Microscopic Alternaria fungus amagawidwa m'mitundu yambiri. Koma lero tiwone mitundu iwiri yomwe ingayambitse matenda aakulu - alternarioz pa minda yamphesa kapena m'nyumba yachisanu.
Kufotokozera ndi Zizindikiro
Zaka khumi zapitazo, Alternaria anangowonjezera ndipo adagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu yakunja. Kuwonongeka kwa mbewu za mphesa, zomwe zimadziwika ndi chikoka pa zamasamba ndi zokolola, zimayang'aniridwa paliponse.
Mukudziwa? Zaka 17 zapitazo, nkhungu zomwe zimachititsa Alternaria, sizinawonedwe kuti ndizo zomwe zinagunda chomeracho poyamba, zimakhulupirira kuti zimamera mbeu pambuyo pofa kapena kuwonongeka ndi matenda ena.
Mphesa yamphesa ingakhudzidwe:
- Alternaria alternate zomwe zimayambitsa chitukuko cha matenda a Uni Blanc. Matendawa amayamba kudziwonetsera kumapeto kwa nyengo yachisanu, pamene masamba a mphesa amatha kupeza malo a chikasu chazing'ono, mpaka mamita awiri. Ngati mutang'amba tsamba limodzi lomwe likukhudzidwa ndikuyang'ana mu kuwala, mungathe kuwona zooneka bwino. Mu nthawi yamvula ndi dampine m'munsi mwa mapepala angaganizidwe kupanga mapangidwe a azitona. Ngati izi zichitika, ndiye kuti m'mphepete mwa tsamba lomwe lakhudzidwayo imabwerera, imakhala imvi ndikuwotchedwa. Chidutswa chimodzimodzicho chingapangidwe osati pa tsamba la masamba okhaokha, komanso pa zipatso ndi maluwa. Kumapeto kwa nyengo ya chilimwe, pamene kusasitsa kwa mbali ya mbewu kumapezeka, zizindikiro zina za matendawa zimatha. Kukula kwa masamba obiriwira kumachitika m'njira yosagwirizana: zina mwa izo zimakhala zobiriwira kwa nthawi yayitali, kenako zimakhala zoyera, m'malo mofiira. M'nyengo yozizira, makungwawo amatha, imakhala ndi mthunzi woyera komanso kudetsedwa. Komanso, chikhalidwe cha matendawa chachepetsedwa m'nyengo yozizira yolimba yachitsamba, ndipo pakabzala mbande zatsopano pali vuto ndi mizu yawo - iwo kuwonongeka kwakukulu.
Mukudziwa? Mu 2000, asayansi adatha kuzindikira Alternaria, yemwe anali woyamba kukhala m'mitengo ya zipatso, ndipo kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, otsutsa mwamphamvu kuchokera ku sayansi anayamba kuteteza kapena kuchiza matenda a zomera omwe mwina Alternaria fungi amachititsa.
- Alternaire tenussima - matenda a mphesa, omwe mpaka posachedwapa ankawoneka kuti alibe zopweteka, monga asayansi amakhulupirira kuti zimakhudza kokha chomera chofa kale kapena chovulazidwa, komanso mphesa, zomwe zimafooketsa chitetezo cha mthupi. Komabe, matendawa amatha kuwononga kwambiri minda yamphesa ndi kuwononga zomera zathanzi komanso zamphamvu. Pali matenda akuluakulu a European-American hybrids, omwe ali ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha mankhwala ndi mankhwala, pamene akulimbana ndi matenda ena owopsa. Kupitiliza Zowononga zomera zobiriwira - masamba, mphukira, zitunda. Matendawa amadziwonekera kale popanga masamba oyambirira, pamene amatha kupanga mapangidwe a nthiti kuchokera ku tsamba la shrunken, lomwe lingasokonezeke ndi chizindikiro cha kusowa kwa potaziyamu. Pamene kutentha kwa mpweya kumadutsa malire a + 26 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwakukulu kumawoneka, ndiye imfa yonse ya impso ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa mphukira zikhoza kuchitika. Pamene masamba ambiri atha kale kuphukira, matendawa amadziwonetsera kuti akugonjetsa kwambiri mtundu wobiriwira wokhala ndi bulauni. Alternaria akhoza kukwiyitsa kuyanika kwa masamba ndi mphukira za mphesa, pamene kulibe kukana matendawa mwa mawonekedwe a mankhwala processing. Ngati Alternariosis ikuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya, matendawa amatha kufalikira mwamsanga kudzera mu chomeracho ndipo adzawuma pamayendedwe - mu masiku 4-5. Alternaliosis kawirikawiri imayambitsa phokoso ndi Fomopsis, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphesa zikhale zovuta kwambiri komanso zimayesetsana ndi matenda. Alternaria imakhala yogwira ntchito makamaka mmunda wonse m'chaka, ndipo mlengalenga ikaphulika mpaka 30 ° C, mphesa zimatha kutaya masamba, koma bowa sichifa, koma zimapitiriza kuwononga nthawi yonse ya zomera.
Yang'anani mitundu yamphesa yotchuka kwambiri: "Yoyamba", "Jupiter", "Veles", "Bazhena", "Annie", "Chimwemwe", "Laura", "Victoria", "Timur", "Arcadia", "Amur" , "Libya", "Lily of the Valley" ndi "Chameleon".
Zimayambitsa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Monga tawonetsera pamwambapa, Alternaria ndi matenda a fungal omwe angakhudze nthaka yonse ya mphesa. Chifukwa cha tizirombo toyambitsa matenda monga Alternaria alternate ndi Alternaria tenussima, zomera zofooketsa zimayambitsidwa. Kukula kwa bowa kumayambitsidwa ndi kutentha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi. Kwa zaka khumi zapitazo, matendawa akutsutsana kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndipo yafalikira ku minda yampesa yosiyana, pamene kuwonjezeka kwa alternariosis kwakula.
Kuchiza kwa Alternaria
Pamene chomeracho chinagonjetsedwa, Ndikofunika kumenyana kuti muyambe mankhwala kuti asapangitse kuti vutoli liwoneke bwino ndikuletsa kufalitsa kwa zomera zina. Ganizirani momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mphesa ya Alternaria ndi momwe mungaperekere, kuti mupeze zotsatira zapamwamba kwambiri ndi kuimitsa tizilombo ta bowa. 
Pali mankhwala ambiri omwe ali m'njira yawo yabwino komanso yothandiza. Zina mwazo ndi njira komanso njira zochiritsira zothandizira mankhwala mothandizidwa ndi mankhwala.
Njira za anthu
Njira za anthu zogwira mtima kwambiri zothandizira, M'malo mochepetsa, komabe amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuti athe kuchepetsa kupweteka kwa bowa pa zomera kuphatikizapo mankhwala.
Korovyak mwa mawonekedwe a kulowetsedwa. Chida ichi chakonzedwa kunyumba, m'pofunika kugwiritsa ntchito makilogalamu 3 a manyowa pa 10 malita a madzi. Gwiritsani kusakaniza kwa masiku atatu, kenaka pitani mu fyuluta ndikugwiritsirani ntchito feremu pamtunda. Chida ichi ndi chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa alimi, popeza alibe zinthu zoyipa ndipo ali otetezeka kwa anthu ndi zomera. 
Potaziyamu permanganate Pofuna kuthetsa yankho, gwiritsani ntchito 5 g ya mankhwala pa 11 l madzi. Ndikofunika kumvetsera mwatcheru pokonzekera njira yothetsera vutoli pofuna kupewa kutentha kwakukulu mmunda.
Ndikofunikira! Mukawona kuti yankho ndilo mdima (mu njira yothetsera bwino phokoso la pinki la madzi lidzatengedwa), ndiye kuti liyenera kuchepetsedwa kwambiri ndi madzi.Pambuyo pokonzekera, gawo la nthaka la zomera zomwe zakhudzidwa liyenera kupopedwa.
Mkaka Kuphika kumatanthauza kuti mugwiritse ntchito gawo limodzi la mkaka ndi magawo 10 a madzi. Madziwo amachititsa kuti nthaka ikhale pansi. Chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dzuwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu kwa mpweya, kuyambira kwachangu kwa mabakiteriya a lactic adzachitika, zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa kukula kwa bowa zomwe zimayambitsa Alternaria. 
Sopo lachapa ndi soda phulusa. Pakukonzekera kwa chida ichi chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito 30 g soda ndi 30 g sopo pa 10 malita a madzi. Chifukwa cha filimu yomwe imapangidwira pambuyo pogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa ku bowa, bowa sichidzatha kuthana ndi vutoli ndipo lidzasokonekera ndi zotsatira za mankhwalawa. 
Mankhwala
Pofuna kuchotseratu mphesa za Alternaria, zimakhala zothandiza kwambiri kuchiza chomera ndi mankhwala.
Ndikofunika kuti muyambe mankhwala pamene mupeza zizindikiro zomveka za Alternaria, zomwe zidzatanthawuza kuti matendawa akulowa mu mawonekedwe aakulu.
Thandizani kuti mukukonzekera Bordeaux osakaniza. Kuti mankhwalawa akhale othandiza komanso kuti asawononge chomera, nkofunikira kutenga njira yoyenera yokonzekera chisakanizo.
Pezani zomwe matenda ena a mphesa amavutika: oidium, anthracnose, chlorosis ndi mildew.
Zidzakhala zokonzeka kukonzekera kusakaniza, kutsatira malamulo:
- Kuswana kwa mkuwa sulphate ndi mandimu kuyenera kuchitidwa m'ziwiya zosiyanasiyana.
- Kusakaniza kwa mandimu ndi madzi zimasakanizidwa bwino ndikusankhidwa.
- Yankho la mkuwa sulphate liyenera kusankhidwa ndipo pang'ono kadzudzu ndiwonjezeredwa.
Ndikofunikira! N'zotheka kufufuza ngati mwayeretsa vitriol ndi mandimu mwa kuphatikiza zakumwa m'zinthu zing'onozing'ono palimodzi. Ngati chisakanizo sichitha panthawi yachinyengo, ndiye kuti zonse zimachitidwa bwino komanso zigawo zazikulu zingasakanike.
Processing ingakhoze kuchitidwa mosasamala za magawo a nyengo yokula. Kawirikawiri amapanga mankhwala asanu ndi limodzi pa nyengo. Pambuyo pokonza, mukhoza kuyamba kudya zipatso pambuyo pa masiku 20 mutatha kukonza.
Njira zogwira mtima komanso zotchuka zogulira mphesa zimaganiziridwa "Trichodermin". Ndikofunika kukonzekera njira zogwiritsira ntchito molingana ndi malangizo pa phukusi. Gwiritsani ntchito chida ichi chofunikira nthawi yoyamba yoyamba ya masamba a mpesa. Ndikofunika kuganizira kutentha kwa mpweya nthawi ya chithandizo, sayenera kukhala pansi pa 15 ° C.
Mutatha mankhwala ndi Trichodermine, mungagwiritsire ntchito mankhwala ena okonzekera mankhwala, omwe amathiridwa ndi minda yamphesa yomwe ili ndi masabata awiri pakati pa mankhwala osiyana.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kumatanthauza zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito polimbana ndi Alternaria, ndi: "Skor", "Kvadris", "Rapid Gold". 
Kupewa
Pofuna kupeŵa matenda a mphesa ndi Alternaria, nkofunika:
- panthawi yake chotsani zatsalira zamoyo;
- spray ndi yankho la Bordeaux osakaniza 2%;
- Kudyetsa nthawi zonse ndi feteleza zamchere zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chitetezo chisamangidwe;
- onetsetsani njira zoyenera zaulimi m'minda yamphesa.
Mitundu yotsutsa
Pofuna kupeŵa matenda ndi Alternaria, mphesa zimalimbikitsidwa kupeza mitundu yotsutsana ndi matendawa. Pakali pano, mitundu yambiri yokha yomwe imatha kulimbana ndi bowa palibe. Koma popeza Alternaria ali ofanana ndi matenda ena, monga kuvunda wakuda ndi altracnosis, akulangizidwa kuti asankhe mphesa zomwe zimatsutsana kwambiri ndi matendawa. Mungathe kubzala:
- "Traminer";
- Cabernet Sauvignon;
- "Rkatsiteli";
- "Riesling".
Pakali pano palibe deta pazoonekera za Alternaria pa:- "Kupambana kwa Amur";
- "Amur Triumph";
- "Amethyst";
- "Marinovsky".
