Kukhalapo kwa nyanga mu ziweto zakutchire ndi chinthu chodziwikiratu, koma chikhoza kubweretsa mavuto aakulu.
Mwachitsanzo, ng'ombe yochulukirapo imavulaza eni ake, ndipo zilonda zopangidwa ndi "zida" zoterozo ndizoopsa kwambiri.
Komabe, musanapange chisankho chachikulu chochotsa chiwalo ichi kwa ng'ombe, ndibwino kuti mudziwe chifukwa chake ikufunikira konse, ndipo ngati opaleshoni yoteroyo ingawononge thanzi la nyama.
Chifukwa chiyani nyanga ya ng'ombe
Poyamba, "korona" uwu ndi chida chimene chirombochi chingakhoze kudzitetezera chokha kumenyana ndi zowonongeka, komanso kukonza zinthu ndi mtundu wake. 
Pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo, magazini ya Proceedings ya Royal Society B., imodzi mwa mabuku akuluakulu a Royal Society ku London, inafotokoza zotsatira za "zochititsa chidwi" za kafukufuku waposachedwapa, zomwe zinatsimikizira kuti: nyanga ndizofunika kwambiri.
Asayansi akhala akufufuza mosamala za maatomu omwe amatha kupitirira zana limodzi mwa azimayi omwe ali ndi nyongolotsi kapena amphongo, ndipo amatsimikizira kuti kukula kwakukulu pamutu ndi azimayi a nyama zomwe zimakhala m'madera osatsekemera ndipo amakhala ndi zazikulu kwambiri.
Nyama yotereyi ikuwoneka bwino kuchokera kutali ndipo imakhala zosavuta nyama.
Ng'ombe yoweta ija inachokera ku ng'ombe yamphongo yomwe ili tsopano, yomwe inali kumalo otentha a steppe ndipo inali ndi kukula kwakukulu - pansi pa mamita awiri pakutha. Choncho, malemba omwe asayansi akuwamasulira amamveketsa bwino kupezeka kwa nyanga m'makono amakono.
Mukudziwa? Zimakhulupirira kuti mitundu ya ng'ombe zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi lero, ng'ombe ya ku Africa ankole-vatusi imakhala yofanana kwambiri ndi ulendo wakale wakale. N'zosangalatsa kuti nyamayi ili ndi nyanga zazikuru: imatha kufika mamita 3.5 m'litali.
Komabe, chinthu china chimadziwika bwino: Kuchokera nthawi yomwe nyamayo inkagwiritsidwa ntchito, chiwopsezo cha nyama zowonongeka sichingaopsezedwe, ndipo ndizosawerengeka kawirikawiri, choncho, nyanga sizikusowetsanso ng'ombe. 
Chilengedwe
Minyanga ndi chiyambi cha khungu, ngati tsitsi, misomali ndi zikhadabo, zimapangidwa ndi kusinthika kwazomwe zimatuluka (epidermis).
Mofanana ndi nyama zina zakutchire, nyanga za ng'ombe zimakhala ndi phokoso lakuda, lopangidwa kuchokera pamwamba, ngati chimake kapena kapule, yomwe imakhala ndi matenda a keratinized epidermis. Kukula kwa epidermis kuphimba nyanga kumapangidwa kuchokera kumunsi ndipo, pokhala atapanga, chivundikirochi sichimasintha moyo wonse wa nyama.
Chinthu chinanso cha nyanga za ng'ombe ndi chakuti ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, basi mu anapiye chiwalo ichi ndi chaching'ono.
Lipenga lidzipukuta palokha m'gawoli ndilopamwamba keratinous layer (epidermis) ndi mandimu kulumikiza kapsule ndi fupa lamkati. Dermis imadzaza ndi mitsempha yambiri ya mitsempha yomwe imayambitsa matenda a epidermis kupanga nyanga ya nyanga ndikuonetsetsa kuti ikukula.
Mukudziwa? Chimodzi mwa zozizwitsa za Hercules, kuyeretsa kwa miyala ya Augean, kunali kwenikweni kuyeretsa mapepala, popeza anthu okhala kumeneko sanali akavalo, koma ng'ombe zikwi zingapo.
Pansi pa dermis pali kachilombo kakang'ono kotayirira, kamene kakapangidwa ndi mucous membrane, ndipo mkati mwake muli nyanga (yopanda kanthu). 
Lipengali limagawidwa magawo atatu:
- pamwamba;
- thupi;
- mizu, pansi pa nyanga.
Maziko a nyanga amapita mu gawo lofewa - phula, kulumikiza ndi khungu.
Dermis yomwe imakhala ndi mitsempha ya magazi imapezeka m'magulu awiri a m'munsi mwa kukula kwake, pamwamba pake ndi chimanga cholimba chomwe chingathe kudulidwa mopanda kuopa kupweteka kwa nyama, kupwetekedwa ndi kutuluka magazi.
Ng'ombe yatsopanoyo ilibe nyanga, makamaka, imakhala ikuyambira: pansi pa chigamba, zigawo ziwiri zooneka ngati khungu zimawoneka, opanda tsitsi.
Phunzirani zambiri za mkhalidwe wa ng'ombe, komanso kuphunzira za mawonekedwe ndi maso.
Kuwonjezeka kwa maphunziro opindula pamutu kumadalira momwe njira zamagetsi zimagwirira ntchito m'thupi lachichepere, komabe, pafupipafupi, kuchuluka kwa cones kumapezeka pamtunda wa masentimita 1 pamwezi.
Ngakhale panthawi ya moyo wa ng'ombe, kutalika kwa nyanga zake sikusintha, maonekedwe ake angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuti adziwe msinkhu wa nyamayo. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kusintha kwa nyengo mu ntchito ya thupi, makamaka, kusintha kwa vitamini kumapangidwe ka chakudya m'nyengo yozizira, kumawonetseredwa pa mbale ya nyanga monga mawonekedwe a mphete pamtundu. 
Nthawi zina amakhala pafupifupi osaoneka, koma amatha kusiyanitsa bwino. Mwazimayi, mphete yoteroyo imapangidwa nthawi zonse pambuyo pa calving. Pamapeto pake pakapita nthawi yozizira (yozizira avitaminosis kapena kubereka), ntchito ya epidermis imayambitsidwa, ndipo stratum corneum imakhala yowonjezereka, komanso mosiyana.
Ng'ombeyo inathyola nyanga: choyenera kuchita, momwe mungaletse magazi
Kukhalapo kwa mitsempha yambiri yamagazi mkati mwa capsule ya nyanga kumapweteka kwa limba ili loopsa ndi lopweteka kwambiri kwa chinyama. Ndipo kuvulala kotereku kumachitika nthawi zambiri, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha kupweteka, kugwa kosalephereka, kuwonongeka kwa leash, kusinthanitsa pakati pa zinthu zosiyana siyana zomwe zimatha kumatha kusweka pazitali zosiyana.
Zina mwa zowonongeka zingathenso kutchula kuphulika kwa kapule ya nyanga kapena kupatukana ndi ntchentche.
Ndikofunikira! Malinga ndi chiwerengero, zambiri zomwe zimawonongeka ndi ng'ombe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyanga. Chifukwa cha kuvulala koteroko, kukolola kwakukulu kwa famu kwachepa kwambiri, nthawi zina kutayika kungakhale 10%.
Mawonetseredwe a chipatala cha mtundu uwu wa kuvulala, malingana ndi chikhalidwe chake, akhoza kukhala osiyana, mwachitsanzo:
- Ngati nyangayo yathyoledwa kwathunthu, ikhoza kumangokhala, yokhazikika pamatenda ndi khungu. Pankhaniyi, nyamayi imakhala ndi mphuno, chifukwa magazi omwe amamasulidwa pamalo otsekemera samasuka, koma amalowa mumphuno.
- Ngati chivundikiro cha cornea chimawonongeka pang'onopang'ono, lipenga likhoza kunjenjemera ngati dzino lopweteka, zomwe zimapweteka kwambiri nyama. Choopsya choterechi chimaperekanso ndi magazi enieni ndipo magazi amatha kupyola m'mphuno.
- Nthawi zina chisokonezo chimatha kuonongeka ndi khungu kapena minofu pansi pa nyanga pozungulira mzere. Mabala oterewa amatha kutentha ndipo amawoneka mwamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo kumangokhala kosavuta kubisala kungathe kuchotsedwa mosavuta.
- Potsirizira pake, mtundu wowonongeka wa lipenga ndi kukula kwake, pamene phula la nyanga likuyamba kukhala khungu kapena zofewa, kuzivulaza.
Thandizo loyambirira kuvulazidwa kotero ndiko kusiya magazi ndi kupiritsa mankhwala. Malo a khungu loonongeka ayenera kutsukidwa, kuchotsa dothi ndi magazi owuma kuchokera mmenemo, gwiritsani ntchito bandeji yowonongeka ndi kuikonza, kuigwiritsa ntchito ku nyanga yathanzi.Ndikofunikira! Powonjezereka pamwamba pa nyangayo, phokoso lopweteka limaganiziridwa ndipo limakhala bwino kwambiri.
Ngati tikukamba za kugwedezeka, osati kupunthwa, lipenga likhoza kupulumutsidwa podzikongoletsera kapangidwe ka pulasitiki.
Komabe, ngati phokoso lamphongo likuphwanyika pamunsi, pamakhala opaleshoni yofunika kwambiri: chiwalo chophwanyika chimadulidwa, mafupa osweka amamangidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono zopangira opaleshoni, kenaka amayeza zida zowonongeka mu jekeseni, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi.
Bandage iyi imasintha nthawi ndi nthawi mpaka chilonda chichiritsidwa kwathunthu, nthawi zina zimatenga mwezi kapena kuposerapo.
Nkhoswe yamphongo yosweka imatha kukhazikika pamalo omwewo, choncho, ndi mtundu uwu wa kuvulazidwa, capsule yosungidwayo imachotsedwa, ndipo bandeti yotetezera mankhwala imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyera pang'onopang'ono kutsuka kwa dothi, yomwe imasinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi mpaka ndondomekoyi ili ndi chigawo chatsopano cha chimanga. 
Ng'ombe zachitsamba zimatengedwa ndi kuchotsa nsonga yolakwika yomwe ili ndi hacksaw kapena mkasi wapadera.
Kuti ng'ombe zisaswe nyanga, muyenera kulimbikira kwambiri kutetezeka pamene mukuweta ng'ombe, makamaka ndikofunika kumangiriza zinyama, osalola kuti zinthu zina zigwirizane, penyani poika ng'ombe pambali pake (mwachitsanzo, ).
Komabe, palinso njira zowonjezera zowononga kuvulaza nyanga za ng'ombe, mwachitsanzo, kuchotsedwa kwa izi kumakhala ziwalo zosafunika, komanso kubzala miyala, poyamba kusakhala ndi zokongoletsa pamutu.
Kuchotsa nyanga kuchokera ku ng'ombe
Inde, pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi lotukuka lero, nyanga za ng'ombe zikuchotsedwa ngakhale ali mwana.
Mukudziwa? Ng'ombe zimapangidwa bwino ndikumvetsera nyimbo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo akhoza kuphunzitsidwa kubwerera kuchokera ku msipu molingana ndi nyimbo kapena mawu ena.
Ndondomekoyi yafala kwambiri moti, monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro, ana ambiri a ku America masiku ano sadziwa kuti ng'ombe ndi nyama yamphongo.
Kuchotsedwa koyamba kwa nyanga sikungokhala zokoma komanso "kusokonezeka maganizo", komanso cholinga chachikulu kwambiri. 
Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti mapangidwe a chimanga pa mitu amafunika calcium, phosphorous, selenium ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri pa nyama, pomwe kunyalanyaza kwa mwana wang'ombe kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti thupi lonse lizikhala ndi thupi.
Pali njira zingapo zowonongera ng'ombe ya "mutu" wake (njirayi ndi dzina la sayansi "decornation", ndipo nthawi zina amatchedwa kutaya madzi m'thupi tsiku ndi tsiku) - makina, mankhwala, magetsi, ndi zina zotero.
Zimakhulupirira kuti ndibwino kuti muchite ndondomeko ya msinkhu wa ana, pamene mwana wang'ombe akuyamba kusonyeza nyanga zazing'ono. Mothandizidwa ndi zizoloŵezi zosiyanasiyana iwo sangaloledwe kukula, zomwe zimachepetsanso zowawa za thupi ndi zamaganizo za nyama.
Momwe mungayang'anire
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ng'ombe wamkulu, monga lamulo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito makina osakaniza, omwe amatchedwa njira yamagazi. Pali njira ziwiri zomwe zingatheke - kuchotseratu katemera kapena kudula mwatsatanetsatane.
Yoyamba imapangidwa ndi wodwala wa veterinarian pokhapokha atalandira njira zonse zofunikira zowonongetsa ndi kuteteza magazi ochuluka, yachiwiri ikhoza kuchitidwa kunyumba.
Pofuna kudula mitengo yamtundu wa nyama, akuluakulu (Bulgarian) kapena gulu labasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mwana wang'ombe akhoza "kuthandizidwa" ndi chinthu chilichonse chamtengo wapatali. 
Kudula kumachitidwa chimodzimodzi monga kudula misomali: mukhoza kudula gawo lomwe palibe mitsempha ya magazi, ndiko kuti, 5-6 masentimita.
Ndikofunikira! Musanayambe ndondomekoyi, muyenera kuchita zinthu zitatu: yesetsani kulimbikitsanso zinyama momwe mungathere, yang'anani pamwamba ndi mankhwala a anesthesia ndikukonzekera bwino mutu wa "wodwala", mwinamwake ng'ombe ikhoza kuswa chidacho, kudzivulaza kapena mwiniwake.
Ngati pangakhale kupuma magazi panthawi ya opaleshoni, malo owonongeka ayenela kuchotsedwa mpaka kumapeto, ndipo tizilombo ta tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa bala, kuliyika kwa nyanga yathanzi ndi "eyiti".
Nthawi yabwino kwambiri yothetsera ndondomekoyi, ngati tikukamba za nyama wamkulu - nyengo yochepa, pamene sikuzizira komanso sizitentha kwambiri. Kuzokongoletsa ndizovuta kwambiri kwa ng'ombe, choncho pa nthawi ya mimba, makamaka pa theka lachiwiri, njirayi sayenera kuchitika.
Kudula pamwamba ndi njira yofala kwambiri kuti nyama zazikulu zikhale zosatetezeka. Kawirikawiri, iwo adachotsa nyanga zonse, kupatulapo ngati ng'ombeyi ikuwonetsa mphamvu kwambiri.
Njira inanso yoperekera magazi (koma osati yopweteka) kukakamiza kuletsa kukula kwa nyanga mwa kuika mphete yolowa pansi pambali pawo. 
Kupopera minofu kumapangitsa kuti magazi amaleke kulowa mu nyanga, ndipo amakanidwa. Kawirikawiri, kufa kwa chiwalo kumatenga masabata 4 mpaka 7, ndipo nthawi zonse nyamayo imayenera kukhala pansi pa mphamvu ya anesthesia yapamwamba.
Pambuyo povala zovala, ngati njirayo imayendetsedwa bwino, phokoso (phokoso), limene nyanga zimakula, zimamangiriza minofu yowonongeka, ndipo imayambitsa matenda ena m'deralo.
Mankhwala kuchotsa
Mankhwala, nyanga zimachotsedwa kwa ana aamuna kuyambira masiku atatu mpaka masabata atatu. Kwenikweni, palibe nyanga, monga zanenedwa, nyama yomwe ili pa msinkhu uwu, chotero njira yakuchotsera ikhoza kukhala yosakwanira.
Panthawi ina, mankhwala amachimake angayambitse kutupa, kutuluka m'magazi ndi zina zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la nyama.
Ndikofunikira! Nyanga za mwana wa ng'ombe zikuphulika pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, njira zamakono ndi zamagetsi zokongoletsera zimalepheretsa kukula kwawo, kuti asayambe kudula.
Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa madzi m'thupi, makina opangidwa ndi keratinized kuzungulira mphukira za nyanga amatsukidwa bwino ndipo ubweya umameta pa webusaitiyi. 
Khungu lapafupi liyenera kuikidwa ndi mafuta odzola, mafuta obiriwira, kapena mankhwala ena omwe amachititsa kuti mankhwalawa asalowe m'malowa.
Kenaka chifuwacho chimachizidwa ndi mankhwala apadera komanso osindikizidwa ndi pulasitiki.
Monga zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa mbale yakuda, amagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- potaziyamu hydroxide;
- sodium hydroxide;
- hydrochloric acid;
- nitric acid;
- madzi;
- mafuta opangira mafuta kapena phala.
Ngakhale kuti zinali zosavuta, njira yamadzi yotaya madzi m'thupi imakhala yopweteka kwambiri, ndipo zolakwika zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimatha kuwonetsa kuti mwana wang'ombe amatha kutaya.
Magetsi
Kuwonongeka kwa magetsi kuli ndi ubwino angapo pa kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, chifukwa:
- Zingathe kuchitidwa pa nyama zakale, zomwe zimachepetsa nkhawa ndipo zimapatsa mlimi nthawi yambiri yogwiritsira ntchito. Nthenda yabwino ya ng'ombe yamphongo mukamagwiritsira ntchito njirayi ndi masiku 20-45, koma n'zotheka kuchita chithandizo pa miyezi iwiri;
- Ichitidwa mofulumira kwambiri: ndondomekoyi imatha mphindi zisanu ndi zisanu, kotero, kupweteka kumachepetsedwa;
- sizitsogolera kuvulala ndi zotsatira zina zoipa, machiritso amachitika mwamsanga.
Njirayi ikuchitika mothandizidwa ndi chipangizo chapadera chotchedwa electro-thermocauter.Ndikofunikira! Musamvere chisoni mwana wang'ombe, posankha mankhwala otsika otsika: Pakadali pano, nyama imalandira kutentha ndipo imamva ululu wofanana, koma njirayi siigwira ntchito, ndipo nyanga zikupitiriza kukula.
Zitha kugulidwa mosavuta m'masitolo apadera kapena kuitanitsa pa intaneti (mtengo ukuyamba kuchokera $ 50).
Kufunika kwa mitengo yowonongeka kwa magetsi ndiko kuyambitsa nyanga zotulukira ndi kutentha kwakukulu, pafupifupi +1000 ° С, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu.
Mankhwala a cauterization amachokera m'malo mwa nyanga zotulukirapo khungu zouma khungu, lomwe limatha patapita masabata angapo ndipo silikusowa chithandizo china.
Mbuzi za ng'ombe popanda nyanga (komolye)
Koma njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera vuto la ng'ombe ya thupi ndiyo kusankha mtundu umene poyamba unalibe malipenga. Zilombo zoterezi zimatchedwa komolymi ndipo zimagwidwa bwino kuti, popanda kugwidwa, sada nkhawa kuti ziweto zimakhala zovulaza zomwe iwowo ndi achibale awo amachita.
Phunzirani momwe mungametezere ng'ombe ya ng'ombe.
Nazi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za ng'ombe zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri padziko lonse:
- Aberdeen-Angus. Ndi mbadwa ya ng'ombe zopanda malire ku Scottish. Malangizo othandizira - nyama (mtunduwu umapatsa nyama yamtengo wapatali yamtengo wapatali wamafuta). Kupha nyama zokolola - 70%. Kukula kumafota - 1.5 mamita, kulemera kwake - 0,5 matani mu ng'ombe komanso kufika 1 tani - ng'ombe. Mbali yosiyana - ubwino wabwino ndi thupi lopweteka. Sutu ndi wakuda. Olimba kwambiri, oyenerera kuswana kumpoto ndi kuzizira kwa nyengo.
- Russian Komoly. Anakhazikitsidwa mu 2007 ndi abusa a Stavropol ndi Volgograd amene adadutsa ng'ombe za Kalmyk ndi Aberdeen-Angus. Kugwiritsa ntchito - nyama (kupha nyama zokolola - 80%). Ng'ombeyo ndi yaikulu, kulemera kwake kumatha kufika mamita 1,45, kulemera kwake ndi matani 0.9-1.3 mu ng'ombe ndi matani 0.8-1 mu anapiye. Mtundu - wakuda, thupi - kufanana.
- Redpol. Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi cha mkaka ndi nyama.
Ng'ombe zikuphatikizapo Simmental, Bestuzhev, Caucasus, Sychevsk, Schwyz, Krasnogorbatov ng'ombe.
Amapereka matani okwana 5 a mkaka wamafuta kwambiri panthaŵiyi, nyama yophera nyama - mpaka 60%. Kulemera kwa ng'ombe ndi 0.9 matani, ng'ombe - matani 0.8, kutalika kwafota - mamita 1.2. Mtundu uli wofiira. Ziwalo za thupi - miyendo yaitali, mutu waung'ono, ngati maso odabwa. Плохо переносит сухой климат, но при высокой влажности довольно неприхотлива.
- Корова из Айовы (декоративная комолая, или плюшевая). Выведена в США в 2013 году. Телосложение - коренастое. Отличительная черта - длинная и нежная шерсть. Голова - небольшая, шея - короткая. Kuphatikiza pa nyanga, palinso zosaoneka bwino. Zosankha zamtundu: zakuda, zakuda ndi zoyera, zofiirira, zofiirira ndi zoyera, zofiira. Kutalika kwafota ndifika pa 1.35 mamita, kulemera kwake kwa mwana wang'ombe nthawi zambiri amatha matani 0.5, pamene ng'ombe zikufika matani 0.8. Mtengo uli pafupi madola 5,000.
Kunyumba, kusunga nyanga za ng'ombe sikofunika. Kuwonjezera apo, mtundu woterewu ukhoza kubweretsa zovuta zambiri kwa nyamayo, komanso achibale ake ndi eni ake. Pachifukwa ichi, m'mayiko ambiri, alimi akhala akuyenda njira yakuchotsa njira za ana aang'ono ali aang'ono.Sitinayambe ndondomekoyi, abusa ambiri amangochotsa nyanga za ng'ombe zazikulu. Komabe, njira yabwino komanso yodzikongoletsera yokhala ndi zovuta zosafunikira komanso zowonongeka pamitu ya ziweto ndi kubzala mitundu yomwe poyamba idayidwa.
