Mitundu ya mphesa Yoyambirira: Maonekedwe a mitundu ndi mawonekedwe aukadaulo waulimi

Mphesa - chikhalidwe chakale kwambiri chomangidwa ndi munthu. Masamba a mphesa amatchulidwabe m'Chipangano Chakale. Ndipo zipatso zamphesa zofunikira zinayambitsa mkangano pakati pa Nowa ndi ana ake. Lero, chifukwa cha zoyesayesa za asayansi, obereketsa, mphesa zinasunthidwa kuchokera ku nyengo yofunda ya Mediterranean kupita kumadera ozizira, kuphatikizapo zigawo zapakati ndi kumpoto kwa dziko lathu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazikhalidwe iyi ndi yodabwitsa: m'nthawi yathu ili ndi pafupifupi 4300. Ndipo lero tikambirana za mitundu Yakale yapadera yotchuka ku Russia.

Mbiri yakulima mphesa mitundu Yoyambira

Zosiyanasiyana zidasanjidwa ku Ukraine ku Institute of Viticulture ndi Winemaking. V.E. Tairova mu 1987. Idaphatikizidwa koyamba mu State Record of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation for the North Caucasus Region in 2009. Zoyambirira zimapezeka podutsa mitundu ya Datier de Saint-Valle ndi Danish rose, ndipo adakwanitsa kulandira zabwino zokha za "makolo" ake. Kuchokera ku Datier de Saint-Valle, Choyambirira chomwe chimatengera chisanu ndi matenda, ndipo kuwuka kwa Damasiko kunakupatsirani mawonekedwe abwino a mabulosi ndi kukoma kwambiri.

Makhalidwe a Gulu

Choyambirira chidakhala ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha zipatso, zomwe, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe owongoka-ovoid, zimawoneka zachilendo kwambiri. Komanso, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, mphesa zimakhazikika m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, zofanana ndi hedgehog. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazipatso zazikulu kwambiri - kulemera kwa zipatso kumafika mpaka 6-7 g. Muluwu umakula mpaka kukula kwakukulu ndipo umalemera 500-600 g, ndipo m'malo oyenera misa yake imatha kukhala 1 kg kapena kuposerapo.

Chipatso chokongoletsedwa ndi pinki chimakhala ndi njere imodzi kapena ziwiri. Guwa ndi yowutsa mudyo, ili ndi yosavuta, koma nthawi yomweyo kukoma.

Masamba a Choyambirira ndi akulu, amapezeka kumtunda pang'ono, wapakatikati. Mpesa ndi wamphamvu.

Choyambirira ndi tebulo losiyanasiyana lokhala ndi zipatso zokwanira 1.2-1.7. Mlingo wa mizu ya odulidwa ndi avareji. Kukula kumatenga masiku 135-145, motero amayamba kukolola kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena - kumadera akumpoto kwambiri - koyambirira kwa Seputembala. Kusunthika kwa mitunduyo kumakhala kwapakati chifukwa chofowoka zipatso.

Tchire limatha kupirira chisanu mpaka -21 ° C ndipo limafunikira pogona nyengo yachisanu.

Kafukufuku awulula mu osiyanasiyana Oyambirira kukana matenda: mildew, oidium, zowola.

Kuti zipse zipatso zamtundu umodzi kuti zikhale zofananira, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tichotse masamba ena nthawi yachilimwe, yomwe imalola michere kumangika mu mphesa.

Zithunzi Zithunzi: Mphesa Zoyambirira

: Kulemera kwa mulu umodzi wa mphesa .. Zoyambirira nthawi zambiri zimaposa 1 kg.

: Mphesa za Mitundu yoyambira, yopaka utoto wapinki, imatha kukhala 7 g kulemera

: Mphesa zoyambirira zomwe zimakololedwa kumapeto kwa August - koyambirira kwa Seputembala

Kubzala mphesa Pachiyambi

Simuyenera kudikirira zokolola zambiri, ngati poyamba mungalakwitse posankha kubzala. Pogula mbande za mphesa, choyambirira muyenera kulabadira mizu - ziyenera kukhazikitsidwa bwino. Onani bwino, mmera uzikhala ndi mizu yayikulu itatu, ndipo "ndevu" ya mizu yaying'ono ikhale yopepuka komanso yolimba. Onetsetsani kuti mukufunsa wogulitsa kuti adule msana umodzi. Dulidwe liyenera kukhala lowala komanso lonyowa. Ichi ndi chizindikiro kuti mmera ndi wamoyo ndipo mwakonzeka kusuntha kumunda wanu. Ngati ndi kotheka, ndibwino kukhazikitsa mbande yokhala ndi mizu yotsekeka.

Kubzala mbande panthaka

Mphesa ndi mtengo wa thermophilic, chifukwa chake pokubzala, sankhani malo otseguka pafupi ndi zitsamba kapena mitengo yaying'ono. Amateteza mbewu ku mphepo yozizira.

Sitikulimbikitsa kulima mbewu zina m'munda wamphesa. Kuyandikira kwa mphesa ndi nyemba kapena tomato kumangoletsa mbewu kukula.

Mbande za mphesa zibzalidwe nthawi ya masika, nthawi yophukira isanayambe, kapena kugwa - zipatso zisanayambe. Ndikofunikira kukumba mabowo ndi awiri 30 cm, kuya - pa bayonet ya fosholo. Nthaka yochokera kubowo iyenera kusakanikirana ndi humus yozungulira ndi mchenga mu 2 2: 1: 1.

Ndikofunika kuviika mizu ya mphesa musanabzale chilichonse chopatsa mphamvu (mwachitsanzo, ku Kornevin) musanabzike. Ma mahormoni omwe ali mukukonzekera amalimbikitsa kukula kwa mizu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbewu ikhale yopulumuka.

Tsopano nthawi yoti mupitirire:

Kuchokera pa dothi lomwe lakonzedwa pansi pa dzenje timapanga mulu.
Tikhazikitsa mmera pamuluwu. Timawongolera bwino mizu "kumapiri".
Mukabzala mphesa, muyenera kuwongola mizu mosamala
Tidzaza dzenje theka. Pukuta dothi ndi phazi lanu ndikutaya ndowa imodzi yamadzi. Tsopano tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dziko lapansi tidzafunda bwino muzu wa mphesa ndipo tidzatha kusamutsa chinyontho moyenera.
Tikhazikitsa msomali womwe mtsogolomo mpesa wathu umapindika.
Timadzaza dothi ndi dothi lotsalira kuti mmera wokwanira mbande utakutidwa ndi dothi ndi 5-6 cm.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti mutabzala mizu ya mmera siugwira. Ngati mizu yotalikirapo, ndibwino kufupikitsa pang'ono ndi lumo.

Vidiyo: Kubzala bwino mbande za mphesa poyera

Chisamaliro cha mphesa choyambirira

Zoyambirira ndizosavuta kukula ndipo sizifunikira njira zapadera zothandizira.

Kutsirira pafupipafupi kwa mphesa sikofunikira: amathiriridwa kamodzi pa sabata pamlingo wamadzi 10 (ndowa imodzi) pachitsamba chilichonse.

Ndikofunika kuchita ntchito yofesa. M'chaka choyamba kumapeto kwa June, mphukira zitatu mpaka zinayi zimapanga nthambi ya mpesa. Ndi m'modzi yekha amene ayenera kutsalira, ndiye kuti chomera chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake zonse pakukula kwake.

Mukadulira, ingosiyani mphukira imodzi yaying'ono

Kangapo pamnyengo ndikofunikira kudyetsa mphesa. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukumba dzenje losaya (40 cm) kuzungulira chomera motalikirana ndi 0,5 mamita kuchokera pa tsinde. Kuyeza kumeneku kudzapereka chovala choyenera chovala pamizu. Nthawi yakula, zovala zingapo zapamwamba zimachitika:

kuvala koyamba koyambirira kumachitika mu nthawi ya masika, musanachotse malo ogona nthawi yachisanu. 20 g ya superphosphate, 10 g ya ammonium nitrate ndi 5 g ya mchere wa potaziyamu amasungunuka mu 10 l lamadzi (ili ndi gawo la chitsamba chimodzi);
mphesa zimaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe omwewo musanayambe maluwa;
pa zipatso, amadyetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe omwewo, kuphatikiza mchere wa potaziyamu;
mukakolola, m'malo mwake, feteleza wa potashi amayenera kuyikiridwa kuti athandize mbewuyo kupulumuka nyengo yachisanu.

Ndikofunikira kumasula dothi nthawi zonse, ndipo, osayiwala kudula namsongole nthawi yonse ya chilimwe.

Mizu yamphesa imagwirizira nyengo yozizira, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayambitsa kuphedwa kwa mizu ina pamtunda wa dothi.

Pamwamba pa mizu ya mphesa imakonda chisanu.

Kuti mupewe izi, ndikofunikira kuchita zotsatirazi kumapeto kwa Julayi - koyambirira kwa Ogasiti:

M'mawa, kuzungulira mphesa amakumba dzenje lakuya 20 cm.
Chotsani mizu yonse ndi pruner kapena mpeni wamunda moyandikira mphukira momwe mungathere.
Kenako dzenje limakutidwa ndi nthaka ndikuthiridwa bwino.

Matenda ndi njira zochizira

Zosiyanasiyana Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi kukana kwapakati pamatenda ambiri a mphesa, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kudziwa zofala kwambiri ndikutha kuthana nazo.

Gome: Matenda ofala kwambiri a mphesa Zoyambirira

Matendawa	Pathogen	Zizindikiro zakunja
Downy khosi	Bowa la mtundu Peronospora	Matenda a mphesa ofala kwambiri. Masamba amaphimbidwa ndi mawanga achikasu ndi oyera, oyera ngati ubweya wa thonje. Madera okhudzidwa amafa msanga popanda chithandizo choyenera. Ndikosatheka kuchiritsa matendawa kwathunthu, koma zovuta zake zimatsekedwa ndi mankhwala apadera
Powdery mildew	Bowa la banja la Peronosporaceae	Ndi matendawa, masamba a mphesa amaphimbidwa ndi utoto wokutira, khungu la mphesa limakhala locheperako, ndipo limakhala losayenera kudya. Matendawa amakula msanga ngati pali nyengo yabwino ya tizilombo tating'onoting'ono: chinyezi chachikulu komanso kutentha pafupifupi 25 ° C. Ngati simukutenga njira yolimbana ndi matendawa munthawi yake, ndiye kuti mungasiyidwepo popanda mbewu, ndipo patatha zaka zingapo, mungafunike kunena zabwino kumunda wamphesa
Alternariosis	Bowa wa mtundu Alternaria	Chizindikiro chachikulu cha matendawa ndi kupezeka pamasamba a "corrosion" wopepuka wa bulauni, womwe umawalitsa masamba kulowera kuchokera m'mphepete kupita m'mitsempha yapakati. Matendawa amakhudza mbali zonse za mbewu. Madzi, masika otumphuka amathandizira kufalikira kwa alternariosis
Khansa ya bacteria	Mabakiteriya a gerobacterium	Chizindikiro chachikulu ndi neoplasms pa mphukira za mphesa. Matenda owopsa a mphesa. Tsoka ilo, sizingatheke kuchiritsa, munda wamphesawo muyenera kukwezedwa. Komanso, pamalo ano sizingatheke kukula kwazaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Gray zowola	Bowa wa botrytis	Utoto wofiirira umaphimba mbali zonse za mbewu, chifukwa zipatso zimayamba kusakhazikika ndipo zimakhala zosayenera kudya
Zola zowola	Coniothyrium bowa	Chizindikiro choonekera kwambiri ndi chovala choyera chomwe chimaphimba mapesi ndi zipatso. Mphesa zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimatha kutaya mawonekedwe awo ogulitsa. Nthawi zambiri, zowola zoyera zimakhudza mbewu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi matalala kapena kuwotcha.
Zowola chakuda	Bowa la mtundu Guignardia	Malo achizungu okhala ndi malo oyera amapezeka pa zipatsozo. Posachedwa, mphesa yonse imasintha mtundu wake kukhala wakuda. Mukugwa, zipatso ngati izi zimagwa ndipo, limodzi ndi masamba, zimayambitsa matenda chaka chamawa. Kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, matendawa amakula osakhala ndi zizindikiro zakunja zowoneka ndi maso amaliseche

Chithunzi chojambulidwa: matenda ofala kwambiri a mphesa

: Kuola kwa mphesa zakuda - matenda oyamba ndi fungus omwe amachepetsa mbewu

: Khansa ya mphesa yokhala ndi bakiteriya imakhudza mphukira, ndiyosachiritsika

: Powdery mildew pa chipatso cha mphesa chimaphimba khungu la chipatso ndikuwononga mbewu

: Mphesa zamtundu wa Alternaria nthawi zambiri zimakhudza mtengowu mvula ikamazizira

: Powdery mildew pamasamba - matenda wamba a mphesa

: Kuola kwa imvi kumawonekera ngati zolengeza pa mphesa

: Kuola mphesa zoyera nthawi zambiri kumakhudzanso mbewu pambuyo pa matalala kapena kuwotcha

Matenda ambiri omwe amakhudza mitundu yoyambirira ndi fungal mwachilengedwe, ndipo nthawi zambiri ndiosavuta kupewa kuposa kuchiritsa. Nayi malamulo osavuta omwe muyenera kutsatira kuti mupewe miliri m'munda wamphesa:

ngati ndi kotheka gwiritsani ntchito feteleza wa mchere wokha. Zachilengedwe ndi gulu lotentha la matenda oyamba ndi fungus;
onetsetsani kuti mwayeretsa ndikuwotcha zinyalala zamasamba mu kugwa. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuchita izi kunja kwa munda;
Pothana ndi matenda a mphesa, zinyalala zamasamba zimayenera kuwotchedwa, chifukwa zimatha kupitirira bowa zomwe zimayambitsa matenda
chinyezi chambiri ndiye chikhalidwe chachikulu cha matenda oyamba ndi fungus, choncho musaiwale kumasula nthaka nthawi zonse ndipo osalola kukula kwa malo ambiri;
Osabzala mphesa m'dothi lolemera, lopanda chonde.

Ngati kupewa sikuthandizira ndipo mukuwona zizindikiro za matenda oyamba ndi fungus mumphesa zanu, ndiye kuti muyenera kutembenukira ku fungicides. Lero ndi zaka 22 zapitazo pabwalo, koma sulfate yamkuwa imakhalabe bowa wotchuka kwambiri komanso wotsimikiziridwa. Ichi ndi mankhwala otsika mtengo, ndizosavuta kupeza m'malo ogulitsira. Pothira mphesa pogwiritsa ntchito yankho la 0,5%: kwa 10 l lamadzi - 50 g la ufa:

mu masika, malo obzala amawazidwa masamba asanatseguke;
mankhwalawa sulphate m'chilimwe ikuchitika mosamala, mosamalitsa kuwonetsetsa kuti kuchepa kwa 0,5% ndi mlingo wa malita 3.5-4 pa lalikulu mita. m;
Copper sulfate - njira yotsimikiziridwa yolimbana ndi matenda a fungus
yophukira ndondomeko yophukira masamba atagwa.

Ma fungicides amakono ogwira, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ochepetsetsa kwambiri kuposa mkuwa sulfate, amagulitsidwa m'misika. Wotchuka kwambiri wa iwo:

Topazi
Amphaka
Golide wa Ridomil.

Kanema: Chithandizo cha downy mildew pama mphesa

Ndemanga zoyambirira za mphesa

Sindinakhale wokondwa kwambiri ndi Original yanga kwa zaka 7. Kucha kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, ngakhale ena a Ulyashka amatenga zipatso zina kumayambiriro kwa 20 kwa Ogasiti. Ngakhale chaka chomwe chimasinthidwa sichinakhudze mitundu - shuga, mtundu, ndi nthawi - zonse zili mu dongosolo.
Sergij Ivanov
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Ndipo tidachotsa Original yathu kwinaku Seputembara 25, zokhudzana ndi kupita ku Moscow, sizinali zotheka kusiya akuba. Mphesa izi zinapangitsa chidwi kwa abale ndi abambo aku Moscow powoneka komanso kukoma kwawo, aliyense anasangalala, anati sankagulitsa. Pobwerera, pambuyo pa Okutobala 10, adachotsa masango angapo otsala: ngakhale pinki wolemera, wokoma, adadya mosangalatsa. Mwana wanga wamkazi amasangalatsidwa ndi mitundu iyi, amakonda zipatso zazitali za mastoid, ndipo kukoma kwake ndikabwino. Mu gawo lathu, Chiyero chimacha bwino, komabe ku Kuban, Seputembala-Okutobala akadali chilimwe (makamaka chaka chino)!
Jane
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Malinga ndi zomwe ndawona:
- kucha pafupifupi pa Seputembu 10-15;
- imakonda kupindika mungu, koma nandolo zimatayidwa kwambiri. Masango ena, amatembenukira, kukhala opanga bwino. Masango abwino - pa kilogalamu;
- m'malo otetezedwa tchire, mabulosi sawoneka banga, ndipo padzuwa mtandawo unakhala wovomerezeka - mabulosiwa amakhala achikasu achikasu ndi pinki;
- Imabereka zipatso bwino mu stepons, koma mbewu ya wopeza sikhala ndi nthawi yakucha, nthawi zina zimachitika ndi wowawasa. Chosangalatsa: ana opeza amakhala opukutidwa bwino nthawi zonse ndipo ndimatundu wopinki komanso wokhala ndi utoto wofiira, monga ku Zagrava pafupi;
- Amasowa ntchito zobiriwira, kukula kwake kumakhala kolimba, ndipo akapatsidwa ufulu waulere, amakulima mosadziletsa;
- kukana chisanu ndikusakhala bwino;
- kukoma ndi mtundu wake, monga akunenera, alibe mnzake, koma, mwa lingaliro langa, mabulosi ndi madzi pang'ono. Palibe ndemanga kulawa - zogwirizana. Mukasefukira, osakwanira asidi;
- Ogula amakonda kwambiri mawonekedwe, ndi kukoma kwake.
Mwambiri, choyambirira chimatha kulekereredwa, ndipo ngati mumalira, ndiye kuposa pamenepo.
Oleg Marmuta
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Moni Wanga woyambirira amakula, zipatso zake ndi zopaka pinki. Makhalidwe mochedwa. Kwa zaka 5 zomwe zikukula, zinali zotheka kupeza zokolola ndikuyesera chaka chatha, thupi ndilofatsa, lokoma.
Grygoryj
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Chaka chino, pamapeto pake, Zoyambirira zandiona. Chitsamba chazaka zitatu wazaka ziwiri, chimazunzidwa, chachitatu chinapatsa mtengo wa mpesa wabwino, womwe sunachite manyazi kusiya. Kumanzere kwa masango angapo, ndi wokongola bwanji!
Kamyshanin
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Mitundu yoyambirira ya mphesa imasiyanitsidwa ndi zipatso zochulukirapo, mabulosi akuluakulu, osapangika modabwitsa, kukana chisanu ndi matenda, komanso kukoma kwambiri. Izi mosiyanasiyana zidatchuka chifukwa chamaluwa athu.