Zikondwerero zamakono zimakopa chidwi cha anthu okhala m'nyengo ya chilimwe, wamaluwa ndi okonza mapulani chifukwa chakuti amakhalabe okongoletsera chaka chonse ndipo amakhala odzichepetsa mu chisamaliro chawo. Chinthu chimodzi chotere ndi mtengo wa yew (lat. Taxus), conifer yowonjezera ndi shrub.
Mtengo wokhala ndi masamba okongola okongola, tsinde lofiira, korona wakufalikira ndi zipatso zofiira zidzakongoletsa munda uliwonse, kanyumba kapena dziko paki. Zisoti zake zimakula kwambiri - izi zimapangitsa kuti kudula kumanga mipando ndi korona ya maonekedwe osiyanasiyana, omwe akuyamikiridwa makamaka ndi okonza mapulani. M'nkhaniyi tasonkhanitsa zambiri zokhudzana ndi ubwino wa yew, mbali za chisamaliro chake, njira zothetsera matenda, komanso kufotokozera mitundu yake yokongoletsera.
Mukudziwa? Yew wakhalako nthawi yaitali. Pafupipafupi, amakhala ndi moyo kwa zaka chimodzi ndi theka. Komabe, pali zochitika zomwe ziri zaka zitatu mpaka 4,000 zaka.
Yew: kufotokoza kwa mbewu
Yew kuthengo ndi wamba kumadera otentha kwambiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Ndilo la banja lomwelo, mitundu 8 yokha, yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi kutalika kwa zitsamba ndi mitengo, makulidwe a thunthu, mtengo wa nkhuni ndi maonekedwe a masamba.
Mitundu inayi ya chikhalidwe chokongoletsa imagwiritsidwa ntchito: mabulosi (wamba, a ku Ulaya), afupi (Pacific), spiky (Far Eastern), Canada ndi hybrids.
Chodziwika kwambiri ndi chamtengo wapatali ndi mtundu woyamba - mabulosi (Taxus baccata). Amagawidwa ku Ulaya, kumpoto kwa Africa ndi kumadzulo kwa Asia. Kuti mupeze lingaliro la yew likuwoneka ngati mwa mitundu iyi, apa pali nambala zina. Imakula mpaka mamita 20 m'lifupi ndi 12 mamita m'lifupi. Thunthu lakuya ndilo mamita awiri. Lili ndi thunthu lalifupi lalikulu ndi korona yofalitsa. Kutalika kwa singano ndi 2-3.5 masentimita. Mabulosi a yew ali ndi zovuta kwambiri ndi zowola nkhuni. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa mwa anthu, adalandira dzina lakuti "Negnoy-tree". 
Mukudziwa? M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, mauta aakulu a okwera ku England anapangidwa kuchokera ku yew mabulosi. Kale ku Egypt, sarcophagi anapangidwa kuchokera ku izo. Lero, zinyumba zodziwika ndizomwe zimatchuka, chifukwa dera la mtengo umenewu lachepetsedwa posachedwapa. Mtengo wa Yew uli ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Short Leaf Yew (Taxus brevifolia) imakula ku America, yolimidwa ku Western Europe. Amatha kufika kutalika kwa 6-12 mamita. Ali ndi mtengo wolimba, wolimba kwambiri wofiira-pinki. 
Chomera Chinapangidwira Yew (Taxus cuspidata) imakula mamita 15, zojambula zina zimadutsa kwa mamita 20. Mitundu yake yambiri imaphatikizidwa mu chikhalidwe chokongoletsera. Mitengo yambiri yamtengo wapatali "Nana" ndi "Minima", yomwe imatha kukhala 30 cm kufika mita imodzi msinkhu. 
Ndiponso, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kakang'ono kukulima bwino Canadian yew (Taxus canadensis). Zitsamba za mitundu iyi sizitha pamwamba pa mita imodzi msinkhu. 
Yew - zomera zosagwira chisanu, malingana ndi mitundu yomwe imayima kutentha kuchokera -30 mpaka 40 Сº. Mbali ina ya zomera ndi yakuti alibe poteteza, ndipo kotero fungo la coniferous.
Mitengo ndi zitsamba za banja lino zimagonjetsedwa ndi nyengo yaifupi yochepa chifukwa cha mizu yayitali komanso yamphamvu. Amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono - ali ndi zaka 10 amakula ndi mamita okha. Chaka chingapatse phindu la 25 cm mu msinkhu ndi 20 cm m'lifupi. Yambani kukulitsa pazaka 20-30.
Kenaka, tidzakambirana za momwe mukukula.
Ndikofunikira! Mphukira, makungwa, zipatso ndi yew mbewu zimakhala zoopsa kwa anthu ndi ziweto zina.
Kukula yee: komwe kuli bwino kubzala mbewu
Kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa yew ndiko kudzichepetsa kwake pochoka ndi kumtunda. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti zovuta za mtengo ndi izi:
- kusamba kwa madzi;
- mphepo yamkuntho;
- dothi la asidi;
- kuipitsa mpweya (kwa mitundu ina);
- komphala;
- mpweya wouma.
Mkhalidwe wa chikhalidwe cha kukula
Popeza kumatchire, yew amakula m'madera otentha, ndi bwino kusankha malo owala pobzala panja pa dacha. Komabe, ngati palibe malo oterowo kapena mukukonzekera malo osungira chitsamba, yew idzakula kumeneko, ngakhale idzawonongeka pang'ono muzokongoletsa ndi kukula kwake. Pa nthawi yomweyi, kukula mumthunzi wa mitengo ina, yew amalekerera chisanu.
Ndifunikanso kuti malo otsetsereka atetezedwe kuzithunzi. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti si mitundu yonse ya mtengo uwu yomwe ili yoyenera kumalo okongola a m'mapiri ndi malo, chifukwa salola kulemekeza mpweya.
Kusankhidwa kwa dothi
Shrub imakonda nthaka yachonde, kuwala, ndi bwino ngalande. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nthaka ndi mchenga, peat, pepala kapena kuzungulira nthaka (2: 2: 3). Zomera zabwino mutabzala zimapanga nthaka ya nkhalango. Ngakhale tikuwona kuti mukupulumuka ku dothi losauka, chinthu chokha chomwe sichimalola - nthaka ndi acidity ndi chinyezi.
Berry yew amamva bwino m'madera omwe amchere kapena nthaka yowonjezereka imakula bwino ndi nthaka. Komanso nthaka yochepa kwambiri imakondweretsa ku Canada. Yew yekhayo salola kulemekeza dothi losavuta. Ndipo osadzichepetsa kwambiri pakusankha dzikolo ndi wosakanizidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya mabulosi. Amakula bwino pa nthaka yazing'ono komanso yopanda ndale.
Kubzala yew ku kanyumba
Kudyetsa yew pa dacha sikumayesetsa kwambiri. Ngati mutatsatira malangizowo pokonzekera dzenje ndikuika mmera mmenemo, yew idzayamba mizu mwamsanga.
Kodi mungakonzekere bwanji dzenje?
Pogwiritsa ntchito malo amodzi, kuzama kwa dzenje ayenera kukhala osachepera 65-70 masentimita ndi 20-25 masentimita kupitirira mizu. Ngati mukufuna kupanga chombo, ngalande ikumba mozama 0,5 m mzere umodzi, ndikutsika mzere wa masentimita 70 - masentimita 70.
Yew amakonda nthaka yowonongeka, kotero musanayambe kubzala, ndibwino kuti muphimbe pansi pa dzenje ndi njerwa zosweka, miyala, mchenga wa mtsinje, masentimita 20 cm.
Mtunda pakati pa zomera uyenera kukhala 1.5-2.5 mamita. Ngati mpanda udabzalidwa, musiye masentimita 50 cm.
Chiwembu chodzala sipling yew
Nthaŵi yabwino yobweretsera idzakhala mapeto a August - October. Yew kuchokera mu chidebe akhoza kubzalidwa nyengo yonse yotentha. 
Mukamabzala pulasitiki kuchokera mu chidebe, imamasulidwa mosamalitsa ndipo imabzalidwa pamodzi ndi clod ya padziko lapansi. Kenaka, rhizome ili ndi nthaka. Nkofunika kuonetsetsa kuti khosi lili mumtunda. Mmerawo uyenera kutsanulidwa mochuluka; tsinde liyenera kukhala lopangidwa ndi peat kapena kompositi.
Mukamabzala, manyowa nthaka ndi zovuta za mchere. Zovala zotsatirazi za mmera zikuchitika m'chaka.
Kubalanso yew
Yis akhoza kubereka mbewu zonse ndi vegetatively - cuttings. Njira yoyamba ndi yokwera mtengo komanso nthawi yotentha.
Njira ya Mbewu
Mbeu za Yew zimapitirizabe kumera kwa zaka zinayi. Ayenera kusungidwa kutentha kwa + 3-5 ° C m'firiji kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena isanu ndi iwiri. Izi zidzawathandiza kuti ayambe kumera bwino.
Pambuyo pa stratification, mu March, nyembazo zimabzalidwa mu chidebe kapena makapu okhala ndi gawo lapansi, lomwe liyenera kukhala losawilitsidwa (lingakhale mu uvuni kapena kutsanulira madzi otentha). Kuyala kuya - 0,5 masentimita. Kenaka, mumangofunikira madzi okwanira nthawi zonse. Nthawi yoberekera ili pafupi miyezi iwiri.
Komanso, mbewu zimabzalidwa mwachindunji mutatha kukolola - mu October-November.
Mukhoza kuyesera kubzala mbewu ndipo nthawi yomweyo mutseguka. Kuti muchite izi, musanadzalemo, amamwetsedwa mwachidule kapena amasungidwa masiku angapo kapena masabata angapo mumchenga wouma pamtunda. M'dzinja, idamera mbande idzafika kutalika kwa masentimita 10, mu chaka - 15-25 masentimita.
Njira ya mbewu imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga mbeu muzipinda.
Chomera chomera
Njira yosavuta yofalitsira yew, idzakhala yopatulidwa kwa cuttings. Izi ndi momwe amalima a mitengo amalumikizira. Mu mitundu yomwe ili ndi kukula kwa nthambi, korona ngati mawonekedwe ndi mapiramidi, cuttings otengedwa kuchokera ku apical mphukira.
Mitundu ya mtundu wa bushy yofalitsa ndi mphukira zake imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ngati zipatso zimatengedwa kuchokera ku mitengo yakale, ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kukula.
Nthawi yabwino yothandizanitsa yew - autumn (October). Ngakhale izi zikhoza kuchitika kumapeto kwa mwezi wa April-May.
Kutseka kwake kumakhala masentimita 15-20. Payenera kukhala njira zowonjezera zingapo. Muyeneranso kusiya chidutswa cha mtengo wa uterine. Gawo la pansi lichotsedwa ndi singano. Kwa rooting, cuttings amabzalidwa m'matsuko ndi osakaniza mchenga ndi peat (1: 2).
Mizu iyenera kuoneka mkati mwa miyezi itatu. Kenaka amaikamo miphika ndikusungira malo otentha, mwachitsanzo, m'chipinda, kutentha, kapena wowonjezera kutentha.
Kubzala mizu kumachitika mkati mwa miyezi itatu. Ngati cuttings anali kugwa, ndiye mizu cuttings akhoza anabzala yotseguka pansi mu May. Pamene kusindikizira kasupe kuchitika mu September.
Mukamabzalidwa nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yoweta ya cuttings ndi zaka sikisi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Ngati atabzalidwa pansi pa filimuyo, njirayi idzafulumizitsa zaka ziwiri. Pamaso pa nyengo yozizira, dothi lodzala chomera cuttings limagwiritsidwa ntchito peat, utuchi kapena pine singano.
Njira ina yoberekera yew, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, ikuphatikizidwa. Kwenikweni imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchotsa mitundu ya mabulosi a pyramidal yew.
Momwe mungasamalire yew m'dziko
Monga mukuonera, kukula kwa yew ndi kophweka: teknoloji ya kubzala siidzabweretsa mavuto ena, ndipo sikudzatenga vuto lalikulu ndikusamalira mbewu. Zidzakhala makamaka pochotsa namsongole, kuthirira nthawi zonse, kumasula nthambi ndi kudulira nthambi.
Zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zoyambirira, zomera zachinyamata ziyenera kuphimbidwa m'nyengo yozizira. Popeza zomera zonse za coniferous zimavutika ndi kutentha kwa kasupe, kumayambiriro kwa kasupe, yew ayenera kuphimbidwa ndi nthambi ya spruce, nsalu yopanda nsalu kapena kraft pepala.
Kuthirira mbewu
Kusamba madzi nthawi zonse kumafuna zomera zazing'ono mpaka zaka zitatu. Amathiridwa pamzu umodzi kamodzi pamwezi. Pakati pa shrub imodzi musagwiritse ntchito chidebe cha madzi. M'tsogolomu, chifukwa cha mizu yamphamvu, yew adzayang'ana chinyezi chomwecho. Ndikofunika kumuthandiza pa izi pokhapokha nthawi zowuma. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ndi zofunika kupopera (korona) korona. 
Kusamalira dothi
Nthaka pansi pa yew iyenera kumasulidwa nthawi zonse kuya kuya kwa masentimita 10-15. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuchita izi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zoyambirira mutabzala, mutatha kuthirira ndi kupanga mapangidwe. Izi zidzathandiza mizu kuti ipitirize bwino kudya oksijeni.
Ndiponso, nthaka iyenera kuwonetsedwa. Udzu, pine singano ndi peat zimaphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza wa 8-10 masentimita mufupi-thunthu bwalo.
Chinthu chofunikira pa kukonzanso ndi kupalira kumbali pafupi ndi mtengo.
Chovala chokwera pamwamba
Chovala choyamba chimapangidwa mwamsanga pakubzala 1 mlingo wa gawo - 1 g ya nitroammofoski ndi 15 mg zamkuwa zamkuwa. M'tsogolomu, yew mabulosi, monga momwe zilili, ndi mitundu ina iyenera kudyetsedwa chaka mutabzala mutseguka.
Manyowa apachaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyengo yokula. Pakati pa masabata awiri, ma yews amamera ndi Florovit, Kemira-Universal kapena ena. 
Kudulira zomera
Mtengo umalekerera mwakhama tsitsi lokhazikitsa komanso kudulira mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe ndi zofunika ku nthambi zowuma komanso zowonongeka. Kukhoza kwa yew kubzala mphukira zatsopano kumakhalabe m'moyo wake wonse. Pambuyo kudulira mwamphamvu, chomeracho chimasintha mosavuta komanso mofulumira.
Chaka chilichonse, nthambi zanu, monga za ma conifers ena, zimadulidwa ku gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu. Izi zikhoza kuchitika pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse - m'chaka, chilimwe, m'dzinja. Ikani pruner (chifukwa chodulira nthambi), lumo lumo (kuti apange korona). Kudulira singano kumasowa mpeni wamunda. Kuchotsa nthambi zakuda, musachite popanda macheka.
Kuti mtengo ukhale wooneka bwino, upange kudulira. Haircut yew imakulolani kuti mupereke mitundu yosiyanasiyana: mpira, khunyu, trapezoid, cube, ndi zina zotero.
Zomwe zimapezeka pa tsamba lopangidwa kuchokera ku zomera zosiyanasiyana za coniferous - larch, spruce, thuja, juniper, fir, pine, mkungudza, cypress, cryptomeria, myriac.
Matenda ndi tizirombo za yew
Kawirikawiri, yew amadziwika ndi kukana kwambiri matenda ndi tizirombo. Komabe, mwatsoka, osati zana limodzi. Mtengo wa coniferous ungakhudze matenda a fungarium - fusarium kapena tracheomycous wilting, shytte, kuvunda, khansa ya biortella, fomoz, pestalocial necrosis ya mphukira. Kuonjezera apo, lichens ndi mosses zimatha kupanga pamtengo. Mitengo yamtengo wapatali imayenera kuchitidwa ndi fungicides.
Ndikofunikira! Kusamalira yew m'munda nthawi zina kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Pamene mukukongoletsa nkhuni ndi fungicides, muyenera kutsatira malamulo a chitetezo chaumwini. Kupopera mbewu kumaphatikizapo nyengo yamtendere. Manja ayenera kutetezedwa ndi magolovesi, maso - magalasi, mphuno ndi pakamwa - ndi mask.
Yew imakhudzanso ndi tizirombo. Ikhoza kuukiridwa ndi yew galley, yew chishango chonyenga, chotsutsa. Zopopera zamakono za karbofos, nitraphine ndi zina zowonongeka zimagwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi majeremusi. 
Yew - mtengo wokhala ndi zinthu zosavuta. Ndicho chikhalidwe ndi chisamaliro chachilendo chomwe chimapangitsa kugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri yew mu kukonza malo, kukongoletsa minda ndi nyumba zazing'ono. Conifer iyi ndi yokongola pa kubzala kamodzi.
Kawirikawiri zimachokera ku mipando ndi malire. Ichi ndi chomera chabwino kwambiri cha zojambula zojambulajambula (zojambula zobiriwira), kumbuyo kwa minda yamaluwa. Momwe mukugwirira ntchito gulu mumalumikizidwa bwino ndi thuja, juniper, Japanese quince.
