Panalibe mapeyala a mapeyala m'dera la dziko lathu lisanayambe zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zazaka za m'ma 2100. Mpakana chaka cha 2009, amaluwa ambiri ankasokonezeka chifukwa cha matendawa. Iwo samadziwa momwe angachiritse mtengo, ndipo zimakhudza bwanji izo. Koma tsopano tidzakumana ndi vutoli mwatsatanetsatane.
Kulongosola kwa matenda
Bakiteriya amawotcha - matenda a mitengo ya zipatso, yomwe ikufala ku Australia, USA, Canada, Japan ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. 
M'zaka zaposachedwapa, matendawa aonekera kumadzulo kwa Ukraine. Nthawi zambiri mabakiteriya amatentha zomera za banja la Rosaceae. Masampampu, mphukira, masamba, mizu, zipatso zimakhudzidwa.
Ndikofunikira! Ngati m'munda wakale pafupifupi zomera zonse zili ndi kachilombo koyambitsa bakiteriya, ndiye kuti mubzala mbeu mmalo muno ndi pafupifupi 100% molondola kumayambitsa matenda ake.Matendawa amakhudza maluwa kumayambiriro kwa masika. Pambuyo pake amafota, kenaka amauma ndi kukhala pamtengo mpaka nthawi yopuma. Mabakiteriya amachokera ku maluwa okhudzidwa kuti akhudze ndi masamba. Choncho, peyala yonse imakhudzidwa.
Matendawa amayamba ndi mabakiteriya ochokera ku mtundu wa Ervini "Erwinia amylovora". Malo obadwira a matendawa akuonedwa kuti ndi North America, kumene mabakiteriya afalikira padziko lonse lapansi. 
Kutayika kwakukulu kwa mitengo ya zipatso yomwe inagwidwa ndi bakiteriya yotentha kunalembedwa ku Australia ndi ku New Zealand.
Pasanapite nthawi mabakiteriya anafalikira ku Japan, kumene anayamba kuwononga mitengo ya peyala. Agronomists a ku Japan kwa nthawi yaitali sakanatha kumvetsa chifukwa cha matenda a mitengo ya zipatso, ndipo patangopita zaka zowerengeka, wasayansi wina adadziwa chifukwa cha matendawa - gram hasi aerobic.
Onetsetsani mitundu yambiri ya mapeyala: "Maria basi", "Kokinskaya", "Chizhovskaya", "Talgar Beauty", "Forest Beauty", "Lada", peyala "Memory Memory Zhegalov", "Nika", "Ana", "Bergamot" "," Rogneda "," Otradnenskaya "," Duchess ".
Zizindikiro zoyamba za matenda
Kawirikawiri, matendawa amapezeka pa maluwa a mapeyala. Maluwa pamtengo amayamba kufota, ndipo mwadzidzidzi umauma ndi kutembenuka wakuda, ndipo samagwera nthambi nthawi yaitali. 
Maluwa akamakhudzidwa kale, mabakiteriya amayamba kuchulukana mu mtengo wonse, kukhudza masamba, nthambi, makungwa, mizu, ndi zina zotero. Pambuyo pake, makungwawo amatha kukhala madzi ndikukhala ndi chomera chobiriwira.
Masamba omwe ali ndi kachilomboka, amauma ndipo amawoneka ofiira. Ndipo chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti amakhalabe pa nthambi nthawi yonse yokula.
Mukudziwa? Kwa nthawi yoyamba, bakiteriya amatentha anapezedwa ku USA kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18.Monga lamulo, masamba oyambirira atembenukira wakuda pa mphukira imodzi (iwo amapotozedwa mu chubu). Ndiye mphukira yonse imadabwa, yomwe imauma ndikufa mwamsanga. Posakhalitsa mabakiteriya amayamba kulandira ziwalo zina za peyala. Nthawi zina, izi zimapangitsa mtengowo kuwonongedwa kwathunthu.
Bakiteriya wotentha peyala akhoza kutsatidwa molondola mu labotale. Kuti muchite izi, mukufunikira kuwombera zouma kapena masamba ouma.Mphukirazo zimaperekedwa ku malo oika kwaokhaokha, omwe amatsimikizira kapena kutsutsa kukhalapo kwa mabakiteriya a mtundu wa Ervini. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito njira zoterezi: Clement reaction, Gram stain kapena njira maselo.
Zimayambitsa bakiteriya kuwotcha
Choyambitsa chachikulu cha bakiteriya kutentha chimayesedwa ngati nyongolotsi. Pa nyengo yokula, tizilombo timadya timadzi timene timatulutsa madzi.
Madzi oterewa amachotsedwa ndi mtengo wa peyala m'malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi mabakiteriya. Zotsatira zake, mavuwu amafalitsa mamiliyoni a timitengo ta mabakiteriya ku mitengo ina. Izi ndizoopsa kwambiri pamene nthiti zambiri za mbande zimakula mumunda.
Matendawa amatha kufalikira muzitsamba (pamene mitengo mumunda umakhala pafupi). Amaluwa nthawi zambiri amaganiza kuti mizu imakhudza miyendo yowola, choncho amanyalanyaza matenda owopsa. 
Nthawi zina madontho a mtundu wa amber kapena mtundu wa mandimu amatha kuwona pa masamba omwe akukhudzidwa ndi maluwa a peyala. Matopewa ali ndi timitanda ta mabakiteriya mamiliyoni angapo omwe amafalikira ku mitengo ina kudzera mu ntchentche ndi tizilombo tina.
Chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana ndi bakiteriya chingakhale mphepo yamkuntho, mvula kapena fumbi. Mavuto oipa amatha kufalitsa madontho odzazidwa ndi mabakiteriya ku maluwa ndi masamba a zomera zina.
Chithandizo cha matenda
Mukawona zizindikiro za bakiteriya kutentha pa peyala, choyamba, muyenera kuchotsa mphukira zakuda ndi masamba, ndikuwotche. Nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa zimatenthedwa kuti ziwonongeke mabakiteriya onse omwe ali mmenemo (amafera kutentha pamwambapa 43.7º C).
Ndikofunikira! Ngati muli ndi njuchi, ming'oma iyenera kuchotsedwa ku mbande ya peyala.Malo okhudzidwawo ayenera kukhala opatsiridwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pogwiritsa ntchito oksidi zamkuwa kapena sulphate yamkuwa. Ngati mbeuyo inaphedwa ndi bakiteriya yotentha, ndiye kuti sizingatheke kubzala mitengo yatsopano kwa zaka ziwiri zotsatira.
Matenda a bakiteriya amawotchera amatha kuchiritsidwa ndi maantibayotiki. Amaluwa ochokera m'mayiko a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala opha tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa sakuwona zotsatira zambiri za mankhwala ojambulidwa ndi mkuwa. Zina mwa maantibayotiki, terramycin ndi streptomycin ndi otchuka kwambiri.Musaope kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa. Mwachitsanzo, streptomycin siinagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi madokotala kwa nthawi yaitali. Mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi matenda odwala matendawa amatha kukhala ndi chitetezo kwa mankhwalawa, choncho, ndizosavulaza thupi.
Koma kwa mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa mitengo, makamaka Erwinia amylovoraAntibiotic iyi ndi chida chopha. Ikani izi monga izi: ampoule imodzi pa 5 malita a madzi; Yankho lokwanira ndilokwanira kuwaza mbande khumi za peyala. 
Koma sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito streptomycin kwa zaka zoposa 2 mzere. Patapita nthawi, mabakiteriya akhoza kukhala ndi chitetezo kwa iwo, ndipo amatha kufa chifukwa cha ma antibiotic. Pankhaniyi, tetracycline ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Iyenera kuchepetsedwa monga streptomycin.
Mukudziwa? Mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa peyala amayamba kukula mofulumira kutentha kuposa 18º C.Bakiteriya wotentha peyala amafunikira chithandizo choyenera pamayambiriro oyambirira. Apo ayi, matendawa angakhudze mitengo yoyandikana nayo.
Kupewa
Ngati peyala ya bakiteriya ikuwotchedwa imawonekera panthaŵi yake, mtengo ukhoza kuchiritsidwa popanda zotsatira zovuta. Kupewa pa nkhaniyi kumawathandiza kwambiri.
Wopindulitsa kusankha mbande
Posankha peyala mbande, muyenera kumvetsera nthambi, masamba, mitengo ikuluikulu ndi mizu. Mitengoyi iyenera kukhala yosalala, ndipo nthambi zimakhala zathanzi (popanda mawanga, zilonda, kuthamanga ndi madzi).
Ngati pali masamba ofiira pamtengo, ndiye ichi ndicho chizindikiro choyamba cha matenda omera. Mizu iyenera kukhala yathanzi (theka-lignified, popanda kuvunda). 
Ndi bwino kugula mbande zokhazikika. Iwo amadziwika ndi kulekerera kwa chilala chabwino ndi chitetezo chabwino cha matenda ena.
Dongosolo la Chipatala cha M'munda
Pamene peyala ikuphulika, imayenera kuchitidwa ndi wothandizira antibacterial. Kuti muchite izi, gwiritsani ntchito Bordeaux madzi, omwe ali ndi mtundu wa bluish. 
Kukonzekera kusakaniza ukufunika: 10 malita a madzi, 100 g zamkuwa sulphate, zitsulo zatsopano zatsopano komanso zida ziwiri (magalasi, dongo kapena matabwa). Mu chimodzi mwa ziwiya, muyenera kusakaniza 5 malita a madzi ndi vitriol, ndi zina, laimu ndi madzi ena onse.
Gwiritsani ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda motsutsana ndi tizirombo m'munda: Spark Double Effect, Decis, Nemabact, Nurell D, Actofit, Kinmiks, Omayt, Calypso, Bitoxibacillin, Actellic , "Malathion", "Inta-vir".Kenaka, madzi omwe ali ndi vitriol ayenera kukhala msuzi wochepa kwambiri akutsanulira mu njira ya laimu. Anali vitriol m'madzi, osati mosiyana! Chotsatiracho chiyenera kukhala madzi obiriwira.
Ndikofunikira! Bordeaux madzi akhoza kukhala m'malo mwa fungicides. Mkuwa ulipo momwe iwo akuwonekera.Mfundo yaikulu yokonzekera Bordeaux madzi: musapitirire ndi mkuwa sulphate, mwinamwake pali ngozi yotentha maluwa.
Kuti muwone kusakaniza komwe mukufunikira msomali wokhazikika. Iyenera kuti ividwe mu madzi. Ngati mukuwona pachimake chofiira, zikutanthauza kuti pali vitriol zambiri muzothetsera vutoli, ndiye mukuyenera kusintha ndondomeko ya chisakanizo poonjezera laimu.Pamene chisakanizo chikukonzekera bwino, mukhoza kuyamba kuyambitsa maluwa okongolawo. Pafupifupi, malita 10 a yankho ndi okwanira 10 mbande.
M'pofunika kukumbukira kuti ndi kukonzanso peyala ndi mankhwala, mabakiteriya amakhala ndi chitetezo. Iwo amayamba kusintha ndiyeno amasiya kufa pa kukhudzana ndi zinthu izi. 
Udindo wodula m'munda umachepetsanso chiopsezo cha kutentha kwa bakiteriya pa peyala. Manyowa ndi makoswe omwe amadya mizu ya mtengo akhoza kulekerera mabakiteriya owopsa.
Kwa peyala mbande mungagwiritse ntchito chitetezo chokwanira: immunocytophyte ndi zirconSimulators amachititsa chitetezo cha mtengo ndikuthandiza polimbana ndi mabakiteriya.
Kutsegula m'mimba zipangizo zam'munda
Amaluwa ambiri amawagwiritsa ntchito mowa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mutengapo mbali ndi oyandikana nawo ndi kumwa mowa, mungakhale otsimikiza kuti mabakiteriya omwe amachititsa kuti peyala ayambe afa.
Mu USSR, zinthu zomwe zinali ndi klorini kapena mafuta a palafini zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kupiritsa zipangizo zamaluwa. N'zotheka kuwononga fosholo, glanders kapena kuwona potaziyamu permanganate, komanso ndi mkuwa kapena vitriol yachitsulo. Kuti muchite izi, chidacho chatsekedwa mu njira yothetsera nthawi, ndikupukuta ndi nsalu yoyera.
Kuwoneka kapena kuthamanga kungathetsedwe ndi moto. Kenaka mano a chinthu chodula amatsukidwa kwathunthu ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Mukudziwa? Madzi a Bordeaux amadziwika ndi dzina la mzinda wa France wa Bordeaux. Katswiri wa zomera za ku France dzina lake Pierre Marie Alexis Millyard anapanga chisakanizo ichi.Masiku ano, wamaluwa ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala osakanikirana ndi ayodini.
Chida ichi chikhoza kusokoneza chida chilichonse, ngakhale nthaka kapena greenhouses.
Pomaliza ndikufuna kunena kuti: Ngati munawona masamba ofiira pa peyala yanu, nthawi yomweyo muzidulidwa ndi kuwotcha, ndikugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa pogwiritsira ntchito njira zomwe zili pamwambapa.
Kulimbana ndi bakiteriya kutentha kwa nthawi yake kudzateteza mbeu yanu kufa.
