Msuzi wa imvi wa Mattiola, kapena Levkoy, kale unali udzu wotchuka kwambiri pachaka. Woseriyo anakongoletsa minda ya ku Greece yakale., Kumeneko kununkhira kwake kunatchedwa "white violet" (Chi Greek: λευκό - white, ϊον - violet). Chomeracho chinamera ku Holland mu 1568, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo chakongoletsa mipanda yamfumu, midzi ndi minda yam'mbuyo, maholo ndi zikondwerero za maiko onse a ku Ulaya.
Kusankhidwa kwa mattiola imvi: nthawi yamaluwa, kutalika kwa zosiyanasiyana komanso nthawi ya chitukuko
M'chilengedwe, Mattiola akukula kumapezeka ku Mediterranean, Asia Minor, Caucasus ndi Canary Islands. Ku Ulaya ndi maiko a CIS, mitundu yokhala ndi maluwa yokhayokha imakula. Pakali pano, pali mitundu 600 ya mattiola, yomwe imasiyana mofanana, kutalika kwa chitsamba, mtundu wa maluwa ndi nthawi ya maluwa. Zomera zokha zokhala ndi matope, zopanda mbewu, maluwa ali ndi mtengo wokongoletsera. Ndipo kuchokera ku mbewu zimakula mitundu yosavuta maluwa. Kawirikawiri, 70-90% ya maluwa yomwe imakhala ndi masamba awiri amamera, ndipo zina zonse zimakhala zosavuta. Olima amalimanga amakwaniritsa izi posankha mayesero, poganizira zochitika za morphological.
Panthawi ya chitukuko, mawonekedwe oterewa amadziwika:
- Zima (var. Hibema) - zachikhalidwe, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa distillation. Ngati mubzala izo mu June-July, ndiye kuti mtundu udzapereka masika.
- Yophukira (var. Autumnalis) - ikafesedwa mu March-April, imamera kumapeto kwa chilimwe - kuyamba kwa autumn, ndipo imapereka mbewu chaka chamawa. Sitikugwedezeka mu nthaka ya midland ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukakamiza.
- Chilimwe (var Annua) - chofesedwa poyera kumapeto kwa mwezi wa April - kumayambiriro kwa May. Kuonjezera nyengo ya maluwa, ndi bwino kukula mbande, chifukwa chakuti masiku 70-100 amatha kufesa kumayambiriro kwa maluwa. Panthawiyi, isanafike isanayambike yophukira nyengo yozizira, chomera chiyenera kukhala ndi nthawi pachimake.
- otsika - 15-30 masentimita yaitali;
- pakati - kuyambira 30 mpaka 50 cm;
- pamwamba - kuyambira 50 mpaka 70 cm.
- Terry (Quedlinburg). Mitundu yambiriyi ili ndi maluwa awiri omwe ali ndi utoto wobiriwira m'boma la cotyledonous. Levka ndi maluwa wamba, monga lamulo, mdima wakuda.
Maluwa ndi terry inflorescences akuphatikizapo peonies, mtengo hydrangea, Kalanchoe Kalandiva, asters pachaka, heather.Malingana ndi nthawi ndi maluwa, mitundu ya gululi iligawidwa m'magulu angapo otsatirawa:
- Kutalika kwautali kwambiri - 45-65 masentimita wamtali, matalala, tchire, timene timapanga pyramidal. Masamba obovate kapena lanceolate, makamaka lalikulu, graphite wobiriwira mtundu, ndi yofewa kapena wavy m'mphepete. Ma inflorescences ndi aakulu, kuyambira masentimita 13 mpaka 20 m'litali, ndi maluwa okongola mpaka masentimita asanu. Mitundu imeneyi imamera kuchokera ku June kwa miyezi iwiri.
- Oyambirira otsika mtengo - kutalika kwa 25 mpaka 40 masentimita, compact kapena theka-sprawling, wambiri nthambiy, tchire baka. Masamba obiriwira a bluish ndi oval kapena lanceolate. Kutentha kwa inflorescence kuchokera 12 mpaka 20 masentimita ndi maluwa awiri mpaka 4.5 masentimita awiri. Maluwa amayamba mu June ndipo amamasula kwa miyezi iwiri.
- Mapiri aatali otalika kwambiri - aatali kwambiri, a pyramidal baka, mpaka masentimita 60. Masamba obiriwira omwe ali obiriwira amakhala ndi obovate, lanceolate kapena mawonekedwe osasangalatsa, okhala ndi m'mphepete mwawo kapena osagwirizana. Inflorescences mpaka 50 cm yaitali, ndi maluwa ozizira mpaka masentimita asanu. Mlimi wamaluwa amatha kufalikira kuyambira July kwa masiku 50.
- Mitengo isanu ndi umodzi - pyramidal-tsinde kapena yofooka tchire, mpaka 80 masentimita pamwamba. Masamba osakanizika a mawonekedwe osamveka, oblong kapena obovate. Kutaya inflorescences mpaka 60 masentimita yaitali ndi lalikulu kwambiri kukula kwake maluwa mpaka 6 masentimita awiri. Central inflorescence, monga lamulo, pamwamba pamapeto. Mitunduyi imayambira kwambiri, ikufalikira kuyambira June, kuyambira miyezi 1 mpaka 2, ndipo ikulimbikitsidwa kudula.
- Kufalikira --gawidwa m'magulu awiri:
- Chiwonetsero (Dresden) - kwambiri nthambi zakufika kufika masentimita 60 mu msinkhu. Mapulorescences ndi osasangalatsa, ndi maluwa akuluakulu oposa masentimita asanu 5. Masamba a mtundu wa bluish ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, omwe ali ndi mzere wolimba kapena wosakanizidwa. Yambani kuphuka mu June-July ndi mpaka November.
- Kuthamanga kwakukulu (Bismarck) - mphamvu zowonjezera zamasamba zimakhala zazikulu mpaka 70 cm. Maselo otsekemera ndi aakulu kwambiri, kufika pa 5.5 masentimita awiri, wandiweyani-maluwa awiri. Masamba akuluakulu ali ndi mawonekedwe oundana. Mitengo yamasika, ikufalikira kuyambira July mpaka chisanu.
- Pyramidal - malingana ndi kutalika kwa zomera zimagawidwa m'magulu:
- Nkhunda imatha kufika masentimita 25 okha m'litali, piramidi, nthambi. Mapuloteni ophatikizana amakhala ndi maluwa akuluakulu oposa 4.5 masentimita. Magulu akuluakulu, oval-olongedwera amajambula mdima wobiriwira, wofiirira, wobiriwira. Mitengo yam'mbuyo kwambiri, imamera kuyambira June mpaka masiku 50.
- Semi-wapamwamba - mwamphamvu kwambiri ku tchire, pyramidal, mpaka 45 cm wamtali. Mapuloteni ophatikizana mpaka 18 masentimita ataliatali ndi maluwa ndi mamitala 4.5 masentimita. Masambawa ndi opapatiza, osakanikirana ndi ovunda. Mitengo-oyambirira, maluwa kuchokera ku June kwa miyezi iwiri.
- Zomera zazikulu-zimadutsa - tchire-tall-tall mpaka 50 cm, wamtali mpaka masentimita 80, ali ndi pyramidal mawonekedwe. Maluwa akuluakulu awiri amatha kufika masentimita asanu. Masamba osakanikirana, osasunthika omwe amakhala ndi nsonga yozungulira kapena yosamveka. Zakale-mitundu yoyambirira yomwe imafalikira kwambiri kuyambira June mpaka September.
- Kuphulika kwa mfuti kwakukulu - chitsamba chamakono chobiriwira, mpaka 60 cm wamtali. Masamba a masamba obiriwira ali ndi rhombic yosalala kapena maonekedwe osapangidwe. Inflorescence yaikulu ndi yaikulu, mpaka 25 masentimita m'litali, osasunthika, imayamba maluwa kumayambiriro kuposa oyimilirawo. Gustomarovye maluwa kufika 4.5 masentimita awiri. Mitengo yamasika, ikufalikira kuyambira July mpaka masiku 50. Kukula kwa mabedi a maluwa ndi kudula.
- Maluwa (Victoria) - nthambi zowonongeka bwino, mpaka 35 cm wamtali. Masamba akuluakulu a mtundu wa bluish amakhala ndi mawonekedwe oundana komanso ozungulira. Inflorescences zazikulu zimapezeka pafupifupi pa msinkhu umodzimodzi, ndi wambiri kapena wamba. Maluwa akuluakulu awiri omwe ali ndi masentimita 3.5 mpaka masentimita. Mitundu yoyambirira yapakati yomwe imayambira pachimake mu June ndi masiku opitirira 75. Ubwino wa zosiyanasiyana levkoev - kukula kwa kudula, miphika, rabatok ndi maluwa mabedi.
- Mtengo waukulu wautali - nthambi kumtunda kwa chomera, kufika pamtunda 90 cm. Large awiri maluwa mpaka 6 masentimita awiri, anasonkhana mu compact, m'malo lalikulu inflorescences wa mitundu yowala zosiyanasiyana. Masamba akulu amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, oval ndi oweta. Mphukira kuyambira June mpaka miyezi iwiri. Zambiri za kudula, rabatok ndi magulu a magulu.
- Korotkovitvistye (Erfurt) - kwambiri nthambi, leafy, yaying'ono baka mpaka 40 cm wamtali, ali lonse pyramidal mawonekedwe. Mbali yapamwamba yopuma imawasiyanitsa ndi magulu ena. Masamba akuluakulu a bluish amakhala ndi mawonekedwe ophimba komanso ozungulira. Maluwa a convex amatha masentimita 4. Inflorescence yapakati ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa yowonjezereka. Amamera kuyambira June mpaka August. Analangizidwa kuti azidula, mabedi komanso ngati mphika chikhalidwe.
- Chokhachokha (Excelsior) - tsinde lafika kutalika kwa masentimita 80, limakhala ndi mapuloteni ozungulira omwe ali ndi maluwa akuluakulu mpaka 6 masentimita awiri. Masamba akuluakulu, ofanana ndi diamondi ali ndi mpweya wozungulira kapena wavy. Kuphulika kuyambira June mpaka July ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula.
Mukudziwa? Chomeracho chinatchedwa Leuky, Agiriki, koma m'Chilatini chimatchedwa "mattiola." Mbalame ya ku Scotland ya theka la zaka za m'ma 1900, Robert Brown adayitanitsa duwa polemekeza dokotala wa ku Italy ndi botanist XVI zaka zana Pietro Andrea Gregorio Mattioli ndipo adachita mwambo umenewu mpaka chaka cha 200 cha buku la Mattioli.
Kodi malo abwino kwambiri obzala mbewu ndikuti?
Kubwera Mattiola ali ndi makhalidwe ake enieni. Mitengo yoyambirira ikhoza kubzalidwa nthawi yomweyo, koma kenako imayenera kukulitsa ngati mbande, ndikubzala pansi.
Levkoy kubzala ndi zophweka, mumangofunika kutsatira malamulo ena.
Mkhalidwe wa chikhalidwe cha kukula
Levkos amasankha malo amdima popanda mphepo ndi kukwera, koma mthunzi pakati pa usana dzuwa sichimawavulaza.
Kuyika mthunzi kungakhudze maluwa ngati chomera chimabisika ku dzuwa tsiku lonse. Mattiola amakonda kwambiri chinyezi cha mlengalenga ndi nthaka, pomwe samalekerera madzi ochulukirapo. Chilala cha nthawi yaitali chimakhudzanso kukula ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe.
Kuchepetsa kutentha kwa -3 ° C si koopsa kwa mbande zouma, pokhapokha chisanu chikhala masiku angapo mzere.
Zosowa za nthaka
Chaka chimodzi musanafesa mbewu, nkofunika kuyamba kukonzekera dothi, popeza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi feteleza tidzafa chifukwa cha kutentha. 
Zotsatira zotsatirazi ziyenera kutengedwa:
- kukumba nthaka mozama 30-40 masentimita ndi kuwonjezera humus (pa mlingo wa 7 makilogalamu a humus pa 1 sq. m chiwembu);
- Pangani gawo lopanda mapuloteni (pa mlingo wa supuni 3 pa 1 sq. m m plot).
Mukudziwa? Mattiolu amalimbikitsa kubzala ndi mbatata - Zimatha kuopseza nyongolotsi za Colorado ndi tizilombo tina towononga.Kuti mupeze mitundu yodabwitsa yokongola, m'pofunika kutsata zofunikira zokhudzana ndi nthaka:
- chilimwe levkoy sunabzalidwe m'nthaka ndi feteleza; Musamameretse mattioli pomwe mukubzala;
- Ndizosatheka kudzala chomera m'nthaka kumene ena oimira banja la cruciferous adakula kale zaka zambiri;
- nthaka iyenera kukhala yachonde, mchenga, kuwala loamy, wolemera mu zinthu zakuthupi, pachimake mu nthaka yowawa idzakhala yoperewera;
- Mattiola salola kulephera kwa madzi, choncho pa malo otsetsereka a pansi pa nthaka ndi bwino kukweza mapiri a chikhalidwe.
Kufesa mattiola
Mbewu za mbewu zotsalirazo zafesedwa m'njira ziwiri:
- pansi;
- chifukwa chokula mbande.
- Choyamba muyenera kumasula nthaka yomwe idakonzedwa kale;
- mawonekedwe a grooves ndi akuya pafupifupi 0,5 masentimita ndi pang'ono moisten iwo;
- onjezerani mchenga kwa mbewu mu chiŵerengero cha 1:10 ndi mogawidwa kugawa pambali pa grooves;
- Pang'onopang'ono kuwaza ndi dziko lapansi, popanda kuzungulira, ndi kachiwiri pang'ono moisten.
Phunzirani zambiri za momwe mungamere mtengo wa mthethe, kutentha kwa Turkish, geyher, mafuta osungira mafuta, ndi plumeria kuchokera ku mbewu.Kuwombera kumawoneka kawirikawiri pakatha masabata 1.5-2 mutatha kubzala mbewu, ndipo ikabzalidwa kugwa - kasupe wotsatira.
Kuti mukhale ndi maluwa onunkhira omwe akufalikira kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yobzala zomera. Kufesa nthawi yomweyo kumapangidwa nthawi ya kumapeto kwa March - kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa April. 
Malo ndi zitsamba za mbande ayenera kukonzekera masiku awiri musanadzalemo, pochita zinthu zotsatirazi:
- Sambani mabokosiwo ndi madzi ndi potaziyamu permanganate ndi kuwume bwino bwino;
- Gwiritsani ntchito miyala yaing'ono pansi pa chidebecho;
- Kudzaza zitsulo ndi nthaka, mchenga ndi mchenga womwe umakhala ndi 1: 3;
- Dulani pansi ndi madzi ndi potaziyamu permanganate.
Pambuyo pokonza ntchito yonse yokonzekera kufesa mbewu motere:
- mawonekedwe a pansi pa mtunda wa masentimita 4 kuchokera kwa mzake;
- Nkhumba zimatulutsa mbewu, zimasiya pakati pa danga la masentimita atatu;
- kuwawaza iwo pang'ono ndi moisten;
- Phimbani ndi galasi ndi sitolo pamalo otentha otetezedwa ku kuwala (20-22 ° C).
Pambuyo pa masiku asanu ndi asanu ndi asanu ndi atatu mutatha kufesa, zidazo ziyenera kusunthidwa kuti zikhale zochepa ndipo kutentha kumachepetsedwa kufika 12-14 ° C. Mtundu woterewu umalepheretsa kuchedwa kwa mapangidwe ndi maluwa.Ndikofunikira! Ngati mbande sizitha kuchepa, koma musiyeni kuti ifike pa 25 ° C, pomwe kuyamba kwa maluwa a mattioli kudzasuntha ndi 10-30 masiku, malinga ndi zosiyanasiyana.
Pambuyo popanga mapewa 2-3 (pasanathe milungu iwiri kuchokera pamene mphukira imatulukira pansi), mbande ziyenera kuikidwa mu chidebe chokha kuti athe kuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mizu panthawi yopatsa mbeu m'nthaka.
Miphika yaying'ono yokonzeka iyenera kudzazidwa ndi chisakanizo cha:
- nthaka ya sod (gawo 1);
- tsamba lapansi (magawo awiri);
- mchenga (gawo limodzi).
Chakumapeto kwa May, mbande zingabzalidwe m'malo osatha, pamtunda wa masentimita 15 mpaka 30. Mwezi ochepa mutatha kutsika, padzakhala zochepa, makamaka ngati nyengo ili yotentha kwambiri. Choncho mbande zidzatengedwa mofulumira m'malo atsopano.Ndikofunikira! Musamupatse Levkoy molimbikitsana wina ndi mnzake. Chifukwa chakuti mitundu yambiri imakula mwamphamvu, rhizomes ndi zimayambira zimatha kuyala. Izi zimathandiza kupanga mapangidwe a fungal omwe angawononge lonse flowerbed.
Kukula ndi kusamalira duwa
Ngakhale kuti Levkoy ndi wodzichepetsa, komabe, atabzala, amafunikira kusamalidwa bwino kuti chomera kumtunda chizimva bwino ndikusangalala ndi maluwa ake ndi zonunkhira.
Kuthirira ndi kudyetsa
Kuthirira ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la kusamalira mbewu. Mattiola salola kuwonjezera chinyezi. Choncho, imathiriridwa kwambiri pokhapokha mu chilala chokhalitsa, osakhala ndi madzi okwanira okwanira. Kuthira madzi nthawi zonse kumakhala koyenera kotero kuti sikubweretsa chinyezi chokhazikika. 
Pakati pa mvula yambiri, m'pofunika kuteteza madzilogging potulutsa nthaka kuti ifulumire chinyezi.
Mu nyengo yowuma, chizindikiro choyamba cha kusowa kwa chinyezi mu chikhalidwe chidzapukuta masamba. Pewani izi kumathandiza kuthirira mwachindunji pansi pazu wa chomera. Ndibwino kuti mutseke m'mawa, musanayambe kutentha kwambiri.
Mbewu yotentha ya chilimwe ndi yabwino kudyetsa. Komabe, musamayidyetse ndi feteleza zokhala ndi feteleza. Iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha feteleza mchere, kuwonjezera pa madzi akudiririra.
Pakati pa nyengo ya chilimwe, mpaka 4 peresenti ya nthaka yowonjezera komanso pafupifupi 6 nthaka yowuma imayendetsedwa.
Mukudziwa? M'zaka zamkati zapitazi, mattiola ankatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa zokongoletsera zomera, pamodzi ndi maluwa ndi maluwa.Popeza sikofunika kuti manyowa akalime mattiol, nkofunika kuti muzitha kumera mbeu panthawi ya maluwa komanso maluwa oyambirira. Mbalame zamaluwa zimayenera kudyetsa feteleza phosphate feteleza.
Kusamalira dothi ndi kuchotsa udzu
Pofuna kupereka Mattiola eni ake okongola, maluwa owala, onunkhira, atabzala pansi, kuphatikiza pa kuthirira bwino ndi feteleza, zomera zimayenera kusamalira nthaka ndikuchotsa namsongole.
Kuchotsa namsongole m'munda ndi munda kumagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala monga "Lontrel-300", "Ground", "Titus", "Agrokiller", "Roundup".Ndikofunika kumsongole wamsampha wa nthawi yomwe imatenga zakudya kuchokera ku nthaka yomwe ili yofunikira kuti mbeuyo ikhale. Ndibwino kuti muchite izi mutatha kuthirira kuti nthaka ikhale yosavuta komanso mizu ya udzu imachoka mosavuta. Kutsegula nthaka m'kati mwa kupalira kumathandiza kudzalimbikitsa ndi mpweya, kuchepetsa pang'ono ndikupanga mulingo woyenera kwambiri chinyezi. Pofuna kumasula, musayese kupweteka zimayambira ndi mizu ya mattiola.
Kukonzekera bwino kwa duwa bedi ndi dzanja lamanja kumapangitsa kuchotsedwa kwa faded inflorescences. Chomeracho chidzapatsidwa mphamvu zotsatila maluwa. Maluwa a Terry, omwe sapereka mbewu, ayenera kudulidwa kwathunthu pambuyo pa maluwa.Ndikofunikira! Malo oti mubweretse mattioli ndi ofunika kusintha chaka chilichonse. Pambuyo pa zaka 3, mutha kukonzanso malo levkoy pamalo omwewo.
Njira zazikulu zobereketsera
Kubereka Mattiola kumachitika m'njira ziwiri:
- mbewu;
- rassadny.
Mbewu ili m'mabotolo aang'ono, ofanana ndi mapesi. Manyowa owuma amalira ndi kusungidwa. Mukhoza kusonkhanitsa mbeu m'njira ina: onetsetsani thumba laling'ono loponyedwa ndi mphepo pa nyembazo ndi kuyembekezera kuti mbeu iwonongeke.
Mbewu ingasungidwe mpaka nyengo yotsatira, kukula mbande kapena kubzala pansi. 
Mwa kukula mbande kuchokera ku mbewu, mukhoza kufalitsa mbewu ndi kumuika. Следует помнить, что такой способ размножения менее эффективен, поскольку культура может легко повредиться при пересадке, плохо прижиться и погибнуть.
Matenda ndi tizirombo za duwa
Chikhalidwe maluwa ayenera kuyesedwa kawirikawiri kuti tizirombo ndi matenda:
- Chomera cha cruciferous (kabichi) - chimakhudza kumanzere ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi m'nthaka ndi mlengalenga, chifukwa chaichi chikhalidwe sichingafesedwe pansi, pomwe zomera zimakula. Nkhumba zimatha kupitirira m'nthaka zaka zoposa 15. Mitengo yomwe imakhudzidwa kawirikawiri sichitha kuchiritsidwa ndipo imayenera kuchotsedwa, kenako nthaka imatulutsidwa ndi antitifungal agents (dolomite powder, laimu, yankho la fungicide "Readzole", yankho la "Cumulus" kapena colloidal sulfure). Matendawa amakhudza mizu, choncho zimakhala zovuta kuzizindikira nthawi yomweyo. Keel amalimbikitsa mapangidwe ophulika pa tsinde ndi mizu, pamene masamba a chomera amafota ndi kutembenukira chikasu.
- Nkhuta zotchedwa Cruciferous - zimakhudza Mattiola ndi chilala ndi madzi osakwanira. Kuti mudziwe momwe zimaonekera ndi tizirombo tingakhale ndi timapepala pamapepala. N'zotheka kuchotsa tizilombo ndi masamba owaza ndi nthaka phulusa.
- Msowa wakuda - matenda omwe amakhudza tchire ndi madzi kapena kusamalidwa kosayenera. Kuwonetsedwa ndi mdima wa tsinde ndi masamba, kuvunda ndi imfa ya chikhalidwe. N'zosatheka kuchiza matenda odwala matendawa, ayenera kuchotsedwa kuti asatenge kufalikira kwa bowa. Pofuna kupewa matendawa, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito "Khom", "Fitosporin" kapena "Baktofit" musanadzalemo levkoev.
Mattiola ndi chomera chodabwitsa chokongola ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu. Kusamalira iwo sikufuna khama lalikulu ndi mtengo, ndipo duwa lidzapatsa olima amaluwa maluwa okongola ndi zonunkhira.
