Asplenium ndi epiphytic fern wokongola. Amakhala m'malo otentha a ku Africa ndi Latin America, komanso nkhalango zowirira za ku Europe ndi Asia. Mitundu ya mbewu ndi ya banja la Asplenievye kapena Kostenetsovye, chifukwa chake fern amatchedwa "fupa". Masamba ake okongola okongola amakhala ngati kasupe wobiriwira. Ngati mungathe kukhazikitsa nyumba yakumapeto, mudzakhalabe ndi chidwi choti chifupi ndi nkhalango yotentha. Cascade yobiriwira ikuphuka mwachangu ndipo amasangalala ndi chipolowe cha mitundu yowala. Mitundu imakhala yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imakulolani kusankha chomera chosangalatsa kwambiri. Imatha kukhala fern yokhala ndi masamba athunthu kapena osemedwa.
Makhalidwe a botanical
Mitundu ya asplenium ndi yayikulu kwambiri ndipo imatha mitundu 500. Zimaphatikizapo zakale komanso zobiriwira nthawi zonse. M'malo achilengedwe, amakhazikika pamitengo ina, m'miyala yamiyala ngakhale pamatope. Ena amaganiza kuti ali ndi tsinde loyenerera kulimidwa. Mitundu ya Epiphytic imasiyanitsidwa ndi mizu yabwino, yomwe imathandizira kukonza fern pamtengo wopereka. Mizu yake imakutidwa ndi mamba ofewa a bulauni. Kukula kwapachaka kwa asplenium kumakhala kochepa. Chomera chachikulu chimakhala chamtunda wa 30-70 masentimita ndipo M'chilengedwe, kutalika kwa mphukira kumatha kufika mamita awiri.
Masamba aatali amapaka utoto wowala. Amatha kukhala ndi mbale yolimba kapena yosalala ya masamba. Pamwamba pa pepalalo ndi yosalala, yonyezimira. Petiole wandiweyani m'munsi amapaka utoto wakuda kapena utoto waofiirira. Kumbuyo kwa pepalali ndi sporangia. Ndiwosinthika tatifupi yomwe ili kumbali zonse za mtsempha wapakati.
Mitundu ya Asplenium
Mukusiyanasiyana kwake konse, mitundu yambiri ya asplenium imatha kupezeka zachilengedwe. Mu chikhalidwe, ndi mitundu yochepa chabe yamagwiritsidwe ntchito. Alimi akumunda asankha zina mwa izo.
Asplenium nesting ("nidus"). Epiphytic fern imakhala pamitengo ya mitengo yayikulu yotentha. Mizu yofinya yolimba imakulitsa chowombelera chobiriwira chowoneka bwino. Masamba achikopa amtundu uliwonse amakhala ngati rosette. Ndi za mitundu iyi zomwe zidatchedwa dzina. Pansi pa mtsempha wapakati ndi woderapo.
Asplenium skolopendrovy ("lilime lonama"). Mtengowo uli ndi masamba owoneka bwino obiriwira. Dothi lawo limawalira kwambiri. Msempha wapakati umapaka utoto wamdima wobiriwira. Zosiyanasiyana zinakhala maziko olimidwa a mitundu yosakanizidwa. Amakhala ndi mbale yolimba yokhala ndi wavy kapena m'mphepete mwake.
Asplenium Osaka. Zosiyanazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi masamba akuluakulu obiriwira obiriwira. Tsamba lonse lamasamba limafikira kutalika kwa 1 mita ndi mulifupi masentimita 20. Pachikhalidwe, mtundu wa fernwu ndi wosowa.
Asplenium wamphamvu. Rhizome fern imamera pamiyala ndi pansi pa mitengo. Imalephera kuzizira posachedwa mpaka kuzizira ndipo imagwetsa masamba nthawi yozizira. Mtengowo watulutsa masamba obisala pamtunda wolimba komanso wolimba. Kutalika kwa waya ndi 40-60 masentimita, ndipo m'lifupi mwake ndi 20-30 cm. Pamasamba, masamba amapangidwa, ofanana ndi anyezi yaying'ono. Mwa izi, ana amakula. Akamakula, amadzilekanitsa ndi kugwera pansi. Ikakhudzana ndi dothi, nthiti imayamba kukulira.
Asplenium viviparous. Udzu wobiriwira wopanda masamba obiriwira, wamtifupi. Kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita 60 ndipo m'lifupi mwake masentimita 20. Magawo awiri oyenda akufanana ndi singano. Sporangia ali m'mphepete kumbuyo kwamasamba. Pamwamba pa ule, masamba, omwe ana amakula.
Malamulo ak kubereka
Asplenium imatha kufalitsidwa pofesa spores, kugawa muzu, kapena kukhazikika kwa ana.
Pofuna kufalitsa ming'aluyo ndi maluwa, ndikofunikira kusankha pepala lokhwima ndikusenda spores kuchokera pamenepo ndi supuni papepala. Mbewu zimapangidwa kasupe mu nthaka yamtundu wa peat. Spores imagawidwa pamtunda ndikuyikidwa pamalo amdima. Kutentha kwenikweni kwa kumera ndi + 22 ° C. Chotetezacho chimakutidwa ndi filimu kapena galasi kuti chizikhala chinyezi chokwanira. Mphukira zofanana ndi moss zimawonekera mkati mwa miyezi 1-2. Mbande zimasinthidwa kuchipinda chamtunda ndikuchotsa pogona. Zomera zomwe zimapangidwa kuti zizipanikizika, ndikusiya mtunda wa pafupifupi masentimita 3. Pakatha mwezi wina, ana omwe amapanga ma spleniums amawokedwa mumiphika yosiyana. Amaloledwa kubzala mbewu zazing'ono 2-3 mumphika umodzi.
Fern wokhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri amatha kugawidwa m'magawo angapo. M'mwezi wa Marichi-Epulo, mukadzala, mbewuyo imasiyidwa ndi dongo. Muzu umadulidwatu mbali ziwiri. Gawoli lirilonse limabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo mu dothi lonyowa, lotayirira. Pakupita mwezi umodzi, fern imafunikira chisamaliro chochuluka. Imatetezedwa ku dzuwa mwachindunji, nthawi zambiri imathiridwa madzi ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Munthawi imodzimodziyo, pakufunika kuvala kwamtundu wapamwamba.
Ngati mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya asplenium imakhala ndi ana, imatha kuzika mizu. Mphukira za masamba ophuka zimakhazikika mokwanira ndikudzigwera zokha. Muyenera kukankhira chomera chomera m'nthaka yopanda chonde ndipo imazika mizu mwachangu. M'milungu yoyamba, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti ana azisungidwa pansi pa kanema kapena kapu yagalasi. Kutuluka kwa masamba atsopano kumawonetsa bwino mizu. Tsopano mutha kusamalira mwana komanso fern wamkulu.
Zinthu Zogulitsa
Asplenium tikulimbikitsidwa kuti isinthidwe wina aliyense zaka 1-2 ndikusinthidwa ndi gawo lina lapansi. Kuthekera kwa fern kumatenga kukula komweku kapena kukula pang'ono. Chitsulo cha mbewu chimamera pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa choti chikhale chachikulu. Popeza mbewu zambiri ndi ma epiphytes, mutha kutenga malo a zipatso. Ndi kuphatikiza kophatikizidwa ndi dothi, zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- land sheet (magawo atatu);
- peat (magawo awiri);
- decusuous humus (1 gawo);
- mchenga (gawo 1);
- makala (1 gawo);
- sphagnum moss (gawo limodzi).
Poika mbewu, ndikofunikira kuti zitsukire malo akale. Mizu amayendera mosamala ndikudula malo omwe awonongeka ndi zowola.
Kusamalira mbewu
Kusamalira asplenium sikovuta kwambiri, koma kutsatira malamulo angapo kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi mbewu yabwino.
Kuwala Asplenium amakonda zipinda zokutidwa bwino. Iyenera kuyikidwa mtunda wa 3 mamita kuchokera pazenera kapena pazenera lakumpoto. Kuwongolera dzuwa mwachindunji pa wai ndikutsutsana.
Kutentha Mitundu yambiri ya asplenium imakonda kutentha. Matenthedwe othandizira amtende pachaka chonse ndi + 20 ... + 25 ° C. Ngati chipindacho chikuzizira + 18 ° C, mbewuyo imasiya kukula ndipo imatha kugwetsa masamba. Mukamasankha mafupa, muyenera kulingalira kuti akuwopa kukonzekera.
Chinyezi. Asplenium imafuna chinyezi chambiri. Iyenera kutsanulidwa nthawi ndi nthawi ndikutsukidwa pansi pofunda. M'nyengo yozizira, samasamba chomera, koma amapukuta masamba ndi dothi lonyowa. Sikulimbikitsidwa kuyika fern pafupi ndi magetsi othandizira. Mzipinda zokhala ndi mpweya wouma, matayala am'madzi kapena dongo lonyowa amayikidwanso.
Kuthirira. Mukamasankha boma lothirira, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana momwe dothi lilili. Pamwamba pake padzayenera kukhala chonyowa pang'ono, koma madzi osasunthika ndi osavomerezeka. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti masiku onse a 1-2 madzi ochepa ofunda, oyeretsedwa bwino komanso osakhazikika azithiridwa pansi. M'chilimwe, kuthirira kumachitika nthawi zambiri, ndipo nthawi yozizira imachepetsedwa pang'ono.
Feteleza. M'mwezi wa Epulo-Seputembala, asplenium imakula mwachangu ndikupanga timatumba tating'onoting'ono, motero imafunikira chakudya chowonjezera. Kawiri pamwezi, njira yothetsera feteleza wopangira mchere imagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa muzu. Komanso, gawo lina la mankhwalawa limapakidwa masamba.
Kudulira. Fern safuna kupangidwa korona. Wake woonda waiy amapanga mawonekedwe okongola popanda kuyerekezera ndi kunja. Kuuma ndi masamba akale amazidulira ngati pakufunika.
Mavuto omwe angakhalepo
Ngati boma la kuthirira likuphwanyidwa, ma pullenium amapanga imvi kapena zowola muzu, ndipo matenda oyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya angathenso kuyamba. Pakakhala vuto la matenda pamasamba kapena mphukira, wai wodwalayo ayenera kudulidwa ndipo dothi limathandizidwa ndi fungicides.
Mwa majeremusi pa asplenium, ndi nematode okha omwe amakhazikika. Komabe, kuyang'anira tizilombo ndizovuta kwambiri. Amalowa pansi pa khungu la pepalalo, lomwe limateteza ku mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Kudula kokha ndi kuchotsera kwa malo onse owonongeka kumathandiza. Nthawi zina chimangopulumutsa chiwonongeko chotheratu cha fern.
Ngati nsonga za masamba ziuma, muyenera kuwonjezera chinyezi cha mpweya ndikupopera korona pafupipafupi. Ngati chomera chikayamba kupindika ndi kutaya mtundu wake, izi zikuwonetsa ngati kadzuwa. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kukonzanso fupa mumthunzi. Kuwona masamba m'chipinda chokhala ndi mbali zopota kumapanga kuti kutentha kwa chipindacho ndikotsika kwambiri.
