanda masamba, mphutsi zikuwonekera pambuyo pake zimadya mbewu. Kuwonongeka kwa tizirombo pogwiritsa ntchito tizirombo: "Konfidor-Maxi", "Kruiser", "Puma Super-100". Monga chitsimikizo cha wosamalira, asanadzalemo, mbewu zimachiritsidwa ndi zovala zosiyanasiyana.
Zosangalatsa Pakafukufuku wa manda a ku Aiguputo, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale anapeza kuti Aiguputo akale ankavekedwa ndi zojambulajambula zopangidwa ndi utoto wopangidwa ndi mafuta onunkhira. Malingana ndi maumboni ambiri olembedwa, maonekedwe okongola a maiko a Aluya ankagwiritsira ntchito phokoso losalala komanso lopukuta milomo.
Kukolola
Kukolola kotentha sikumayambitsa mavuto, chifukwa mbewu sizimatha pamene zatuluka. Zingathe kutha pokhapokha mutakolola mwamsanga pamutu pamutu. Kukolola kofiira kumayamba pa kukwera kwathunthu, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi madengu achikasu ndi zimatuluka chikasu. M'minda, kukolola kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuphatikiza kuti zimayambira za zomera sizimangidwe pa drum, kutalika kwa kudula kumawonjezeka. Mbewu yambewu pamene yokolola iyenera kukhala pafupifupi 12%. Pambuyo kukolola, nyembazo zimatsukidwa ku mankhusu ndi zouma.
Wowonongeka ngati chikhalidwe chofunikira amayenera kusamala mu ulimi wamalonda. Kuwonjezera pa malo onse omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (mankhwala, nsalu ndi zakudya zamakina, zojambula ndi zojambula zowonongeka) zimalinso zowonjezera ngati mbewu ya fodya, monga silo wobiriwira wa zikuluzikulu ndi zazing'ono.
