Nkhunda zotulutsa

M'dziko lamakono, mauthenga amachitidwa paulendo wodabwitsa kupyolera mu maimelo, amithenga amodzi, ndi ma telefoni. Komabe, kalelo, mauthenga anafalitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mbalame - nkhunda. Popeza sagwiranso ntchito yawo yakale pakugwiritsira ntchito ma positi, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa nkhunda za masewera ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mpikisano. Choncho, mtundu wa njiwa sulipo, njiwa ikhoza kutchedwa nkhunda, yomwe ili ndi luso loyenerera, ndipo imapambana mosankha mosamala komanso nthawi yophunzitsira. Mitundu ina ya njiwa ili ndi luso lotha kutumiza makalata, ndipo mbalame za mtundu wanji ndizo - tidzakambirana pambuyo pake m'nkhaniyi.

Mbiri ya makalata a Pigeon

Pigeon Mail ndiyambiri utumiki wa positi wakale. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa njiwa popereka mauthenga kunayamba kale. Kotero, mauthenga amtundu uwu anali wamba pakati pa Agiriki, Aroma, Aigupto, Aperisi ndi Ayuda kuti azitenga usilikali, malonda ndi zolinga zina.

Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri Padziko Lonse, njiwa zinagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofalitsa mauthenga, koma ndi chitukuko cha mauthenga a pawailesi, kufunikira kwa mbalame kwatsika kwambiri. Mpaka pano, nkhunda zophunzitsidwa bwino zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pampikisano.

Mukudziwa? Panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri, dziko la Great Britain linagwiritsa ntchito nkhunda zankhondo zikwi mazana awiri zokwana 200,000.

Momwe mungadziwire kumene mungapite, ndi mtunda uti

Njira yolankhuliranayi imachokera ku njiwa yozizwitsa yokhoza kubwerera ku chisa chake, ngakhale itabweretsedwa kutali kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito nkhunda zawo Muyenera kuyamba kuchoka kumalo olowera ndikupita nawo komwe akupita, ndiyeno mubwererenso ku chisa.

Mpaka pano, asayansi sanavomereze momwe mbalame zimadziwira njira yoyenera yowuluka. Malingana ndi buku lina, amakhulupirira kuti nkhunda zimatha kuzindikira infrasound. Khutu la munthu silingakhoze kuligwira, komabe, mafunde awa amachotsedwa paliponse chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe, nyengo zochitika, zomwe anthu amapanga. Mafunde akhoza kufalikira pamtunda wautali. Nkhunda, pogwiritsa ntchito infrasound, pangani mtundu wa mapu omwe amatha kupita nawo. Malingaliro ena, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito Munda wa geomagnetickomanso kukhala ndi "kampasi yokhazikika" ndipo imayang'aniridwa ndi dzuwa. Kuwonjezera apo, njiwa zikhoza kuloweza pamtunda ndi kumununkhiza bwino, zomwe zimakupangitsani kuti mupeze mwamsanga ulendo wanu kunyumba.

Kawirikawiri, njiwa zimatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 1,100 pokhala ndi zaka zitatu, pamapangidwe amatha maola 15-18. Koma makamaka anthu olimba ndi okhoza akhoza kugonjetsa patali kwambiri kufunafuna chisa chawo. Kawirikawiri liwiro la ndege ndi 60-70 km / h, koma mbalame zina zimatha kufika pamtunda kufika pa 100 kapena 150 km / h. Pofuna kutumiza mauthenga, cholemberacho chimapangidwira mu chubu ndi kumangirizidwa ndi phazi la mbalame. Pakuti kalatayo imadza ndi mawu apadera - nthendayi.

Oyimira akuluakulu

Monga tanenera kale, mitundu ina ya njiwa imakhala ndi luso lapadera lophunzitsira ndi kuyendetsa mlengalenga, chifukwa kuyambira kale iwo anasankhidwa kuti atumize mauthenga ndi kuchita ntchito yopanga zovuta kuti apangitse makhalidwe abwino. Kenaka, timalingalira makhalidwe a mitundu ikuluikulu ya njiwa.

Mitundu ina ya nkhunda ili ndi nyama yodyera.

Chilankhulo cha Chingerezi

Mosiyana ndi dzina, malo obadwirako ndi Asia. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, mbalameyo inabwera ku Ulaya, kumene mbalame zinkayenda bwino. Mtundu uwu umadziwika ndi makhalidwe apamwamba a ndege, mofulumira, kuwuluka molunjika. Makhalidwe ofunika:

• kulemera: 560-650 g;
• kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira pachiyambi cha mlomo mpaka kumapeto kwa mchira ndi 43-47 cm;
• mvula: zofiira, zandiweyani, nthenga - zovuta, mtundu ukhoza kukhala wosiyana (wakuda, woyera, imvi, chifuwa, variegated);

• Nkhani: mphamvu, mawonekedwe oblong ndi chifuwa chachikulu ndi nsana yayitali;
• mutu: zochepa, mawonekedwe oblong;
• khosi: yaitali kwambiri, woonda;
• Mlomo: yaitali (mpaka masentimita 5), ​​mtundu umadalira mafunde ndipo ukhoza kukhala bulauni kapena pinki. Zophimbidwa ndi zikopa za khungu zomwe zimangowonjezera msinkhu komanso zaka zitatu zakubadwa zimafika kukula kwa mtedza;

• mchira: yaitali, otsika, nthenga zogwira pansi;
• mapiko: amphamvu, amphamvu, atalika, mapewa athamangitsidwa patsogolo, nsonga za mapikowo zimatembenuka pamchira;
• nthawi: mpaka masentimita 70;
• nyengo ya moyo: Zaka 15-25.

Belgium (Antwerp)

"Agaluli" ndi akatswiri pakati pa njiwa paulendo waulendo. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mbalame zokongoletsera. Ziwoneka zochititsa kaso komanso makhalidwe abwino kwambiri oyendetsa mbalame omwe analandira kuchokera kwa makolo awo: mtundu wa njiwa ku Germany, mawonetsero a Antwerp ndi maulendo oyendayenda. Mtundu umenewu unayambira m'zaka za m'ma 1800 ku mzinda wa Antwerp wa ku Belgium.

Makhalidwe ofunika:

• mvula: Dothi, lalifupi, loyambirira - loyera, mapiko a phiko angakhale a bulauni kapena imvi;

• Nkhani: wamkulu, wamphamvu, ndi minofu yotukuka bwino, yopangika;
• mutu: wamphamvu, yotalika pamaso, chachikulu;
• khosi: wandiweyani ndi waufupi;
• Mlomo: kutalika kwake, mthunzi wa pinki, uli ndi kakang'ono ka ceramum;

• mchira: yochepa ndi yopapatiza;
• mapiko: wamphamvu, zolimba thupi, kutseka kwathunthu kumbuyo;
• nyengo ya moyo: Zaka 15-20.

Mukudziwa? Mtengo wa mtundu uwu ndi wapamwamba kwambiri monga momwe mbalame zimapindulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2012 nyama ya njiwa ya ku Belgium inagulitsidwa madola 328,000 kwa wazinesi wa China.

German

Iyi ndi mtundu wokongola kwambiri wokongoletsera wa njiwa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza kapena ngati mbalame yopindulitsa. Zikuwoneka posachedwapa, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, ndipo zikufanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wakale - mbalame za Antwerp.

Makhalidwe ofunika:

• mvula: wandiweyani, wosalala komanso wandiweyani, mitundu ingakhale yosiyana, koma mtunduwu umayenera kuphimba thupi lonse, kupatulapo nsonga ndi mimba, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi chitsanzo cha kayendedwe kamaloledwa;

• Nkhani: zowonongeka, zamphamvu, zowonongeka, zojambula kumchira, ndi chifuwa chachikulu;
• mutu: Pafupi ndi maso ndipo pang'onopang'ono kufika pamtunda, mbiriyo imapangidwa bwino, kumbuyo kwa mutu kumadutsa;
• khosi: zofiira, zophimba bwino, zofiira ku chifuwa;
• Mlomo: kutalika kwake, kosavuta, kumakhala kwakukulu, kungakhale kofiira kapena kofiira;
• mchira: chofupika, chochepa (kupitirira mapiko akupita 2 cm);

• mapiko: kutalika, kutalika;
• miyendo: wamphamvu, yopanda nthenga, wofiira.

Russian

Zokongola, mbalame zamphamvu zomwe zili ndi makhalidwe apamwamba. Makhalidwe ofunika:

• mvula: wandiweyani, wakuda. Kawirikawiri pali mtundu woyera woyera, komabe kukhalapo kwa motley ndi mtundu uliwonse wophatikizana kumaloledwa;
• Nkhani: ochepetsetsa, okometsetsa, oikidwa pambali, ndi chifuwa chowombera;
• mutu: kukula kwakukulu, kaso;

• khosi: kutalika, woonda, kumapitirira pa mapewa;
• Mlomo: lalifupi ndi lakuthwa, ndi nsonga yopindika;
• mchira: chocheperako, chamkati chamkati, khalani pamzere;
• mapiko: wamphamvu, yopapatiza ndi yaitali, mapewa amayenda kutsogolo kwa chifuwa, nsonga za mapikowo amakulira pamwamba pa thupi;
• miyendo: Osapitilizidwanso, mthunzi wofiira, wautali wamkati.

Nkhunda za nkhondo zimatchula dzina lawo osati kumenyana ndi makhalidwe, koma chifukwa cha nkhondo yomveka bwino ndi mapiko awo, omwe amachoka. Izi ndizo mitundu yosiyanasiyana monga Armavir, Baku, Takla, Uzbek, Agaran, Kasan.

Zojambula (dragons)

Izi ndi mbalame zokongoletsera zokongola ndi zovuta komanso dzina losazolowereka. Zilibe zofanana ndi zimbalangondo, koma kwa wachibale wawo wapafupi kwambiri ndi makolo awo - ntchito ya Chingerezi - kwathunthu. Poyamba, mtundu uwu unali ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri oyendetsa ndege, ndipo ngakhale anatha kusindikizira makina, koma ndi chitukuko chofulumizitsa mauthenga, chinjokacho chinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito monga mtundu wokonzera maonekedwe. Zotsatira zake, mbalamezo zinataya makhalidwe awo oyambirira oyendayenda ndikusintha mawonekedwe awo: zinakhala zolemetsa, zowopsya komanso zowonongeka. Mpaka pano, sagwiritsidwe ntchito pa masewera.

Makhalidwe ofunika:

• mvula: wandiweyani, wakuda ndi wolimba. Nthenga ndizoluntha, mitundu imakhala, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mabotolo a mitundu yosiyana imaloledwa;

• Nkhani: kwambiri, minofu, yamphamvu, ndi chifuwa chachikulu;
• mutu: ochepa, oblong. Mtsinje;
• khosi: oblong, wandiweyani, amafika pamapewa;
• Mlomo: oblong, amphamvu, kumtunda wotsekedwa ndi ziphuphu za pinki kapena zoyera;

• mchira: zochepa;
• mapiko: wamphamvu, yaikulu, yochuluka, yotenga nthawi yaitali pamchira;
• miyendo: wamphamvu, minofu, yayitali yaitali, yokutidwa ndi nthenga.

Fufuzani kuti nkhunda zingati zimakhala kuthengo ndi panyumba, momwe mungapezere kugonana kwa njiwa ndi kumanga nkhunda; Kodi matenda a mumsewu amavutika bwanji?

Czechs

Chikopa cha Czech (masewera) nkhunda amadziwika ndi mphamvu ya thupi ndi chitetezo champhamvu, panthawi imodzimodziyo ali okhulupirika kwambiri, amatha kusamalidwa bwino ndipo amaphunzitsidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatha kugwira ntchito ndi anthu. Mitunduyi imakonda kwambiri mpikisano. Mbalame zazikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi maulendo apatali.

Makhalidwe ofunika:

• mvula: yosalala, wakuda. Mtundu - kuwala, ndi mikanda ya mthunzi wosiyana;
• Nkhani: zosalala bwino, zomangidwa bwino;

• mutu: Zing'onozing'ono, zong'onongeka pambali, ndi mbali yayikulu;
• khosi: oblong, pa mapewa - kupitilira;
• Mlomo: mapafupi kutalika, opapatiza ndi okhwima, ndi zitsime zotchulidwa;
• mchira: yaying'ono, yopapatiza, pafupifupi yophimbidwa ndi mapiko;
• mapiko: amphamvu, motalika, atalumikiza kumapeto, akugwedeza pang'ono kutsogolo kwa chifuwa.

Zomwe amangidwa

Sungani positi (ndiyo, masewera) a njiwa ayenera kukhala oyera, otentha, ndi kuthekera kochoka nthawi zonse.

Mudzidziwe nokha ndi malangizo pa kubereka nkhunda: momwe mungamangire dovecote, mukhale nkhunda m'nyengo yozizira.

Mpikisano wothamanga uyenera kukwaniritsa zochitika izi:

• malo: Ambiri obereketsa amalangiza kuti aziika malo otsekemera mwanyumba, ngakhale zili choncho, a aviary ayenera kukhala kutali ndi nyumba zaulimi, cesspools, mizere yamagetsi. Pamene kumanga kuli koyenera kuyika kumwera;

• miyeso: njiwa imodzi idzafuna osachepera 0,5 mita mamita. M square, kutalika kwa chipinda sayenera kupitirira 2 mamita. Ndi mbalame zambiri, dovecote igawikidwa mu magawo khumi ndi awiri;
• mpweya wabwino: Chifukwa cha mpweya wabwino, ndi bwino kupanga zitseko ziwiri (main and lattice), komanso kutentha padenga;
• kuunikira: Tsiku lowala la mbalame liyenera kukhala maola 12, kotero ngati kuli kofunikira, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi owonjezera;

• Kutentha: Kawirikawiri njiwa sizimafuna kutenthetsa. Ndikofunika kuonetsetsa kuti m'nyengo yozizira kutentha kwa chipinda sikugwera pansipa + 5 ... + 10 ° С, chifukwa cha ichi, nyumba ya nkhunda iyenera kutenthedwa bwino komanso zinyalala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimakhalanso zoopsa kwambiri kuti mbalame zizimveka bwino, chifukwa m'chilimwe chiwerengero chabwino ndi 20 ° C;
• zinyalala: amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zisa ndi pansi. Zipangizozi zikhoza kukhala zosiyana: udzu, udzu, nthambi zazing'ono, nthenga, utuchi wofiira ndi masentimita 10. Kuteteza matenda opatsirana, tsamba la fodya, chitsamba chowawa kapena phulusa limayikidwa pansi pa zinyalala.

• odyetsa ndi oledzera: Amagetsi a mabokosi a matabwa amaikidwa nthawi zambiri (angathe kukhala otsika). Palibe munthu aliyense amene amafunikira malo osachepera 7 cm. Kumwa zakumwa zoyenera kukonzekera. Nkofunika kuti mbalame zizikhala ndi madzi abwino atsopano nthawi zonse;
• zovuta: payekha amafunika mitengo 30-50 masentimita malinga ndi mtundu womwewo. Mipiringidzo imakwera pamwamba pakhoma, pamtunda wa masentimita 80 kuchokera pansi ndi padenga;

• zisa: Zigawo zogonana pa pepala limodzi: 80 * 40 * 30 cm. Kuyala sikuyenera kuikidwa, njiwa zikuzichita okha, pokhapokha atakana chisa chonse.

Ndikofunikira! M'malo osungirako pafupi ndi malo olowera kumalo ayenera kukhala wolandira. Chipangizochi chimakhala ngati khola, limene limagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yophunzitsira ndi mpikisano wa mbalame.

Zimene mungadye

Popeza kuti mafilimu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, amafunikira zakudya zabwino kuti adziwononge. Komabe, simungathe kudyetsa mbalame, chifukwa zikhoza kutaya maseŵera awo othamanga.

Malingaliro a obereketsa, nandolo yachikasu ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha nkhunda za nkhunda, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, zakudyazo ziyenera kuganizira za oat, chimanga, tirigu ndi mpendadzuwa - zikhalidwe zonsezi zimapanga maziko a zakudya. Zimathandizanso kuwonjezera masamba atsopano kapena okolola (letesi, plantain, clover, nettle, nyemba, kabichi ndi sipinachi) ndi ndiwo zamasamba.

Phunzirani zambiri za phindu la letesi, plantain, clover, nettle, nyemba, kabichi, sipinachi, komanso kulima letesi, kabichi, ndi sipinachi m'deralo.

Gawo la chakudya cha tsiku ndi tsiku ndi pafupifupi 60 g payekha. Panthawi ya molting, dzira-kuika ndi makulitsidwe, m'miyezi yozizira, magawo akhoza kuwonjezeka ndi 1.5-2 nthawi. Ziyenera kukhalapo zowonjezera mchere (chipolopolo, chipolopolo, etc.) ndi mchere. Nkofunikanso kupititsa patsogolo kudya zakudya za mbalame ndi mbewu zomwe zimamera: balere ndi oats.

Zimaletsedwa kudyetsa njiwa ndi mkaka, nyama ndi nsomba, zopangira mkate. Zotsambazi zimayambitsa matenda aakulu a m'mimba, kapena amachititsa imfa, monga thupi la mbalame silingakwanitse kuzigunda.

Maphunziro

Zambiri zikhoza kunena za maphunziro ndi maphunziro a mapepala. Ngati ndinu watsopano kumundawu, kumbukirani malamulo angapo ofunikira:

• ali ndi zaka zoposa 1.5, pamene mbalame zimakhala zowonongeka, mukhoza kuyamba kuphunzitsa zouluka, koma maphunziro enieni amachokera kwa miyezi 4 yokha;
• Musamaphunzitse anapiye ndi akazi mpaka ana omwe amatha sabata;
• Kuphunzitsidwa kumakhala nyengo yofunda, kuyambira mu April, pansi pa nyengo yabwino;
• mbalame zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zimayenera kumasulidwa ndi kuphunzitsidwa mosiyana;
• Kuphunzira koyambira koyambira ndi 5 km.

Pambuyo pozindikira mtunda woyambirira, njiwa zimatulutsidwa pa 10, 20, 50, 80, 150 km. M'chaka chophunzitsira, kutalika kwa mtunda kwa mbalame sikuyenera kupitirira 320 km pandege, yomwe ilipo maola 3-5. Panthawi yophunzitsidwa, njiwa imayamba kuledzera komanso kukhala ndi chidaliro mwa mwiniwake, kumapangitsa kukhala ndi thupi komanso kupirira, ndikuyamba kuyenda bwino. Komanso kumangiriza chisa kumapangidwanso. Maluso abwino makamaka amawonetsedwa ndi mbalame zomwe zili ndi awiri.

Ndikofunikira! Ndikofunika kuti musankhe mosamala malo oti mutulutse mbalameyi. Iyenera kukhala yotseguka ndi yovomerezeka pazembera kuti ayende. Musamasule nkhunda m'mapiri, m'mapiri ndi m'mapiri sangathe.

Omwe amachitira nawo zochitika amatsatira lamulo: ngati munthu amasonyeza zotsatira zabwino kwambiri, saloledwa kupikisana, koma amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aziswana ntchito kuti apeze ana ochuluka omwe ali ndi makhalidwe ofanana. Mbalame zimaloledwa kupikisana pokhala ndi zaka zitatu.

Video: masewera ophunzitsira nkhunda

Ngakhale masiku ano nkhunda sizigwiritsidwa ntchito popereka mauthenga, koma liwiro, nzeru ndi kudzipatulira kwa mbalamezi zimatha kupikisidwa pa mpikisano ndi mawonetsero. Kawirikawiri, mbalamezo zimakhala zosavuta kusunga, chifukwa zimakhala zosasamala komanso zosinthika. Komabe, chisamaliro chapadera chiyenera kuperekedwa kwa maphunziro, maphunziro ndi maphunziro, ngati mukufuna kukula mabungwe.