Udzu wa udzu ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri ya kukula kwa chitukuko cha zomera, motero, pofuna kupeza mbewu yayikulu ndi yapamwamba kwambiri. Feteleza - chida cha zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonzetsa mkhalidwe ndi katundu wa dothi. Amadyetsa zomera ndi zigawo zofunika zamagulu.
Pali zotsatirazi mitundu ya feteleza:
- organic ndi mineral (kuchokera pachiyambi);
- olimba ndi madzi (chikhalidwe cha aggregation);
- Kuchitapo kanthu molunjika ndi mwachindunji (kayendedwe kachitidwe);
- zofunikira, kubzala, kudyetsa, subsurface, pamwamba (njira yowonjezera).
Mitundu ya dothi:
- mchenga;
- chonchi;
- mchenga;
- loyamy;
- podzolic;
- chiwonetsero;
- nthaka yakuda
Chomera chomera cha nthaka
Dothi louma ndi dothi lokhala ndi dongo 40-45% mu mawonekedwe oyera. Iwo amadziwika ngati otayirira, owundana, owopsa, olemera, ozizira, koma olemera. Padziko lapansi pang'onopang'ono madzi amadzipiritsa ndi madzi ndipo amawasungira bwino kwambiri, mopitirira pang'onopang'ono n'kudutsa pamadzi otsika.
Choncho, zomera zimakula pamtundu uwu, samakhala ndi chilala. Maonekedwe a dothi lokhala ndi chinyezi champhamvu amachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kulima dziko lapansi, monga kuyanika kwathunthu - dziko lapansi limakhala miyala, komabe limasweka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti madzi ndi mpweya alowe mwamsanga.
Choncho, nthaka yovuta kwambiri yokonza ndi dongo. Kuti muwagwiritse ntchito, muyenera kuyembekezera boma pamene dothi silikakamira, koma silidzauma. Kukonzekera dothi la dothi kubzala, m'pofunika kupanga kuchuluka kokwanira kwa khama.
Chinthu choyamba kuchita ndi kukonzanso ndi kuthira pogona pabedi. Pofuna kupewa madzi kuti asatulukidwe, m'pofunikira kudzaza madera otsika ndikuyendetsa mapiri, ndiko kuti, pamtunda. Zovala zapamwamba zamkati zimayesedwa ngati njira yoyamba yopangira udothi. Zimapangidwa m'dzinja pamene zokolola zasonkhanitsidwa. Ngati chitukuko cha dzikolo chikuyamba, m'pofunika kuika 1.5 zidebe za zinthu zakuda pa mita imodzi ya dziko lapansi.
Mukudziwa? Manyowa panthaka ya dongo akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, pamene dothi lowala liyenera kukhala umuna pambuyo pa zaka zinayi.Komanso imakhala yovuta kwambiri ya manyowa, potassium nitrate ndi utuchi. Kwa makilogalamu 10 a manyowa, onjezerani 100 g ya nitrate mu mawonekedwe a madzi ndi 2 kg wa utuchi. Kupititsa patsogolo kungapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito utuchi ndi njira ya urea. Kuti muchite izi, tengani zidebe zitatu za utuchi ndi 100 g wa urea zowonongeka mu chidebe cha madzi.
Pogwiritsa ntchito kuvala pamwamba pa dongo, feteleza wobiriwira kapena kudula ndibwino. Pachifukwa ichi, mbewu zosavuta kumera zimabzalidwa masika, ndipo kumapeto kwa autumn zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi nthaka kuti zikhazikitse mchitidwe wowonongeka. Ntchito zoterezi zimangothandiza dziko lapansi kuti likhale ndi zakudya zowonjezera, koma zimapangitsanso kuti zikhale bwino.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito ndi zomwe zingathandize nthaka: Kutsekedwa kwa dothi la dongo kumapangitsa kuti mchenga wa mchenga ugwiritsidwe ntchito ndi feteleza. Gwiritsani ntchito ndowa zitatu za mchenga pa 1 mita imodzi ya nthaka. Kuwonjezera mchenga bwino kumapangidwa mu kugwa pamene kukumba.
Kuti ulemere nthaka dothi ingabzalidwe ndi clover, kenaka muthamangire masiku khumi akukula, muzisiya. Ngati dothi ladothi likutha, feteleza amchere ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito. Limu lofiira limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa izi.
Ndikofunikira! Kuti mupeze acidity ya nthaka, yang'anani pa zomera. Plantain, horsetail, nsabwe, ndi buttercup zimakula pa nthaka yowawa. Pa subacid ndi ndale - clover, udzu wa tirigu, chamomile, munda bindweed.
Pofuna kuti dongo likhale loamy nthaka, muyenera kuyesetsa kupanga zokometsera za thupi chaka chilichonse kwa zaka zisanu. Pamene chitukuko cha nthaka chinachitika ndipo zinatheka kuthetsa pang'ono zigawo zake, ntchito ikuchitidwa pa feteleza kuti ikule zomera.
Zamchere feteleza ndizopanga mankhwala osakaniza. Tidzamvetsetsa, chifukwa feteleza omwe amapezeka m'nthaka. Mtundu uwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kubwezeretsanso zida za zakudya: nayitrogeni, phosphorous, potaziyamu. 
Manyowa amchere amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku dongo mu kugwa, polima. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono, popeza dongo lakhala likulemera mchere. Kusankhidwa kwa fetereza feteleza kumadalira zomwe mukukonzekera kukula m'dera lino.
Pa dothi dothi kukula maapulo, yamatcheri, nkhuyu, quinces, raspberries, hawthorn. Mukamabzala masamba pa bedi ladongo, mbande zimabzalidwa pambali, ndikuika mizu pamalo otentha; Nkhumba ziyenera kufesedwa m'madzi osaya.
Mbatata sayenera kubzalidwa osachepera 8 masentimita. Dziko lapansi liyenera kumasulidwa nthawi zonse pa nthawi ya mvula, komanso pakagwa chilala - pambuyo kuthirira.
Kupititsa patsogolo chonde ndikuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mchere ndi zinthu zomwe zili m'nthaka ndikofunikira kuti zizimere. Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa osiyana: nkhosa, kalulu, kavalo, zitosi za nkhuku.
Feteleza nthaka ya mchenga
Nthaka ya mchenga ndi nthaka yopanda phokoso, yomwe mchenga umakhala pa gawo limodzi la dongo. Mukhoza kufufuza ngati dothi lachinyontho pamalo anu. Yesani kutsegula mpira kapena chikhomo. Ngati izo zikuthamangira mpira, koma mbendera siili, ndiye nthaka yamchenga, ndipo ngati palibe mpira kapena mbendera, ndiye mtundu wa dziko lapansi ndi mchenga. 
Vuto la nthaka yamchenga ndi kusasunga bwino kwa chinyezi, Choncho, popanda kulikulitsa, simungakwanitse kukwaniritsa zokolola zambiri, komanso kukula kwa mbeu. Kutuluka, chinyezi chimatenga zakudya zambiri. Nthaka yachitsamba imakhazikika mofulumira ndipo imatenthedwa mwamsanga, choncho m'nyengo yozizira mbewuyo idzafa chifukwa cha kuzizira, komanso m'nyengo yozizira kuchokera kumoto wa mizu komanso chifukwa cha imfa ya mizu.
Kupititsa patsogolo dothi ndikofunikira kuonjezera mamasukidwe ake. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito kuvala kwa thupi. Kugwiritsira ntchito manyowa kudzakuthandizani kukonza dothi lamchenga. Pa mita imodzi yokha muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zidebe ziwiri za manyowa. Njira zoterezi ziyenera kuchitika mkati mwa zaka zitatu.
Njira yochepetsetsa koma yochepetsetsa yochepetsera dothi la mchenga ndiyo kudzaza ndi kompositi kapena peat. Mera imodzi ya masentimita ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito chidebe chimodzi cha feteleza. Komanso, ngati dothi la dothi, mchenga umakula bwino mwa kufesa munda ndi nyemba. Kukumba ndi kofunikira ndi zomera, zidzakuthandizira kuonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe. 
Muyenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti mukhale ndi dongo. Pakuti izi ndi bwino kugula ufa wouma dongo. Ngati mumagwiritsira ntchito ndowa zinayi za feteleza pa nthaka, mukakhala ndi nyengo ziwiri mumatha kusintha nthaka yanu kukhala mchenga.
Nthaka ikayamba bwino, chirimwe chiri chonse chofunikira kuyendetsa mulching, chifukwa madzi samasinthasintha mofulumira. Manyowa opangidwa ndi feteleza amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthaka ya mchenga m'dzinja, makamaka, izi ndi peat ndi manyowa. Ndi bwino kuwonjezera mchere ndi feteleza zokhala ndi mchenga m'chaka, ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito kugwa, madzi ambiri amasamba.
Monga feteleza wa dothi la mchenga wambiri, phulusa limagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimalimbikitsa kutulutsa mphamvu, ndipo pa nthaka yopanda ndale zimayambitsa potaziyamu ndi phosphorous. Kupanga phulusa kumawononga 200 g pa mita imodzi, osati kuika maliro, koma kufalitsa. Musagwiritse ntchito phulusa ndi feteleza zamchere - zidzatayika.
Nthawi yamkati pakati pa kuyambitsidwa kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya feteleza ikhoza kukhala mwezi umodzi, ndipo ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza feteleza musanadzalemo / kubzala.
Manyowa a mchere pa dothi la mchenga ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo amafika ku mizu ya zomera ndipo akhoza kuwotcha. Ndi bwino kufesa nthawi zambiri, koma ndi ndondomeko yochepa.
Mtundu wa kudyetsa, chiwerengero ndi nthawi zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zimadalira zomera zomwe mukufuna kukalima. Pamalo a mchenga, nyemba zam'mimba, mchere wa mabulosi akuda, mabulosi akuda, currants, gooseberries, plums, yamatcheri, maapulo, mphesa, mavwende ndi matumba amakula bwino.
Mchere wa Sandy
Mchenga wa Sandy ndi dothi limene muli dothi la magawo atatu pa mchenga. Iwo amadziwika ndi kuti ali ndi mawonekedwe ofooketsa, moyenera kugwira chinyezi. Mosiyana ndi mchenga, dothi la mchenga limapindulitsa kukula kwa zomera.
Dothi la mchenga limapuma, limachepetsa feteleza zamchere, kuwateteza ku leaching, ndipo amatha kusunga madzi. Peat ndi ndowe ndizoyenera kuti apange zovala zapamwamba, zimayambira mu kasupe kapena m'dzinja pa nthawi yolima. Manyowa amchere, monga momwe zilili ndi dothi la mchenga, amapangidwa m'chaka, m'mbali zing'onozing'ono, koma nthawi zambiri. 
Dothi la mchenga ndi lachonde komanso loyenera kukula kwambiri. Pamphepete mwa mchenga mungathe kulima mbewu zakulima, zipatso zambiri ndi zipatso za mabulosi, mbewu.
Loamy nthaka feteleza
Dothi la Loamy ndilo lomwe liri ndi dongo komanso mchenga. Iwo amawoneka kuti akuphatikizapo dothi ndi mchenga loam.
Loam igawanika pa mitundu:
- mapapu;
- choyimira;
- zolemetsa.
Dothi la Loamy ndiloyenera kubzala mbewu za m'munda ndi munda. Zimapuma mpweya wokwanira, kutentha kwambiri ndi chinyontho chokhazikika, mosavuta kukonzedwa. Maulendo ali olemera mchere ndi zinthu zina, ali ndi zakudya zochuluka, nthawi zonse amadzaza ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amakhala m'nthaka.
Ngakhale zachibadwa za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, loamy, ngati dothi la mchenga wa mchenga amafunika kuvala pamwamba. Manyowa ndi kompositi akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo amalangiza kuti agwiritse ntchito loam kuti agwiritse ntchito kugwa.
Komanso, kuyambitsa zowonjezeranso za feteleza ndi feteleza, zimayenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi kukonzekera kubzala kapena kubzala.
Pa heavy loam akhoza kukula chitumbuwa maula. Dothi lokongola loamy ndiloyenera kukula mapeyala ndi maapulo. Pambuyo polima, zomera zoterezi, monga nyemba, chimanga, tsabola wokoma, ndi masamba, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, zimatha kukula bwino.
Feteleza podzolic dothi
Podzol ndi nthaka yomwe imakhala ndi nkhalango za coniferous. Zimapangidwa motsogoleredwa ndi kutentha ndi kutentha kwambiri.
Mukudziwa? Dothi la mtundu uwu linalandira dzina ili kuchokera ku mawu akuti "pansi" ndi "phulusa", ndiko kuti, mofanana ndi phulusa.
Malo amtundu uwu amaonedwa kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha kukula kwa masamba, popeza ali ndi asidi otere komanso kubereka. Ganizirani za feteleza zomwe zili bwino kwa dothi la podzolic.
Pogwiritsa ntchito dothi limeneli kubzala, m'pofunika kuchepetsa acidity ndi liming. Kuti muchite izi, 0,5 makilogalamu a laimu amathandiza ku 1 mita mita imodzi. Kuchuluka kwake kwa laimu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi 1 muzaka zisanu ndi zitatu. Kuyamba kwa mandimu kuyenera kuchitidwa mu kugwa, pamene kugwiritsa ntchito chovala china sikofunikira.
Ngati organic kapena mineral supplements ayonjezedwa ndi laimu, zotsatira zake zidzakhala zochepa, popeza mandimu imachepetsanso mphamvu zina za feteleza. Choncho, laimu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwa, ndipo mchere ndi mankhwala ndi mchere zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'chaka.
Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito feteleza kwa dothi la asidi:
- Manyowa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa kasupe kuti azilima;
- Ammonium supplements (urea, ammofoska, ammonium chloride) amadziwikiranso nthawi yachisanu;
- potashi zowonjezerapo zimathandiza pakugwa.
Ndikofunikira! Kabichi, beets, nyemba ndi hemp silingalole chilengedwe cha acidic.
Zokoma ndi acidity ndi zomera: tirigu, balere, chimanga, nkhaka, anyezi, nyemba, letesi, mpendadzuwa.
Zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi zinyama zosakaniza zikuphatikizapo: mapira, rye, oats, kaloti, tomato, radishes.
Nthambi ndi mbatata, zikadzala pa dothi losavuta, zimafuna kuti nthaka ikhale yochepa.
Motero, pafupifupi zomera zonse zimafuna laimu m'nthaka kuti zitha kuyamwa zakudya.
Komanso nthaka ya feteleza pogwiritsa ntchito makala, peat ndi utuchi.
Mchere wa Peatland
Dothi la mchenga ndi mtundu wa nthaka yomwe imapangidwa ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka zowonjezereka pamwamba ndi madzi kapena pansi.
Dothi lachinyontho lokhala ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi lolemera mu nayitrojeni, lomwe silipezeka mu mawonekedwe omwe alipo a zomera.
Koma panthawi imodzimodziyo pali kusowa kwa potaziyamu ndi phosphorous yovuta. Dothi ngatilo siliyambitsa kutenthetsa, peat imatentha pang'ono. Taganizirani zomwe feteleza ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku peatland ndi nthaka yamtunda.
Peatland kusintha ziyenera kuchitika mbali ziwiri:
- kulengedwa kwa zikhalidwe za moyo wabwino mwa kugwiritsa ntchito manyowa, utuchi, manyowa;
- kuyambitsa zinthu zoperewera, monga potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, pofuna kutsimikizira kukula kwa zomera.
Mitengo yambiri ya zipatso silingalekerere madzi ochulukirapo, choncho amafunika kubzalidwa pamtunda wapamwamba kapena pansi. Ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa madambo, yomwe imalola kuti mbeu, masamba, zipatso ndi zipatso zikhale bwino, zadzilimbikitsa zokha.
Feteleza nthaka yakuda
Chernozem ndi mtundu wa nthaka yomwe ili ndi mdima ndipo imakhala ndi humus ambiri. Mtundu uwu uli ndi phosphorous, nayitrogeni, chitsulo, sulufule. Chernozems ndi madzi abwino komanso amapuma, amakhala ndi kashiamu wambiri.
The chernozems okha ali olemera ndi chonde. Ngati ndi kotheka, phosphate ndi fetashi feteleza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza m'nthaka. Poganizira kuti chernozem alibe zabwino looseness, mu kugwa mungathe kuika kompositi, mchenga kapena peat: ntchito 1 mbali pamwamba kuvala 3 mbali chernizem.
Ngakhale kuti chonde, nthaka yakuda imatayika pakapita nthawi, ngati simusamaliranso ndi kusamera. Pakuti dothi ndi yachibadwa acidity ndi abwino: saltpeter, potashi zowonjezerapo. Pakuti acidic chernozems, m'pofunika kuwonjezera hydrated laimu pa mlingo wa 200 g pa 1 mita mita.
Chernozems ndi abwino kwa zomera zambiri. Zomangamanga, mbewu, zipatso, mafuta omera pamalowo.
Kuphatikizana, ndikofunikira kunena kuti mtundu uliwonse wa nthaka umafuna kusamalira. Pofuna kukula ndi kukula kwa zomera, kuchulukitsa chonde ndi zokolola, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza kunthaka.
