Chovala cham'mawa ndicho chinsinsi cha kukolola kwakukulu kwa mphesa

Kubzala mphesa ndi gawo lofunikira pakulima kwake. Chifukwa cha zakudya zoyenera, mpesa umaphukira, zipatso zimathiridwa ndikupeza shuga, chomera chimatha kupirira kuzizira kwa nyengo yozizira komanso kukana matenda ndi tizirombo. Monga lamulo, mphesa zimadyetsedwa masika ndi chilimwe. Kuti mukolole zochuluka, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kudyetsa kwamasamba kumathandiza bwanji ngati chomera chadzuka pambuyo poti nyengo yozizira ikhale.

Kufunika kwa mphesa zovala masika

Masamba a mphesa amalandila zinthu zachilengedwe ndi michere chifukwa cha kukula ndi chitukuko makamaka chifukwa cha chakudya cha muzu (dothi). Kugwiritsa ntchito mizu, nthambi zonse za mphesa zimaperekedwa ndi michere. Nthawi imodzimodzi, kuphatikiza michere m'zinthu za chomera chimapangidwanso. Mitundu ya feteleza wa nthaka amasiyanasiyana mogwirizana ndi nyengo yakugwiritsira ntchito:

• Wofesa feteleza ntchito pokonza dothi pobzala mbande. Nthawi yomweyo, zisonyezero zabwino za nthaka (acidity, friability, chinyezi) zimabweretsedwa bwino. Chofunika kwambiri ndi potaziyamu ndi phosphorous.
• Feteleza wamkulu umayikidwa mu dzenje lobzala kamodzi kasupe kapenanso kugwa, kutengera nthawi yakubzala. Chapakatikati, nayitrogeni amaphatikizika, zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu pakuwuka kwa chomera kuchokera ku nyengo yozizira ndikuthandizira mphesa kukhazikitsa mizu, kuwonjezera kukula kwa masamba obiriwira, ndikuyika masamba. Mu nthawi yophukira, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous ziyenera kukhalanso mu feteleza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpesawo uchikulire bwino ndikukonzekera nyengo yabwino yozizira.
• Ngati dzenje lobzala linali ndi kuvala kwathunthu ndi feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere, ndiye kuti mu zaka zitatu zotsatira (mphesa zisanalowe zipatso), sapling yaying'ono samapangidwa, koma kuthira umuna kumagwiritsidwa ntchito: kumapeto kwa chaka - munthawi ya kukula ndi masamba, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe - itayikidwa ndikucha zipatso. Kuyambitsa umuna kumakupatsani mwayi wobwezeretsa m'nthaka michere yomwe ma tchire amatenga ngati moyo.

4.5-5,5 kg wa nayitrogeni, 1,2-1.6 kg wa phosphorous ndi 12-15 kg wa potaziyamu amachitika kuchokera pa tani imodzi ya zipatso kapena zipatso panthaka iliyonse.

Yu.V. Trunov, pulofesa, dokotala S.-kh. zamasayansi

"Zipatso zikulira." LLC Publishing House KolosS, Moscow, 2012

Kuvala kwapamwamba kumathandizira kuti mphesa zisunge thanzi la mipesa ndikupereka kukolola bwino.

Mitundu yayikulu yovala pamwamba mu kasupe ndi muzu (umuna nthaka) ndi foliar (kupopera mankhwalawa mphesa ndi njira zamchere zamchere kapena phulusa lamatabwa).

Muzu wovala pamwamba ndi feteleza wophatikiza

Amadziwika kuti nthawi yamasika ndi chilimwe, kufunikira kwa mphesa mu kuchuluka kwake komanso kapangidwe kazinthu kazakudya zimasintha. Chifukwa chake, munthu sayenera kupanga zinthu zochuluka kwambiri m'nthaka. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mankhwala am'madzi, kuwonda kwa mizu kumatha kuchitika. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kwa dothi ndi feteleza kumadzetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mopitirira muyeso.

Alimi okhwima amalangizidwa kuti apange chakudya cham'mawa choyambirira makamaka mawonekedwe amadzimadzi. Nthaka panthawiyi silingatenthedwe mokwanira ndikunyowa, kotero feteleza wouma amasungunuka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo madziwo amaloledwa kulowa ngakhale pansi mwakuya ndikuyalitsa mizu. Njira yabwino yoyambira yophukira koyambirira ndikugwiritsa ntchito feteleza yemwe ali ndi nayitrogeni m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana: mwanjira ya organic (manyowa, madontho a nkhuku, kompositi ndi kuwonjezera humus) kapena mawonekedwe osakanikirana amaminidwe amaminoni (ammosum nitrate, azofosk, ammofosk).

Kugona konse ndi njira yothetsera ndowe za mbalame kumakhala ndi mitundu yambiri ya michere yambiri. Kuphatikiza pa nayitrogeni, kuphatikizidwa kwa feteleza amenewa mwanjira yachilengedwe komanso mosiyanasiyana kumaphatikizanso potaziyamu, magnesium, calcium, komanso zinthu zina zosiyanasiyana. Izi zimathandizira kuti mphesa zizitha kuthyola chakudya chopatsa thanzi ndikuyamba kulowa masamba.

Tonse, zovala zitatu zapamwamba za mitengo ya mphesa pansi pamizu zimapangidwa kasupe:

• Masabata awiri asanafike maluwa (masamba atatseguka ndipo masamba oyamba awonekera);
• pambuyo maluwa, nthawi zipatso zipatso;
• pa kucha kwa zipatso, pomwe kukula kwake kumachulukana katatu, ndipo amakhala ofewa.

Vidiyo: kudyetsa mphesa musanafike maluwa

Zofunika: kudyetsa mphesa zilizonse kumachitika kokha pakubwezeretsa kwa mpweya (monga lamulo, osati wotsika kuposa 15ºº).

Monga kavalidwe kapamwamba koyamba, kutsetsereka kapena yankho la zitosi za mbalame nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kukonzekera slurry, tengani zidebe zitatu zamadzi ndi 1 ndowa imodzi ya ng'ombe kapena chimbudzi cha mahatchi, sakanizani mu chidebe choyenera ndikusiya kupesa pamalo otentha. Kutengera ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, ntchito yakucha imatenga milungu iwiri. Thira kulowetsedwa kwa mullein amasefa ndi kusefa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1: 5 (kwa 10 l ya madzi - 2 l kulowetsedwa).

Mutha kulemeretsa mawonekedwe ndi kufufuza zinthu - tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muonjezere 200 g yamaphulusa (youma kapena mawonekedwe amadzimadzi) ku mullein yankho musanagwiritse ntchito.

Kudyetsa chitsamba chimodzi cha mphesa chimodzi, zidebe ziwiri za kulowetsedwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito (pachomera chazaka zitatu, chidebe chimodzi chokwanira). Monga lamulo, kuvala pamwamba kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuthirira mphesa zokhala ndi madzi omwewo. Feteleza umathiridwa m'mabango ozungulira kuzungulira tchire kapena m'maenje akuya masentimita 10-15 kuchokera pamtunda wa 20-30 cm kuchokera pa mphukira yamphesa.

Ndiwosavuta kupanga zovala zapamwamba zamadzimadzi m'mapayipi amadzi othirira (ngalawa).

Vidiyo: Kupanga chitoliro chothirira tchire la mphesa

Mtundu wa kavalidwe kapamwamba kwambiri chilengedwe ndi kulowetsedwa kwamadzi ndowe (nkhuku, abakha, atsekwe, nkhunda, zinziri). Monga ndowe, mtundu wamtunduwu umakhala ndi zinthu zonse zofunika pakukula kwa mphesa. Komabe, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti zinyalala za nkhuku zimapereka kulowetsedwa kwambiri komanso kolimba. Mosiyana ndi maponya amadzi am'madzi, ili ndi:

• 2 zina zophatikiza za nayitrogeni ndi phosphorous;
• Katatu kuchuluka kwa magnesium, calcium ndi sulfure;
• 35% chinyezi chochepa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito dontho kwa mbalame ngati kuvala pamwamba kumakupatsani mwayi kuti mutulutsidwe, nthaka yothinitsidwa bwino komanso yothina. Chifukwa cha izi, pali kakulidwe kamene kamayambira ndi mizu ya mtengo wa mphesa, chomera chimalowa mwachangu nthawi yamasamba ndikukonzekera maluwa.

Kukonzekera kwa kulowetsedwa kwa nkhuku sikumasiyana kwenikweni pakukonzekera kwa mullein:

1. Magawo anayi amadzi amatengedwa gawo limodzi la madonthowa a nkhuku (mwachitsanzo, zidebe 4 zamadzi pachidebe cha zopangira).
2. Chilichonse chimasakanizika bwino ndikusungidwa mu chidebe chotsekedwa kwa masiku 7-10.
3. Njira yothetsera vutoli imapangidwa nthawi ndi nthawi (katatu patsiku) yosakanikirana kuti nayonso yungeni.
4. Chizindikiro cha kukonzekera kwa kulowetsedwa ndikuti ayimitse kupanga mabatani a gasi pamtunda ndikusowa kwa fungo losasangalatsa.
   

   Kuthira nkhuku yofinya komanso yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito imakhala yotuwa ndipo imakhala ndi thovu pansi.

Njira yothetsera imaphatikizidwa ndi madzi muyezo wa 1 (1 lita imodzi ya kulowetsedwa pama 10 malita a madzi). Pofuna kuti zisayambitse kutentha muzu chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kulowetsedwa, kuvala pamwamba kumaphatikizidwa ndi kuthirira. Kwa mbande zazing'ono, chidebe chimodzi cha yankho lokonzedwa chimatengedwa, kwa akuluakulu omwe alowa mu zipatso za tchire, kuyambira zidebe ziwiri mpaka zinayi. Madziwo amathiridwa mapaipi othirira kapena m'nkhokwe kuzungulira tchire, pomwe ukathirira umakutidwa ndi nthaka ndikuwumbika ndi peat, kompositi, udzu wouma.

Kanema: kudyetsa mphesa ndi zitosi za mbalame

Chovala chachiwiri chakumapeto chimachitika sabata ikatha mphesa, pomwe zipatsozo zimakhala ndi nandolo yaying'ono (nthawi yopendekera). Pakadali pano, mpesa umafunika zakudya zopitilira muyeso kuti zitheke ndikukula zipatso. Chovala chapamwamba ichi ndi chofanana pakupanga ndi kuchuluka kwa michere kwa woyamba, ndikusiyana kuti gawo la nayitrogeni liyenera kukhala theka (malita 10 a madzi amatengedwa 1 litre ya mullein kapena 0,5 lita imodzi ya kulowetsedwa kwa nkhuku).

Kanema: kudyetsa mphesa pambuyo maluwa

Chovala chachitatu chapamwamba cha mphesa chikulimbikitsidwa munthawi ya kukula kwambiri ndi kucha kwa zipatso. Zimathandizira kuwonjezera shuga ndi kukula kwa zipatso, imathandizira kukhwima kwawo, makamaka kwa mitundu yambiri yololera. Maziko odyetserako ndi phulusa la nkhuni.

Phulusa labwino kwambiri limapezeka kuchokera ku nthambi zamphepo zosapsa ndi mphukira zamphesa zotsalira mutadulira.

Kuti akonze kulowetsedwa kozungulira (chiberekero), 1-1.5 kg (malita 2-3) phulusa lamatabwa limalowetsedwa mu malita 10 a madzi ofunda kwa tsiku, kusakaniza nthawi ndi nthawi. Njira yothetsera vutoli imakonzedwa ndikuwonjezera 1 l ya kulowetsedwa kwa uterine mu ndowa (10 l) yamadzi. Pansi pa chitsamba chimodzi, ndowa za 3 mpaka 6 zamadzi zimafunika. Pamenepo, kuthirira ndi kuvala pamwamba pa mphesa kumatha nthawi yokolola isanachitike.

Kanema: kudyetsa mphesa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa phulusa

Kuvala kwamizu ndi feteleza wa mchere

Mavalidwe apamwamba opangidwa ndi organic ndi chilengedwe mwachilengedwe motero amaonedwa kuti ndi ochezeka komanso opindulitsa kwambiri ndi mphesa. Komabe si onse eni nyumba zanyumba omwe amatha kugula manyowa kapena ndowe za mbalame. Ndipo kuchuluka kwa zazikulu ndi zazikulu ma micronutrients pazovala pamwamba sikokwanira pakudya kwamtchire. Kuphatikiza ndi kulemeretsa organic chemistry, chifukwa cha masika oyambira kupsa zipatso amaphatikizidwa ndi feteleza wamchere. Zomwe zimasakanikirana ndizophatikizira zimaphatikizapo nayitrogeni, potaziyamu ndi phosphorous, nthawi zambiri magnesium, boron, manganese, sulufu ndi mankhwala ena amawaonjezera. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muthane ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana azakudya zachilengedwe.

Gome: Mafuta a michere ya kavalidwe kapamwamba

Kuthira feteleza ndi mchere wa michere kuyenera kuphatikizidwa ndi kuthilira mphesa; ndowa zitatu za madzi oyera ofunda zimafunikira pachitsamba chimodzi. Feteleza okhala ndi nayitrogeni ndi potaziyamu nthawi zambiri amasungunuka bwino m'madzi, chifukwa chake amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zovala zamadzimadzi. Chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa gypsum mu kapangidwe kake, superphosphate ndiosakanikirana mosiyanasiyana. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzibweretsere dothi louma, m'maluwa kapena m'mayenje mtunda wa 40-50 masentimita kuchokera pachitsamba, kusakaniza pang'ono ndi nthaka. Zitatha izi, chitsamba chizithiriridwa ndi zidebe za madzi 1-2.

Kanema: kuthira mphesa ndi michere ya mchere

Mukamadyetsa mphesa, ndikofunikira kutsatira malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito feteleza. Izi ndi zoona makamaka kwa mbande za zaka 3-4. Sizovomerezeka kuti ziwakwirire ndi nayitrogeni, chifukwa mpesa sucha kucha, ndipo mbewu zimatha kuvutika nthawi yachisanu. Fosphorous ndi feteleza wa potaziyamu wa tchire tating'ono timayamwa pang'ono ndi kuthirira.

Mfundo yayikulu yopanga vinyo: ndibwino kuti muchepetsedwe kuposa kumwa.

Chithunzi chojambulidwa: mitundu yayikulu ya feteleza wa michere podyetsa mphesa

Mnansi wanga ndi mnansi wanga wa dacha ali ndi mitengo ingapo ya mphesa zamitundu yomweyo - Arcadia. Feteleza wokondedwa wa mnansiyo ndi ammonium nitrate, ndipo ndimakonda kudyetsa tchire ndi urea (urea). Kamodzi tinapanga fanizo loyerekeza: mtundu wanji wovala bwino wa mphesa wabwino kwambiri komanso wogwira ntchito. Ndikhulupirira kuti urea ndi feteleza wochezeka chilengedwe, chifukwa limapangidwa pamaziko a organics, limalowa mosavuta mu mizu ndi masamba. Ndipo zomwe nayitrogeni mkati mwake amakhala apamwamba (46%), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimatenga zochepa kuti zithetse chitsamba chimodzi. Kuphatikiza apo, urea sichikhudza acidity wa nthaka. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mavalidwe apamwamba potengera izi, osayika pachiwopsezo kusintha kalozera wa nthaka (pH). Zotsalira zokhazokha za urea ndizoti sizoyenera kudyetsa nthawi yophukira komanso koyambirira kwa chaka, chifukwa "imagwira" pokhapokha pamtunda wabwino wa mpweya. Koma mkati mwa kasupe ndi chilimwe, ndimagwiritsa ntchito kuvala pamwamba pamizu komanso kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mnansiyo amanditsimikizira kuti ammonium nitrate ndiyothandiza kwambiri, chifukwa nayitrogeni imapezeka m'mitundu yonse ya ammonia ndi nitrate. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a nitrate, nayitrogeni imalowetsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi chitsamba, koma chimatsuka mosavuta kuchokera panthaka ndipo siziwunjikana zipatso. Njira ya nayitrogeni, pambali pake, imayamwa pang'onopang'ono ndi mizu, koma osatsukidwa ndi madzi ndikukhalabe m'nthaka nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa chake, sikofunikira kudyetsa mphesa nthawi zambiri. Komanso, mnansiyo amawona kuthekera kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake nthawi iliyonse pachaka, kutentha kulikonse, kukhala chophatikiza chachikulu chomwe iye amakonda. Izi zimamulola kuphatikiza mphesa zake ngakhale koyambirira kwa Marichi, kudutsa chipale chofewa chomwe sichidatsike. Koma pomwe kumapeto tidayerekeza zomwe zitsamba zathu zatsogolera, zidapezeka kuti palibe kusiyana. Zikuwoneka kuti tonse tili bwino pazokonda zathu, ndipo mtundu uliwonse wa feteleza ndi wabwino komanso wogwira mwanjira yake.

Mavalidwe apamwamba apamwamba

Kuphatikiza pa kuvala pamizu pamizu, kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, kutsanulira mphesa pa tsamba ndikothandiza kwambiri - kuvala zovala zapamwamba. Chithandizo chothandiza kwambiri ndi feteleza wa nayitrogeni ndi mayankho amchere amtundu wa zinthu (boron, zinc, molybdenum, sulfure).

Zotsatira zabwino zimaperekedwa mwa kupopera mbewu za mphesa musanayambe maluwa ndi yankho la boric acid, ndipo mutatha maluwa ndi zinc sulfate.

Mankhwalawa amalimbitsa mphamvu ya mphesa, kuonjezera kukaniza kwachikhalidwe ndi matenda. Zimachitika musanayambe maluwa, komanso nthawi yazipatso ndikubereka kwawo. Kukumana kwa feteleza wa nayitrogeni (ammonium nitrate, urea, azofoska) sikuyenera kupitilira 0.3-0.4%, potashi (potaziyamu sulfate) - 0,6%. Ndikosavuta kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito bwino zinthu zosakaniza zopopera:

• Ovary
• Chomera
• Aquamarine
• Kemer
• Novofert.

Njira yothetsera mphesa zakonzedwa mosamalitsa ndi malangizo. Kumwaza kumayenera kuchitika nyengo yabwino, makamaka madzulo (pambuyo pa maola 18) kapena m'mawa kwambiri (mpaka maola 9).

Zakudya zamtunduwu zimatha kulowa mmera osati pamizu, komanso kudzera mumitengo ndi masamba. Foliar pamwamba kuvala zowonjezera bwino muzu. Za feteleza zotere zimachitika kwakanthawi kochepa, koma ndi thandizo lawo ndizotheka kuthetsa kuchepa kwachinthu chilichonse chomera m'nthawi yochepa, chifukwa izi zimatsimikizira kupezeka kwa zinthu kwa nthawiyo kudzera munthawi yakutukuka molunjika mpaka pamazomwe akumwa (masamba, masamba okula, zipatso).

Yu.V. Trunov, pulofesa, dokotala S.-kh. zamasayansi

"Zipatso zikulira." LLC Publishing House KolosS, Moscow, 2012

Kanema: Mphesa yapamwamba yovala bwino

Zina za kavalidwe kapamwamba ka masika ku Krasnodar Territory ndi Moscow Region

Tawuni ya Krasnodar ndi malo abwino achilengedwe kuti mutukule. Kutentha kokwanira pachaka kwamphamvu kutentha, kugawa kwawo miyezi, ambiri masiku opanda chisanu pachaka amakwaniritsa zosowa ndi kutentha kwa mpesa. Dothi limakhala ndi humus (4.2-5.4%) ndipo limapatsidwa phosphorous ndi potaziyamu. Chifukwa chake, palibe zofunika zapadera pakuvala kuvala mphesa m'derali. Kuti mugwiritse ntchito, mitundu yonse yovala pamwamba pamtundu wa feteleza wachilengedwe komanso michere imalimbikitsa.

Kalendala yosamalira mphesa m'dera la Moscow imayamba kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yachilimwe. Pakadali pano, kuyambitsa feteleza wama mineral zovuta ndizovomerezeka. Mphesa ndizovuta kwambiri pakusowa kwa magnesium m'nthaka, ndi zochepa zake, mpesa sungathe kubala mbewu konse. Kuphatikiza apo, tchire limakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi tizirombo ndi matenda osiyanasiyana. Pofuna kupewa izi, 250 g ya magnesium sulfate imasungunuka mumtsuko wamadzi ofunda ndipo mpesawo umafafaniza. Pakatha milungu iwiri, kukonza mphesa kuyenera kubwerezedwanso. Kusamalira mphesa mu kasupe m'matawuni kumaphatikizapo kuvala sabata lililonse ndi feteleza amadzimadzi, mpaka kucha zipatsozo. Chakudya chiziphatikizidwa ndi kuthirira nthawi zonse.

Pazakudya zabwino ndikukula kwa mphesa, mitundu yonse ya feteleza wachilengedwe ndi michere ndi zovala zapamwamba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusankha muzochita zonsezi kumapangidwa ndi wosamalira mundawo.