Ndi mbewu iti yomwe inali kholo la kabichi wamaluwa, palibe amene akudziwa. Dziko lapa kabichi loyera limadziwika kuti ndi gombe lakumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Amadziwika kuti zaka 4,000 zapitazo kabichi anali kale wobzala ngati mbewu. M'masiku a Kievan Rus, idatengedwa kuchokera ku Western Europe ndipo idakhala pamalo oyenera pakati pa mbewu zina zamasamba. M'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi, panali mitundu yake makumi atatu, ndipo tsopano pali mazana aiwo.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a kabichi yoyera
Malinga ndi gulu la asayansi, kabichi wamaluwa kapena kabichi yoyera (Latin Brássica olerácea) ndi mtundu wamtundu wa kabichi la banja la Kabichi (Cruciferous). Kabichi ndi mbewu ya herbaceous ya zaka ziwiri, komanso zipatso zake.
Chomeracho chimakhala ndi tsinde lophuka ndi masamba ambiri, omwe amapanga rosette pansi. M'chaka choyamba cha masamba, masamba, omangika wina ndi mnzake ndi kupindika kuzungulira tsinde (chitsa), amapanga mutu wa kabichi womwe wadyedwa. Mitu ya kabichi imatha kukhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala, ozunguliridwa, ozunguliridwa, opindika komanso opindika. M'chaka chachiwiri, mphukira zazitali (mpaka 1.5 m) zimamera pomwe zipatso zimapangidwa mwa ma pod ndi njere.
White kabichi - chomera cha herbaceous wazaka ziwiri
Pophika, kabichi imagwiritsidwa ntchito yaiwisi (saladi), yophika ndikuwotchera, ndipo mbale zosiyanasiyana zimaphikidwa (kabichi yotsogozedwa, masikono a kabichi, zodzaza, casseroles, supu ya kabichi, borscht, ndi zina). Chiwerengero cha maphikidwe osiyanasiyana amphika a kabichi ndiwosawerengeka.
Kuphatikizika kwa biochemical kabichi kumakhala kosiyanasiyana, kumakhala ndi: fiber, mapuloteni, chakudya, michere acid ndi mankhwala ena a nayitrogeni. Kuchuluka kwa vitamini C (30-70 mg / 100 g) ndikofanana ndi zomwe zili mandimu. Palinso mavitamini PP, E, A, U, mavitamini angapo a B ndi mchere wambiri.
Kabichi imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphika
Kabichi monga gwero la Vitamini U, chomwe ndi antiulcer factor, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa matenda am'mimba. Madzi ochokera pamasamba amathandizira kuchepetsa shuga m'magazi, kuchotsa cholesterol ndi madzi ochulukirapo m'thupi. Njira yodziwika bwino yothetsera kutupa ndi tsamba la kabichi.
Nthawi zina, kabichi imatha kukhala yovulaza: ndi kapamba, kuchepa kwam'mimba, kuchuluka kwa m'mimba, kupindika kwamatumbo ndi ma ducts a bile, kumatsutsana, chifukwa kumatha kukhumudwitsa mucosa wam'mimba ndikuyambitsa kupweteka kwambiri.
Kabichi yoyera imafanana kwambiri ndi kabichi wofiira ndi kabichi ya Savoy. Amasiyana ndi kabichi wina osati maonekedwe okha, komanso katundu wina.
- Mu broccoli ndi kolifulawa, inflorescence ndiye gawo lokhazikika, mu kohlrabi - wopindika.
- Kohlrabi, broccoli, Brussels zikumera ndi kolifulawa ndizosungika kuti zisungidwe; mitundu iyi ya kabichi, mosiyana ndi kabichi yoyera, siyatsopano yosungidwa kwakanthawi kochepa.
- Mitundu ina yonse ya kabichi imakhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri, mavitamini, michere ndi micro yambiri, komanso yokhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino (kupatula kabichi chofiira - chiphuphu chake, m'malo mwake, ndi coarser kuposa kabichi yoyera).
Ngakhale kuti mitundu ina ya kabichi ndi yabwino kuposa kabichi yoyera pazakudya za michere, izi sizimachepetsa kufunikira kwake komanso kutchuka chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika, moyo wa alumali wabwino komanso zinthu zina zapadera.
Zosiyanasiyana zamasamba
State Record of Kuswana Kukwaniritsidwa kwa Russian Federation ili ndi mitundu yopitilira 400 ndi ma hybrids oyera kabichi yoyera. Mwa kukhwima, mitundu imagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: yakucha yakucha, yakucha chapakatikati, mochedwa, yakucha mochedwa.
Gome: Mitundu yoyambira kabichi yoyera ndi kucha
| Gulu la mitundu ndi nthumwi zazikulu | Gwiritsani ntchito | Moyo wa alumali |
|---|---|---|
| Mitundu yoyambirira kucha (masiku 90-120): Juni, Dawn, Ditmar koyambirira, Aurora F1, Express F1, Amazon F1 | Zatsopano zatsopano | Sichisungidwa kwanthawi yayitali |
| Mid-msimu (masiku 130-150): Chiyembekezo, Ulemerero 1305, Belorussia 455, Natasha F1, Rinda F1, New York F1 | Gwiritsani ntchito zonse zatsopano komanso zododometsa | Miyezi 1-4 (kutengera kalasi) |
| Pakatikati mochedwa (masiku 150-170): Mphatso, Blizzard, apongozi ake, Dobrovodskaya, Megaton F1, Aggressor F1 | Pongotola ndi kusungirako kwakanthawi, amathanso kudyedwa mwatsopano | Miyezi 2-5 (kutengera kalasi) |
| Kupsa mochedwa (masiku 160-180) agawidwa m'magulu awiri: | ||
| Universal: Kharkov yozizira, Snow White, Owonjezera F1, Orbit F1 | Zabwino kutola ndi kuphika | Mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi |
| Cholinga chosungira kwakutali: Zisanu 1474, Lezhkiy F1, Amager 611, Kolobok F1, Atria F1 | Posungidwa kwanthawi yayitali (mitundu ina imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutola) | Miyezi 6-8 |
Mitundu yamitundu yambiri yabichi yoyera imapangitsa kukhala ndi zipatso zatsopano chaka chonse.
Tikufika
Kabichi ingabzalidwe mbande ndikufesa mbewu panthaka. Kumagawo akum'mwera, chifukwa chomera kabichi koyambirira m'mafilimu okongoletsa ndi kutentha, mbewu za mbande zimafesedwa mu Januwale-February. Tsiku loti abzala mbande mochedwa kabichi kumapeto kwapakati Russia ndi zigawo zakumpoto ndiye kutha kwa Meyi kapena masiku oyamba a Juni. Mbande zimamera pakhomo kapena wowonjezera kutentha. Mukabzala mbande zoyambira kabichi yoyambirira, dongosololi 35-40x50 limawonedwa, chifukwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yakucha yakucha mtunda pakati pa mbewu imakulitsidwa mpaka 45-50x70-80.
Mbande zoyamba kubzala zamabichi zibzalidwe pamalo otseguka
Mukafesa mbewu panthaka, onetsetsani kuti mukubzala, yomwe ikufanana ndi mitundu ya mitundu. Poyamba, mbewu zimatetezedwa ndi nsalu kapena filimu.
Kodi kabichi imafalitsidwa bwanji?
Ngati zikuwoneka kwa wina kuti ndizotheka kutenga mbewu kuchokera pachomera chomwe mwangozi idatulutsa muvi mchaka choyamba cha ndiwo zamasamba, ndiye kulakwitsa kwakukulu. Zomera zomwe zimamera pamimba zotere sizitha kusunga zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana ndipo mwina sizingakhale bwino. Pali malamulo opezera mbewu zabwino za kabichi.
Momwe mungapangire mbewu
Zodzala zonse zitha kupezeka mchaka chachiwiri cha moyo kabichi. Muyenera kusankha amphamvu kwambiri, popanda zizindikiro zamatenda, atsogoleri a kabichi, omwe amatchedwa maselo amfumukazi. Isanafike chisanu, iwo amachotsedwa ndi mizu ndi mtanda wapadziko lapansi. Musanagone pamasamba a kabichi musiyane ndi masamba okwanira 2-3. Kabichiyo imavundikiridwa ndi phulusa lamatabwa, ndikuviika mu mizu mu dongo louma ndikusungidwa kutentha kwa 1-2 ° C
M'mwezi wa Marichi kapena Epulo, chitsa chimadulidwa ngati mawonekedwe a impso kuti impsoyo ikhale yolimba, ndipo anyaniwa pachitsawo ndiotalika masentimita 2-3. Zida zakonzedwa zimayikidwa mu peat kapena humus. Zomera za amayi zimabzalidwa mu Epulo kapena theka loyambirira la Meyi. Ikani zitsazozo pakona ndikukumba pansi pamutu.
Kocherigi (zakumwa za amayi) amadulidwa mu mawonekedwe a cone ndipo akabzala, amaikidwa m'munsi mwa mutu
Mtunda pakati pa testes wamitundu yosiyanasiyana uyenera kukhala osachepera 500-600 metres, apo ayi kupukusa kungachitike. Mabedi amapereka chithandizo chofunikira: kuthirira, kumasula, udzu, kudyetsedwa kawiri ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni. Sungani mbewu pamene nyemba zosankhwima zipse ndikuuma.
Kodi kukula kabichi ku chitsa
Kodi ndizotheka kupeza mbewu, koma kabichi wina kuchokera ku chitsa? Ndizotheka, koma osati kulikonse, osati kuchokera ku chitsa chilichonse. Pali zokumana nazo zamaluwa omwe adalandila mbewu ziwiri nthawi imodzi kuchokera pachomera chimodzi, koma izi ndizotheka ku madera otentha pomwe kabichi woyamba amakhala.
Mukamakolola kabichi yoyambirira (mwachitsanzo, kabichi ya June) m'masiku oyamba a Julayi, mutadula mutu wa kabichi, stumps zimasiyidwa pansi. Pakapita nthawi, mitu yaying'ono ya kabichi imayamba kupanga ma axel masamba. Amalangizidwa kuti azichepetsedwa ndikusiya makabati awiri pachitsa chilichonse. Masamba otsika kuchokera pamitu yapitayi samachoka kuti chinyontho chisungidwe bwino. Ndipo kenako - kuthirira, kumasula, kuvala pamwamba - chilichonse ndi chizolowezi. Pofika pakati pa Seputembala, mbewu yamabichi yakulemera pafupifupi 500-700 magalamu imapezeka.
Kusamalira kabichi kwakunja
Kumbali ina, palibe chovuta kwambiri pakukula kwa kabichi, koma, kusagwirizana ndi chimodzi mwazo kungasokoneze mbewu. Muyenera kungoswa malamulowo - ndipo zonse zitha.
Nthaka ndi kusintha kwa mbeu
Kabichi imatha kumera panthaka zosiyanasiyana, kupatula mchenga wowala kwambiri ndi mwala wosweka, womwe sungasunge chinyezi. Dothi labwino kwambiri kabichi ndi loam chonde ndi mawonekedwe opepuka ndi ma peat bogs. Dothi loterolo limatha kusunga chinyezi ndipo nthawi yomweyo limapezekanso mpweya. The acidity optimum ndi pH6.4-7.0. Dothi la Acidic limayenera kukhala likuchepetsa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi. Kuti muchite izi, m'dzinja, limodzi ndi kukumba, pangani ufa wa dolomite kapena laimu wa fluff mulifupi 5 kg / 10 m2.
Kabichi silingaberekedwenso m'malo amodzi, ndikuibzala mutabzala mbewu zina zoyambika kale kuposa zaka 3-4. Kulephera kutsatira kasinthidwe kazomera ndi kulima kwa mbewu zofananira pafupi ndi kabichi kumayambitsa kufalikira kwa matenda amtundu wamtunduwu. Kabichi imakula bwino kwambiri pambuyo pa chisangalalo, maluwa, maluwa, nyemba, ndi maluwa, ndipo awa ndi oyandikana nawo abwino.
Kuwala ndi kutentha
Kabichi imafunidwa mopepuka ndipo siliyang'anira pang'ono pang'onopang'ono. Malo olimidwako azikhala otseguka kwathunthu. Ndikusowa kwa kuwala, masamba amayamba kukula mwachangu, ndipo mitu ya kabichi silingapangike konse. Kuti mbewu ikule bwino kwambiri, kutalika kwa tsiku kuyenera kukhala maola 16-18.
Malo obzala kabichi amasankhidwa otseguka ndikuwala bwino
Kabichi amadziwika ngati chomera choletsa kuzizira. Kuchuluka kwake kukana kutentha kochepa kumatengera mitundu ndi gawo la kukula kwa mbeuyo. Kumera mbewu kumayamba pa kutentha kwa 2-3 ° C. Kutentha kwenikweni kwa mbande zam'madzi ndi 18-20 ° C. Mbande zimakula bwino pa 12-15 ° C. Mbande zolimba komanso zosakhazikika bwino zimatha kupirira kutentha mpaka -7 ° C panthawi yachisanu. Kwa mbewu zachikulire, kutentha kwa 15-18 mpaka 25 ° C kumakhala koyenera bwino kuti zikule bwino. Kumwera kwa Russia, osagwiritsa ntchito kutentha pamoto wotentha amauma. Mitundu yakucha ya kabichi imatha kupirira kutentha kuyambira -2 ° C mpaka -8 ° C, kutengera mitundu.
Zofunikira pa chinyezi, kuthirira ndi hilling
Chinyezi chadothi chokwanira kukula kabichi ndi 80%, mpweya - 50-75%. Ngati kabichi mwadzala posungira nthawi yayitali nthawi yachisanu, ndiye kuti chinyezi chachilengedwe chachigawo chachiwiri chikukula chizikhala 70-75%. Ndikusowa chinyezi, kabichi sakulitsidwa bwino ndipo palibe mitu yopangidwa.
Gome: Nthawi ndi zikhalidwe za kuthirira kabichi
| Madeti Madeti | Kutsirira pafupipafupi | Mitengo yothirira |
|---|---|---|
| Mutabzala mbande kwa milungu iwiri | Nthawi 1 m'masiku atatu (chilala masiku ena onse) | 1-1,5 malita pachomera chilichonse |
| Pakatha masabata awiri mutabzala mbande mbande isanayambe kukula | Nthawi 1 m'masiku 4-7 (pafupipafupi pachilala) | 8-10 malita pa 1 mita2 |
| Kuyambira chiyambi cha kukula kwa mitu ya kabichi | Tsiku lililonse | 15-20 l pa 1 m2 |
| Masabata awiri isanakolole Masabata 4 asanakolole kabichi yemwe anafuna kuti izisungidwa nthawi yayitali | Kutsirira kuyima | |
Pafupipafupi komanso zikhalidwe za kuthilira zimasinthidwa kutengera kuchuluka kwa mvula. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti dothi likhale losasunthika kotero kuti dothi lapansi litengedwe m'manja mwanu, ngati ling'ambike pakati pa zala zanu, igwiritsitsa mpira. Ngati dothi latha, lifunika kuthiriridwa. Ngakhale zimafunikira chinyezi, kabichi sakonda kuthirira kwamadzi. Kuchepetsa chinyezi kungayambitse kufalikira kwa matenda oyamba ndi fungus ndikusokoneza mitu.
Kuti mukolole bwino, kabichi imamwetsa madzi nthawi zonse.
Mukathirira, dothi liyenera kumasulidwa, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muchite izi pamadothi olemera. Kutsegula nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi hilling. Kukulitsa koyamba kwa mitundu yoyambirira kumachitika pakatha masabata awiri mutabisirana. Kachedwa kabichi akuyamba kukumbwedwa kwakanthawi - patatha milungu itatu. Kenako amapitilira masabata awiri aliwonse ndipo amachita izi mpaka masamba atatseka.
Mavalidwe apamwamba
Kabichi imatenga michere yambiri kuchokera m'nthaka, chifukwa chake imafunikira kudyetsedwa, kuchuluka kwake kumadalira nyengo yomwe ikukula, ndikuchepetsedwa kwa mitundu yoyambirira.
Gome: masiku ndi miyambo yodyetsa kabichi
| Kudyetsa Nthawi | Kapangidwe kameneka kamasakaniza 10 malita a madzi | Mlingo pa chomera chilichonse |
|---|---|---|
| Masabata awiri atatha kubzala mbande pansi | Njira imodzi:
| 150-200 ml |
| Nthawi ya mutu | Njira imodzi:
| 500 ml |
| Masiku 10-15 pambuyo povala chachiwiri chapamwamba (kupatula mitundu yoyambirira - samadyetsanso) | Supuni ziwiri za superphosphate, 15 g wa feteleza wokhala ndi zinthu zina | 1 lita |
| Kutatsala masiku 20 kuti mukolole (makamaka kwa mochedwa mitundu kuti mitu ya kabichi isungidwe bwino) | Njira imodzi:
| 1 lita |
Ngati feteleza wovuta adayambitsidwa nthawi yobzala, ndiye kuti kuvala koyamba koyambirira sikwabwino kuchita. Zochulukitsa za nayitrogeni zimadziunjikira mumitu ya kabichi mwanjira ya nitrate ndikuwonjezera mtundu wa zinthuzo.
Video: Kukula kabichi yoyera kutchire
Kusamalira wowotcha kabichi
Kuti mupeze yoyambirira yokolola kabichi, malo obiriwira amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mukakulitsa kabichi m'nyumba, pali zinthu zina zofunika kuzilingalira.
Zomera zanyengo zobiriwira
Nthaka yobiriwira malo angagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachilengedwe komanso chochuluka. Denga logwirika liyenera kukhala lokwanira masentimita 25-30. Kuchokera m'dzinja, 12-13 kg / m imalowetsedwa mu dothi lachilengedwe2 humus.
Pokonzekera dothi lochulukirapo, imodzi mwamauthengawa ingalimbikitsidwe (%):
- lowland peat - 40, ma turf dziko - 40, manyowa - 20 (kavalo wokhala ndi 50% ya utuchi);
- lowland peat - 60, ma turf dziko - 20, manyowa a ng'ombe - 20;
- dziko la turf - 80, humus - 20;
- turf kumtunda - 50-60, composted utuchi - 20-10, humus - 30-40.
Kapangidwe ka dothi kazikhala kopepuka. Popanga dothi losakanikirana chifukwa cha kuthekera kwawo kwakukulu kuwonjezera udzu waudzu, udzu wodula ndi zina zotero.
Kuwala ndi kutentha
Munthawi pomwe kabichi sikhala ndi dzuwa lokwanira, mbewu zomwe zili mu wowonjezera kutentha zimayenera kuwunikira. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito nyali zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe owala pang'ono pamagetsi ake. Mbewu zikangomera, mbande zimawunikira kwa sabata limodzi, kenako zimayatsidwa kwa maola 7-10 patsiku.
Mukabzala nthangala za mbande ndipo mphukira zisanachitike, kutentha kwa mpweya kwapamwamba ndi 18-20 ° C. Pakatha sabata limodzi kuchokera pakubzala, mbande zamadzimadzi zimachepetsa mpaka 6-8 ° C, ndipo nthawi ya masana - mpaka 8-10 ° C. Kenako, nyengo yotentha, kutentha kwa mpweya kumasungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana 15-18 ° C, pamasiku amitambo - 14-16 ° C, usiku - 12-14 ° C. Kutentha kwa dothi kuyenera kukhala pakati pa 15-17 ° C. Pofuna kupulumutsa mphamvu panthawi yozizira kwambiri, mabedi amatha kuzikirira kwakanthawi ndi zofunda.
Kanema: pogona kabichi koyambirira wowonjezera kutentha mu chisanu kubweranso chisanu
Zofunikira chinyezi, kuthirira ndi kuvala kwapamwamba
Tikathirira kabichi mu wowonjezera kutentha, komanso malo otseguka, salola kuti madzi azizirala kapena kuyanika kuchokera panthaka. Chinyezi chothandizirana malo otsekedwa chikuyenera kukhala 75-80%. Zonyowa zamdothi ndi 80-85%.Kuchulukitsa chinyezi, kuthilira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthilira, ndikuchepetsa, malo obiriwira amawulutsa.
Kuonjezera chinyezi mu wowonjezera kutentha, kuthirira kabichi ndikumwaza
Pambuyo mbande yovunda mu malo okhazikika, mbewuzo zimadyetsedwa kawiri.
Gome: Mitundu ndi mitundu ya feteleza kabichi mutakula mu wowonjezera kutentha
| Kudyetsa Nthawi | Zomwe zili zosakanikirana ndi michere pa 1m2 |
|---|---|
| Sabata imodzi ndi theka mpaka masabata awiri ndikuyika mbande | 10 g g ya ammonium nitrate, 20-25 g ya superphosphate, 10-15 g ya potaziyamu sulfate, 10 L madzi |
| Mukayamba mutu | 20 g wa ammonium nitrate, 30-40 g ya superphosphate, 15-20 g wa potaziyamu sodium, 10 L madzi |
Pazovala zapamwamba, mutha kugwiritsanso ntchito feteleza wama mineral, monga nitroammofoska, azofoska, Crystal, Ecoplant, Master. Kupangitsa kukhazikitsa mizu ndikumayamwa moyenera michere, mizu biostimulants Agiriki, Thekamin, Mpunga ndi ena amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zomwe zimachitika pakabichi yoyera m'magawo osiyanasiyana
Popeza nyengo zam'madera osiyanasiyana zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kulima kabichi yoyera m'chigawo chilichonse kumakhala ndi tanthauzo laukadaulo waulimi.
Zinthu za kabichi zokulitsa m'matauni
Nyengo ya kudera la Moscow imadziwika chifukwa cha nyengo yamitambo. Palibe masiku ambiri dzuwa. Ngakhale kuti kabichi ndi mbewu yolephera kuzizira, nyengo yosakhazikika ya masika imatha kubweretsa mavuto mukakula msanga.
Kabichi mchigawochi chimamera makamaka mbande. Kuthekera kwa kukula mu malo otseguka kuchokera kumbewu sikumaperekedwanso, koma, kusungitsa mbande kuyenera kuperekedwa isanayambike nyengo yofunda. Chimodzi mwazosankha zokulitsa kabichi poyera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kama. Popeza kulibe mvula yambiri m'matawuni muchilimwe, kuthirira kuyenera kuperekedwa mwachidwi.
Ku Dera la Moscow, mabedi ofunda amagwiritsidwa ntchito kulima kabichi pamalo otseguka
Zosiyanasiyana zakhwima, monga lamulo, koyambirira, kucha ndi pakati mochedwa, ngati kucha mochedwa sikutha. Mitundu yoyesedwa ndiyodziwika, monga Ulemerero, Ulemerero Gribovsky, Mphatso. Palinso mitundu ina yophatikiza yomwe yagwira bwino ntchito m'derali.
Zambiri za kabichi wokula bwino ku Siberia
Nyengo zambiri sizilola kukula kabichi yoyera kuchokera ku mbewu ku Siberia poyera. Komabe, ndizotheka kukulitsa mbewuyo m'njira yobzala. Chilimwe chachifupi sichilola kuti mitundu yobzala mochedwa ichulukitse nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chake amasankha mitundu yosachedwa kucha komanso yapakatikati yomwe imapereka kukolola bwino m'derali. Ku West Siberian Vegetable Experimental Station, mitundu yosinthidwa ndi nyengo ya Siberia idapangidwa yomwe singagonjetse matenda omwe amafala m'derali. Odziwika kwambiri a iwo: Point, Sibiryachka 60, Nadezhda, Blizzard, Final, Talisman F1.
Potseguka, mbande zimabzalidwa theka lachiwiri la Meyi, masiku 50-55 mutabzala. Poyamba, malinga ndi nyengo yanyengo, mabediwo amaphimbidwa. Mu Ogasiti, kabichi yamitundu yotereyi yayamba kale kudyedwa mwatsopano, komanso kugwiritsanso ntchito kununkha. Mu Seputembala, kabichi wamapeto-wam'mbuyomu amatengedwa, womwe amawasungira.
Zinthu za kabichi zokulirapo ku Urals
Nyengo yosakhazikika ku Urals imadziwika ndi kusintha kwakukuru kwa kutentha ndi kayendedwe kazinthu zazikulu ka mpweya. M'mwezi wa Meyi, kusinthasintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kumatha kuchitika: kuchokera kutentha masana mpaka masana oundana. M'mwezi wa Okutobala, chipale chofewa chimatha kugwa.
Mbande zimamera kunyumba, m'malo obisalamo kapena m'mabedi ofunda. M'zaka khumi kapena zoyambirira za Meyi, amabzalidwa poyera. Mabediwo amaphimbidwa ndi spanbond wandiweyani, yemwe amateteza mbewu ku kutentha pang'ono usiku ndi tizirombo. Njira yothandiza ndikutsuka mabedi ndi kanema wakuda kuti muteteze nthaka ku kutentha kochepa.
Kuti muteteze ku chisanu cham'mawa, mabedi a kabichi ku Urals adakutidwa ndi spanbond
Mitundu ya kabichi yaku Siberiya imamera bwino ku Urals, monga Nadezhda ndi Blizzard, komanso ma hybrids ambiri (Megaton, Atria, Aggressor, ndi zina zotero.) Kuphukira kabichi Midinoostrovskaya ndikotchuka kwambiri, komwe kumadziwika ndi kukana kwa keel ndipo kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsopano komanso kumatula.
Zinthu za kabichi zokulira pakati pa Russia
Kukhazikika kwanyengo yotentha pakati pa Russia ndi chipale chofewa, nyengo yotentha komanso yozizira, koma nyengo yotentha kwambiri ndiyabwino kwambiri kukula kabichi. Pakatikati, kabichi nthawi zambiri amabzala mbande. Komabe, pakadali pano, chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo chapakati ku Russia, pakufesa mbewu panthaka, ma hybrids amachedwa okhwima ndi masiku 160-170.
Gome: Nthawi yofesa mbewu ndikubzala mbande pakati Russia
| Zosiyanasiyana malinga ndizomera | Madeti amafesa mbewu | Nthawi yakula mbande | Madeti obzala mbewu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kupsa koyambirira | Marichi 1-15 | Masiku 45-60 | Meyi 1-15 |
| Nyengo yapakati | Epulo 20 - Meyi 10 | Masiku 35-45 | Meyi 15-30 |
| Mochedwa kucha | Marichi 15 - Epulo 10 | 30-30 masiku | Meyi 10-25 |
Pakubzala koyambirira, ndikofunikira kuthira kutentha ndi zinthu zopanda nsalu, popeza chisanu chimapezeka pakatikati pa Russia nthawi ngati imeneyi.
Mitundu kapena payokha yophukira mochedwa komanso kabichi yakucha kwapakatikati (mwachitsanzo, kalasi yapakatikati kapangidwe ka Slava 1305, ma hybrids amachedwa a Valentin, Kolobok, Garant) atha kukhala wamkulu wopanda mbewu.
Zinthu za kabichi zokulirapo ku Far East
Nyengo ya Kumpoto Kwa Far imadziwika ndi kusasintha kwa nyengo. Amadziwika ndi kusintha kwakuthwa mu kutentha, nyengo ya chisanu ndi nyengo yotentha. Munthawi ya kukula kwambiri komanso kukhazikika kwa mitu ya kabichi, kutentha kwa mpweya kumawonekera. Mu Julayi-Sepemba, kumagwa mvula yambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nthaka ikhale ndi madzi ndipo, chifukwa chake, kufalikira kwa bacteriosis.
Kuderali, mitundu yosagonjetsedwa ndi chisanu yokhala ndi nyengo yochepa yophukira, komanso kugonjetsedwa ndi matenda ndi kusweka, amasankhidwa. Ku Far East, mitundu yakale yoyesedwa (Slava, Podarok, Blizzard, June Oyambirira ndi ena) adziwonetsa okha bwino. Koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosakanizidwa ndi ma hybrids amasiyana pamitengo yapamwamba, monga Artost, Swazi mpira, Natasha, Kukharka, Aggressor, Hurricane, Primorochka. Kabichi koyambirira komanso kucha mochedwa m'maderawa amadzala mbande.
M'madera okhala ndi chinyezi chambiri, njira ya agrotechnical monga kukula kabichi pamapeto kapena zigawo imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati dothi lili ndi malo otsetsereka pang'ono komanso kuthamanga kwabwino, ndiye kuti ndibwino kubzala kabichi kumapiri. Ngati malowa ali m'chigwa ndipo atasefukira kwakanthawi, ndibwino kusankha zitunda, popeza chinyezi chambiri chimazisiya pomwepo.
Chaposachedwa, machitidwe ophatikizira ukadaulo wokwera zigamba akhala ponseponse. Mu theka loyambirira la chilimwe, nyengo ikakhala youma, kabichi amabzalidwa pazokwera, zomwe zimathandiza kwambiri pakusunga chinyontho. Pakati pa chilimwe, kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya mkuntho wa Ogasiti, mapiri awiri apamwamba amatulutsidwa kuchokera pachikondwerero, pomwe chinyezi chowonjezereka chimasiya bwinoko.
Njira zina zokulira kabichi
Wamaluwa ndi akatswiri akufunafuna ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zokulitsira kabichi, zomwe zimathandizira kuyang'anira kusamalira mbewu. Amapezanso mwayi woti mbewuyi itha kubadwa bwino ngati ili ndi madzi ochepa.
Kodi ndizotheka kukula kabichi popanda kuthirira
Funso lotereli limafunsidwa ndi wamaluwa omwe akukumana ndi vuto la kusakwanira kwa malo okhala ndi chinyezi. Pogwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe kamadzi, kabichi ndi m'gulu la mbewu zomwe zimafunidwa kwambiri pachinyezi.
M'mabuku onkula zamasamba mudzapeza zambiri zotsatirazi: ngati mukuyenera kulima mutu umodzi wa kabichi yamapeto pa kalasi imodzi, 200 l lamadzi (mbiya) likufunika, kenako pachitsamba chimodzi cha mbatata 100 l (theka la mbiya). Apa ndadabwitsidwa ndi kusazindikira kwa anthu akuyembekeza kupeza mbewu popanda kuthirira.
Pavel Trannua
Golden School of Horticulture Eksmo Moscow 2015
Ndikosatheka kukula kabichi popanda kuthirira. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zaulimi zomwe zimathandizira kuteteza chinyontho m'nthaka kungathandize kwambiri kuchepetsa madzi akamagwiritsa ntchito mbewuyi. Mwa izi, njira zotsatirazi zikulimbikitsidwa:
- Pangani nyengo yosungidwa ndi chipale chofunda mwakuya kwa nyengo yophukira ndi mapangidwe apamwamba.
- Kumayambiriro kwamasamba, nthaka imayamba kugundana. Mankhwalawa amalepheretsa chinyezi kukoka kudzera m'makola ndi kutuluka kwake.
- Pewani kulima dothi mozama, kumasula kwa nthaka kumalepheretsa mapangidwe a nthaka kutumphuka.
- Kabichi imakulidwa m'njira yopanda mmera, ndipo mizu yamphamvu kwambiri imapangidwa, yomwe imamwa madzi bwino.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wopulumutsa waulimi pophatikiza ndi kusankha mitundu yamatumbo yopanda chilala (Mozharskaya, Yuzhanka-31, Braunschweika, Amtrak, Bronco) zithandiza kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa madzi mukamakulitsa mbewu yokonda chinyonthoyi.
Kukula pansi pa mabotolo apulasitiki
Mukakulitsa kabichi pambewu zotseguka, mabotolo apulasitiki angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati pobisalira mbeu. Njira imeneyi imathandizira kuti mbande zizituluka, zimateteza ku tizirombo, komanso zimathandizira kusunga chinyezi komanso kutentha.
Mumabotolo apulasitiki, gawo lam'munsi limadulidwa, ndipo zipewa zimatsalira kumtunda. Mbewu zofesedwa monga momwe zimakhalira ndikophimbidwa kuti mbali zosyanazo zimazulidwe ndikulowetsedwa m'dothi ndi masentimita atatu. Kuzungulira mabotolo amathira pansi pang'ono.
Mbewu zikafunika kuthiriridwa, amazichita kudzera m'khosi. Nthawi ndi nthawi, mbewuzo zimathandizira kupuma, chifukwa zimatsegula zotchingira ndikusiya khosi lotseguka kwakanthawi. Masamba a kabichi akayamba kukhudza makoma a mabotolo, malo ogumulira amachotsedwa.
Kanema: Kabichi yoyera yoyera pansi pamabotolo apulasitiki
Kukula pansi pa kanema wa mulching
Kugwiritsa ntchito filimu ya pulasitiki yolongedza mabedi ndi kabichi ndi njira imodzi yabwino kwambiri yodzitetezera. Kwa mulching, filimu zowoneka bwino komanso zakuda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera nyengo.
Kanema wakuda amathandizira kutenthetsa nthaka ndikusungabe chinyezi mkati mwake, ndipo namsongole amafa pansi pake. Kanemayo amayikidwa pamabedi okonzekera kabichi masabata 3-4 asanatsanulidwe, nthawi yomwe nthaka idzawotha. Malingana ndi ndondomeko yobzala, kudula mozungulira kapena kuduladula kumapangidwa mufilimu ndikubzala m'mabowo. Amasamalira mbewu chimodzimodzi monga mwachizolowezi: zimathiriridwa pansi pa muzu, kudyetsedwa, kuchizidwa ndi matenda ndi tizirombo.
Pansi pa kanema wa mulching, nthaka imawuma, chinyezi chimasungidwa ndipo namsongole samakula
M'chilimwe, filimu yowonekera imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imakonzedweratu. Amaziyika pabedi lamadzi pakati pa mizere ya kabichi ndikuikonza. Udzu wamtunduwu umateteza ku maudzu, komanso chinyezi m'nthaka.
Siderata kabichi
Chinsinsi cha manyowa obiriwira ndikukula mbewu zomwe zobiriwira zake zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza. Njira ngati iyi ya agrotechnical imagwiritsidwa ntchito potseguka komanso m'malo obisika.
Siderate wobzalidwa kapena mitundu yazomera zamtchire zomwe zimalimidwa kuti zitheke nthaka ndi humus ndi nayitrogeni.
Siderats zabwino kwambiri za kabichi ndi ma nyemba (melilot, alfalfa, nomad, vetch, clover, lupine wapachaka, nandolo, nyemba), chimanga (oats), hydrophils (phacelia), kuvulala ndi ena. Zosakaniza za manyowa obiriwira zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito ndi vetch oat. Ndipo mutha kusakaniza phacelia, kuphulika ndi clover wokoma m'chiyerekezo cha 1: 1: 2.
Ndikosatheka kukula ma siderat musanadzale kabichi. Njere zina zimakokolola dothi chifukwa chake sioyenera kabichi ngati mbewu zapambuyo. Manyowa osavomerezeka obiriwira kabichi adzakhala ogwiriridwa, mpiru yoyera, kugwiririra, radish yamafuta, rye ndi ena.
Matenda ndi tizirombo ta kabichi
Popeza mwaganiza zokulitsa kabichi yoyera m'munda mwanu, muyenera kukhala okonzekera kuti mukakumana ndi zovuta, chikhalidwecho chitha kuthana ndi matenda, ndipo tizirombo tating'onoting'ono titha kuchita nazo chidwi.
Matenda ofala
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosasangalatsa pakukula kwa matenda ndi kuchuluka kwa nthaka. Kabichi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi, chifukwa malo achinyezi, omwe amafunikira kuti mbewu zikule, ndizabwino pakufalikira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Aliyense kabichi
Ndi acidity yowonjezereka m'nthaka, fungus imafalikira, yomwe imayambitsa matenda a keel. Tizilomboti timalowa m'dothi ndipo timakhudza mizu, kakulidwe kamadzera. Zomera zimasiya kukula, kufota komanso kutulutsa pansi. Aliyense amakhudza mbewu zonse zopachika. Ndikosatheka kupulumutsa odwala keel. Zomera zomwe zimayambukiridwa zimachotsedwa pamalowa ndikuwonongeka.
Ndi matenda a keel, amamera pamizu ya kabichi
Kupewa matenda Kiloy amachepetsa:
- kutsatira kasinthasintha wa mbeu;
- kuyimitsa dothi;
- solanaceous, lilac ndi haze mbewu zimawononga keel spores, zimakula m'malo otetezedwa;
- kukonza mbande zobweretsedwa kuchokera kumbali, Fitosporin, kukonzekera kwa sulufule.
Mwendo wakuda
Matendawa amakhudza mbande. Khosi limazimiririka, ndipo thunthu limakhala loonda, chifukwa chomera chimasweka ndikufa. Matendawa amawonekera panthaka ya acidic pansi pa chinyontho chambiri mu nthaka, mpweya wokwanira, komanso kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kutentha. Zotsalira za mbewu zodwala m'nthaka zimathandizira kuti tizilombo toyambitsa mwendo titha kuteteza.
Ndikudwala mwendo wakuda, mbande za kabichi zimakhala zowonda ndikusweka
Njira zodzitetezera zimaphatikizira kuchotsa dothi m'malo obisalamo, kusunga chinyezi komanso kutentha. Pothana ndi mwendo wakuda, Bordeaux imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imagwira madera omwe akukhudzidwa pamlingo wa lita imodzi pa 1 mita2.
Fusarium
Matendawa amatchedwanso fusarium wilting kabichi. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timakhudza onse mbande ndi akulu akulu. Masamba a mbande amatembenukira chikasu ndikufa, komwe kumabweretsa. Zomera zakale zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi Fusariosis, masamba atatha, masamba ochepa osavala kabichi amakhalabe. Pamtanda wa tsinde ndi masamba petioles, mphete ya bulauni yopepuka yowoneka bwino. Wothandizirana ndi causative amatha kukhala othandiza m'nthaka kwa zaka zingapo.
Mu kabichi yemwe akhudzidwa ndi Fusarium, masamba amasanduka achikaso ndikufa
Zomera zomwe zimakhudzidwa zimawonongeka limodzi ndi mizu. Katetezedwe kamakhala pakupenda kasinthasintha wa mbeu, kugwiritsa ntchito njere zathanzi, ndikuchepetsa nthaka. Mitundu ya kabichi ndi ma hybrids omwe sagwirizana ndi Fusarium amakula m'malo omwe ali ndi kachilombo.
Gray zowola
Matendawa nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakusungira mitu ya kabichi, komanso amathanso kukhudza chomera chonsecho pampesa. Kufalikira kwa imvi zowola kumayambitsa kukolola mumvula yamvula, kuwonongeka kwa makina kumutu, kuzizira, komanso kusagwirizana ndi zikhalidwe m'malo osungirako kabichi. Pamitu ya kabichi pamapezeka chikwangwani cha ufa wotuwa wokhala ndi imvi, wokhala ndi mycelium ndi pathogen spores. Pambuyo pake, mawonekedwe am'miyendo yakuda m'malo awa.
Ikakhudzidwa ndi zowola imvi pamutu, tinsalu timene timatuluka
Njira zoyeserera zowola za imvi zimaphatikizapo kukolola munthawi yake, kuwononga mabwinja atatha kukolola, kuthana ndi zotumphukira za kabichi, komanso malo osungira (kutentha kuyambira 0 mpaka 2 ° C).
Njira zazikulu zodzitetezera popewa matenda a kabichi zimabwera posateteza mbewu, kutsatira malamulo amasinthidwe a mbewu, ndikuchepetsa nthaka. Komanso nthawi ya msika muyenera kuchita mankhwala angapo okhala ndi fungicides, monga Fitosporin, Ridomil, Polycarbocin ndi ena.
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono kabichi
Kuti kabichi sikhala ndi tizirombo, muyenera kudziwana ndi oyimilira akuluakulu ndikuphunzira momwe mungathanirane nawo.
Aphid kabichi
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tating'onoting'ono (mpaka 2.2 mm), yoyera kapena yobiriwira. Nsabwe za m'masamba zimayamwa msuzi kuchokera ku kabichi ndipo zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri, chifukwa zimachulukana kwambiri. Kuti muthane ndi izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opangira chitsamba chowawa ndi tansy, tinctures wa horseradish kapena tsabola wotentha, komanso mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
Aphid kabichi ndi yaying'ono (mpaka 2.2 mm), koma imatha kukhala zovulaza poyamwa madzi kuchokera masamba a kabichi
Tizilombo tambiri
Ang'ono, pafupifupi 3 mm, kulumpha nsikidzi zonyezimira, masamba osadya - iyi ndi nthano yopachika yomwe imakhudza mbewu zonse za banja lopachikidwa. Tizilombo touluka ndi kachilombo koyipa kwambiri, ngati simukulimbana nako, ndiye kuti mbande zonse za kabichi zomwe zibzalidwe pansi zitha kuvutika. Kuti athane ndi tizilombo, marigolds, katsabola, kaloti amabzala pamabedi a kabichi. Kusintha kwa zomera ndi phulusa la nkhuni kapena fumbi la fodya (zitha kusakanikirana ndi mandimu oterera ofanana) ndi njira yofunikira yolamulirira utoto wopachika.
Tizilomboti tambiri - tsamba loyipa kwambiri la kachilomboka
Slug
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi mollusk wokhala ndi thupi loukira lomwe limadya masamba a kabichi. Slugs kuchulukitsa kwambiri mu zikhalidwe kwambiri chinyezi. Kuti muchepetse tiziromboti pozungulira mabedi ang'onoang'ono, mutha kupanga cholepheretsa chofwirira kapena choko chophwanyika. Ngati kuchuluka kwa slugs ndikofunikira, ndiye gwiritsani ntchito mankhwala Thunder. Ma granules ake amwazika m'mizere ya kabichi pamlingo wa magalamu atatu pa 1 mita2.
Slugs amadya masamba a kabichi
Kabichi scoop
Gulugufe wosawoneka bwino wamtundu wakuda wonyezimira wokhala ndi mapiko osakwana masentimita 5. Tizilombo timayikira mazira pansi pa masamba. Akalulu amaswa mazira, omwe, akudya masamba, amawawononga mwachangu. Magulu a mazira a kabichi scoops amatha kusungidwa pamanja. Kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe, Lepidocide kapena Bitoxibacillin zimapereka zotsatira zabwino.
Makungu a kabichi scoops amadya masamba, agulugufe osafunikira imvi
Pali mankhwala ophera tizirombo tambiri tothandiza kupewetsa kuwonongeka kwa kabichi ndi tizirombo, komanso kuthana nazo, monga Decis, Fitoverm, Fufanon, Spark Dual Effact, Zemlin, Diazonin ndi ena. Komanso phindu limapereka ntchito kwa wowerengeka azitsamba mu mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana decoctions ndi infusions.
Kanema: Kuthandiza kabichi kuchokera ku nsabwe za m'masamba ndi ma slgs
Kututa ndi kusunga
Mitundu yoyambira kabichi imakololedwa mu June-Julayi ndipo nthawi yomweyo imadyedwa. Nyengo yapakati ikukonzekera kukolola kumapeto kwa chilimwe, ndipo kumapeto kwa Seputembara kapena koyambirira kwa Okutobala. Kabichi pamtengo wa mpesa imatha kulekerera chisanu mpaka -5-7 ° C, kudula mitu ya kabichi pamtengowu kumatha kuwonongeka. Ngati chisanu chinayamba kukolola, ndibwino kuti musadule mitu ya kabichi, koma dikirani mpaka masamba oundanawo apunthidwe. Kusunga bwino kwambiri kwa mitu ya kabichi komwe kumatengera nyengo yotentha pa + 4-7 ° C.
Mitu yakucha ya kabichi imadulidwa ndi mpeni.
Malo abwino kwambiri osungira kabichi ndi kutentha kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 2 ° C ndi chinyezi cha 90-98%. Mitu ya kabichi imayikidwa pansi pamatabwa kapena pazokondweretsa ndi kocherigami kumtunda wina ndi mnzake. Ngati zitha kuloleza, mutha kupachika awiriawiri mitu yolumikizana pamajanji. Ngati kabichi adakulungidwa mu dongo losungunuka kenako ndikuuma, amasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kuposa masiku onse.
Kabichi amasungidwa pamatanda pamatenthedwe a 0 mpaka 2 ° C
Kabichi yoyera idatenga malo ake m'moyo wa munthu waku Russia. Iwo wakula kulikonse, kutengera nyengo nyengo zosiyanasiyana zigawo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti ichi ndi chipatso chamtengo wapatali, komabe pali zofunika zina zofunikira kuti mbewuyi ikulidwe popanda kugwiritsa ntchito, musadalire zokolola zabwino. Ndi chisankho choyenera cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikugwiritsa ntchito tekinoloji yoyenera yaulimi, kabichi imatha kukhala yolimba bwino bwino komanso wowononga.
