Boletus kapena zowawa akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya. Pali zakudya zokhazokha, zokhala ndi zakudya komanso bowa. Banja la bowa ndi limodzi mwa mitundu yotchuka kwambiri ya oimira - bowa woyera. M'nkhaniyi tidzakambirana za momwe amaonekera, momwe mungasiyanitse pakati pa bowa la boletus ndi lokhazikika, ndi mtundu wanji wa boleta.
Krasivonozhkovy
Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mankhwala owopsa m'magazi ake, omwe amawagwiritsa ntchito mowa kuti ndiletsedwa kudya. Zimasangalatsa kwambiri ndipo zimayambitsa kupweteka kwa m'mimba, chifukwa cha ululu waukulu womwe umapezeka m'matumbo ndi chiwindi, chilakolako chimatha ndipo zimawonekera.
Chipewa cha bowa wokongola chili ndi mafuta a mafuta a mpendadzuwa osakwanira ndi mthunzi wa chitumbuwa chokoma. Kapangidwe ka kapepala kameneko kamakhala kokhala ndi kamwedwe kakang'ono, kamene kamakhala ngati kamangidwe kamene kali ndi mmbali. Ndili ndi zaka, kapu imatenga mawonekedwe a mpira wosadulidwa, umene umakhala wovuta pamphepete mwa mdulidwe. Machenga ake amafika 15 cm (nthawi zambiri zimakhala zambiri). Chinthu chosiyana ndi chingwe chokongola kwambiri ndi chakuti sichidyedwa ndi mphutsi ndi slugs, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo amafa ndi zinthu zoopsa.
Mukudziwa? Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri za m'ma 200, oyendetsa bowa anapeza chipika chomwe chinkalemera makilogalamu khumi ndi awiri.
Mabala a boletus ali ndi mandimu-chikasu, omwe ali ndi zaka za bowa amakhala azitona wakuda. Kutalika kwa chubu kumatha kufika 15 mm, pamene kudulidwa kapena kupanikizika kumatembenuza buluu mopitirira muyeso. Nkhono za zokongola-zomwe zimakhala ndi mabotolo ndi aang'ono, azungu, otumbululuka pinki, ndi zaka zomwe pores zimakhala zachikasu, kenako zimakhala zobiriwira. Mukamapanikizidwa, pores amakhala ndi ubweya wabuluu. Spores mu ellipsoidal bowa, yosalala ndi yaing'ono (sing'anga kukula - 14x5 microns).
Msola wa ovule woboola pakati ngati phokoso umasintha mtundu kuchokera pachiyambi cha kapu mpaka kumunsi kwa bowa. Mtundu umayamba ndi mandimu-chikasu, kenako umakhala wofiira, ndipo umatha ndi bulauni. Bowa wambiri wa boletus ukhoza kutaya miyendo yofiira yakuda. Mapira a bowa ndi owopsa komanso olimba, okongola. Poyambirira, imakonda zokoma, koma kenako imakhala yowawa kwambiri. Klyuchonozhkovy bolt wamba m'mapiri a coniferous nkhalango, nthawi zina - mwazidzidzidzi. Nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'nkhalango kuyambira kumapeto kwa July mpaka m'ma October.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti bowa ndi bowa zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana.
Mizu
Mtundu woterewu uli ndi mayina osiyanasiyana: zowonongeka, zowawa, zoyera. Chipewa cha boletus ichi ndi mawonekedwe achimake (ali aang'ono mitundu), ndi mamita 5-18 masentimita (nthawi zina amafikira 25-28 masentimita kapena kuposa). Khungu ndi lofewa, mtundu wa laimu la nthaka, nthawi zina amapeza khungu la laimu losapsa. Mukakanikizidwa, kapu imakhala ndi ubweya wa buluu.
Mipira ili ndi chikasu chowala kwambiri. Mitsempha ndi yozungulira, yaying'ono, imakhala ndi ubweya wabuluu ndi kukhudzana kovuta. Ukulu wa mkangano ndi wofanana ndi wa bowa wokongola. Mafuta a spore opangidwa ndi golide. Mphuno ya eukaryotsu yaying'ono ikufanana ndi chitsulo chosungunuka chamkati kuchokera mkati, masentimita 5-10 masentimita ndi mamita 3-6 masentimita mu gawoli. Ndi msinkhu, mwendo umakhala ngati mawonekedwe abwino. Mtundu wa miyendo ndi beige yowala, pamtunda munthu amatha kuona mawanga owala. Pamwamba pa tsinde ali ndi galasi losafanana, lomwe, ndi kukhudzana kolimba, limakhala ndi mtundu wa kumwamba. Manyowawa ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka mapira, koma kukoma kwake ndi kosauka.
Ndikofunikira! Zitsulo zina zimakhudza ntchito ya chiwindi ndi kuwononga maselo ake, choncho, poyamba zizindikiro za poizoni, muyenera kumangotenga nthawi yomweyo kupita kuchipatala kuti muthandizidwe.
Bowa uwu sichipezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango za ku Ulaya ndi ku North America. Amakonda kukula pamunsi mwa mtengo kapena mitengo ya birch. Zitha kupezeka m'chilimwe ndi m'dzinja., ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amapanga mycorrhiza. Mabokosi omwe amachokera mu ndondomekoyi ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi ululu wa satana, koma wotsirizirayo ali ndi fungo losasangalatsa kuchokera pansi pa kapu. M'mabuku ena amtunduwu mukhoza kuona deta yomwe bowa iyi idya. Iye alibe kwenikweni poizoni zokha zomwe zili zakupha thupi la munthu, koma Muzu wowawa uli ndi kulawa kowawaChoncho, palibe amene amagwiritsa ntchito kuphika.
Dzidziwike ndi zinthu zowonongeka ndi njira zokolola bowa m'nyengo yozizira
Le gal
Mitunduyi imakhala ndi mankhwala oopsa, kuwonjezera pa kulawa kosasangalatsa kosautsa kumapangitsa kuti thupi liwonongeke mosavuta. Anatchulidwa kulemekeza mkazi yemwe anali a mycologist kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri ku France. Dzina lake linali Marcel le Gal, koma m'mabuku a ku Russia mabukuwa anali bowa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "boletus legit".
Pamwamba pa mwendo muli chisanu, chofewa, pinki, kamodzi ka malalanje, mtundu. Maonekedwe a kapu kakang'ono kamakhala ngati mawonekedwe a ellipsoid. Pakapita nthawi, kapu imakhala yocheperapo ndipo imakhala yofanana. Mimba mwake imadalira zaka za bolt ndipo imasiyanasiyana ndi masentimita 7 mpaka 17 kapena kuposa. Thupi la legger lili ndi mandimu-chikasu komanso fungo la bowa lolemera. M'malo amene amadya slugs, amajambulidwa ndi mtundu wa azitona zabwino, zomwe zimapezeka pafupifupi bowa zonse za boleto.
Kuti muteteze ku chiphe choopsa, dziwani momwe mungasiyanitse agaric kawirikawiri kuchokera ku nkhandwe zabodza.
Mapangidwe a miyendo akufanana zotchinga zotchingaomwe pakati pake amakhala osiyana kuchokera 3 mpaka 5 masentimita (nthawi zina kukula kwake kumafika 6-8 cm). Kutalika kwa tsinde kumadalira pa zaka za eukaryote ndipo kumatha kufika masentimita khumi ndi asanu. Ma poreswa amajambulidwa ndi kuwala kwa carmine, ma tubes amafika kutalika kwa 1.5-2.2 masentimita. Kukula kwake kwa spores ndi mtundu wa spore ufa ndizofanana ndi zizindikiro zowonongeka kwa woimilira amene ali mu ndimeyi pamwambapa.
Borovik le Gal kawirikawiri amapezeka ku Western Europe. Amakonda nthaka yamchere, nthawi zambiri amakula pansi pa hornbeam kapena thundu. Mu nkhalango zimapezeka mu chilimwe kapena m'mawa oyambirira. Le Hal, kuwonjezera pa kulawa kosasangalatsa kosautsa, komweko kuli zinthu zina zoopsa, choncho kudya ndiletsedwa mokwanira.
Mukudziwa? Ku Italy, kudzakhala ngati kuphwanya Chilamulo ngati inu eni (popanda chilolezo) mupite ku nkhalango kukasonkhanitsa bowa.
Wokondedwa
Mtundu uwu umapangitsa kuti poizoni azidya, choncho amati ndi bowa lopanda poizoni. Zizindikiro zoyamba za poizoni zikuphatikizapo: ululu m'mimba, mseru, kutsekula m'mimba, kusanza, kuzizira. Zizindikiro kawirikawiri zimatha popanda kuchitapo kanthu kwa atumiki a zamankhwala maola 24-36. Zoopsa za poizoni ndi botolo lokongola sizinalembedwe.
Mtundu uwu wa boletus uli ndi chigawo chachikulu cha kapu (pali zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi kapu m'mimba mwake kufika 30 cm). Imajambula mdima wofiira, mobwerezabwereza - bulauni. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yonse yapamwambayi ya bolt, bowa uwu ali ndi chivomezi pamwamba pa kapu. Makhalidwe a zamkati a boletus awa ali ofanana ndi omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa.
Tikukulangizani kuti mudziwe momwe mungasiyanitse mphepo, chanterelles, ndi bowa kuchokera ku bowa losakwanira.
Kutalika kwa miyendo ndiyomweyi, koma kutalika kwake kuli ndi chizindikiro cholimba (mpaka 12 cm). Mapangidwe a miyendo ndi ofanana ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kamakhala pamunsi, kakuvekedwa mu mtundu wofiirira. Kutalika kwa ma tubes kufika pa 1.7 cm, mtundu umafanana ndi chisakanizo cha mandimu ndi laimu. Nyerere ndi kupanikizika zimakhala ndi ubweya wa buluu, mwa mawonekedwe achilengedwe ali ndi mtundu wofiirira wofiirira. Zizindikiro za Spore sizisiyana ndi oimira ena a mtundu uwu.
Kawirikawiri, matabwawa ndi a mycorrhiza okongola ndi mitengo yamtengo wapatali. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa United States. Icho chinapezedwanso mu dziko la New Mexico. Mutha kupeza chipangizochi mu nkhalango zotsalira kumapeto kwa chilimwe - oyambirira autumn.
Mtundu wofiirira
Maonekedwe ndi m'mimba mwa kapu ndi chimodzimodzi ndi zomwe zimayimira gulu la Borovik. Mukamanyowetsa, kapu imakhala yochepa kwambiri ndipo imapeza zovuta. Bowa uwu ali ndi mtundu wosalinganika, imene imasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku mdima wofiira mpaka ku maolivi. Zili ndi malo okhala ndi zofiira zofiira ndi zofiirira. Pogwidwa pa bowa, mabala a buluu amdima. Nthawi zina phokoso lofiirira la pinki likhoza kuonongeka ndi tizilombo. Malo owonongeka ali ndi hue ya chikasu kapena ya azitona.
Ndikofunikira! Zindikirani kwa osankhidwa a bowa: nthimba zimapezeka m'madera omwe mabala ambiri akukula.
Makhalidwe a mdima wonyezimira ndi pores ali ofanana ndi nsalu yokongola, komabe ma pores ali ndi kuwala kwambiri (pinki-lalanje kapena wofiira). Kutalika kwa mwendo wa bult umenewu kufika 15-17 masentimita, ndi kukula kwake ndi masentimita 7. Mtundu wa mwendo ndi mandimu-chikasu ndi pang'ono pinki-mthunzi wofiira. Pamapeto pake ali ndi mimba ya burgundy yosavuta, ndikumenyana nayo imakhala ndi ubweya wabuluu.
Mnofu wa woimira uyu ndi wandiweyani, ali ndi fruity yamtengo wapatali, mtundu wa azitona. M'malo mwa odulidwawo amakhala mdima wabuluu, patapita kanthawi mtundu umakhala wosiyana mthunzi wa mvinyo. Zojambula zofiira za phokoso zili ndi thupi lokoma komanso zokoma zokoma, komabe sizingakonzedwe kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito yaiwisi kapena yophika, chifukwa ndizoopsa poyimira ziboliboli.
Bowa zodyera ndizo: zofiira, bowa, svinushka, boletus, bowa la banja la syroezhkov, boletus ndi uchi agaric
Pali bowa wofiirira wa pinki pa dothi la calcareous m'nkhalango zakuda, makamaka m'mapiri. Amakonda kukula pakati pa mitengo ya beech ndi thundu. Matendawa sanaphunzire pang'ono ndi akatswiri a mycologists, choncho sizosangalatsidwa kuti tisonkhanitse. Kuonjezera apo, sizowonongeka kukumana ndi osankha bowa. Ambiri omwe amafalitsidwa ku Western Ukraine, Russia, ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya.
Zilonda zamoto
Mitunduyi imakhala yofanana ndi pinki. Chipewacho, mosiyana ndi bowa chomwe chafotokozedwa pamwambapa, chiri ndi khungu labwino kwambiri. Nthawi zina zimapangidwa ndi mtundu wa zinthu zokhazikika, zokhala ndi chokoleti chokongoletsera, m'mphepete mwake zimakhala zojambula mu mtundu wa burgundy. Mphuno wa khungu la pinki ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ndi mtundu wa mwendo wa nthumwi yomwe tafotokozedwa pamwambayi, kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti kumatha kufika kutalika kwa masentimita 20 mpaka 22. Masamba ali ndi kulawa pang'ono ndi kununkhiza.
Mukudziwa? Zithunzi zoyambirira za bowa zinayamba zaka 1450 Khristu asanabadwe. Zithunzizo zinapezeka ndi akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale m'madera a dziko la Egypt.
Ma tubulu mu oimira okhwima amakhala ndi mdima wamdima (wobiriwira, nthawi zambiri - wofiira-buluu). Izi ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi bowa la satana, zomwe zimapezeka m'malo omwewo, zimakula muzofanana. Komabe, woimira khungu wamtundu uwu amapezeka kawirikawiri ndi osankha bowa, chifukwa chake, akatswiri a mycologists sanaphunzire bwino mokwanira. Omwe amapezerapo bowa samapezekanso mtundu uwu wa bolt, chifukwa uli ndi mankhwala owopsa. Anthu osadziŵa zambiri amadya pinki ya pinki, yomwe inachititsa kuti zizindikiro zoopsa za chakudya cha poizoni zikhale maola 2-3. Pali zilonda, ululu m'mimba ndi chiwindi, kunyoza, kusanza, kutsekula m'mimba, ndi zina. Matenda owopsa a poizoni ndi khungu lofiira ndi ofiira sanalembedwe, komabe, ngati mumadya bowa wochuluka chotere, ndiye kuti kupweteka kungayambe, zomwe zingayambitse kutaya chidziwitso. Komanso, n'zosatheka kugwiritsa ntchito woimira khungu la pinki ngakhale m'mafuta owiritsa (patatha nthawi yaitali kutentha kwa maola ambiri, poizoni samaswa).
Wolfish
Mmene mmbulu umapangidwira umapangidwanso, womwe uli pafupifupi pafupifupi mamembala onse a mtundu wa Borovik. Kapu ya kapu imatha kusiyana pakati pa 5 ndi 20 cm, malingana ndi zaka za bowa. Mtundu wa kapu umasiyana, kawirikawiri malingana ndi msinkhu wa nthumwi ndi mineral zomwe zili m'nthaka (kuwala kofiira, kofiira-pinki, pinki yofiira (achinyamata otchipa), burgundy). Zizindikiro za tizilombo zimasonyeza kuti achinyamata achinyamata a mtundu wa Wolf amakhala ndi khungu loyera khungu (nthawi zambiri amadya khofi, imvi). Ndili ndi zaka zambiri, bowa limakhala ndi mdima wofiirira kapena wofiira, khungu limakhala loyera (popanda patina).
Msola wa mmbulu wa mmbulu wa mawonekedwe a muyezo (kanyumba konyamulira kamakhala kotheratu ndi msinkhu). Kutalika kwa miyendo, mosiyana ndi ziwalo zina za mtunduwu, ndizochepa, kufika pa masentimita 6-8, mamita 3-6 masentimita. Mtunduwo ndi mtundu wa mphesa zachikasu ndi malo owoneka ofiira ofunika. Zizindikiro zamtundu ndi zamtundu zimakhala zofanana, koma pali kusiyana kwakukulu (ma tubes ndi ang'onoang'ono, komabe iwo amakula ndi msinkhu). Mofanana ndi mabotolo ena a mtundu uwu, atapangidwira, bowa amapeza mtundu wobiriwira wamphesa wamphesa. Mapira a bowa samatulutsa fungo losiyana kapena kulawa. Nthaŵi zambiri, nkhandwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango zaku Israeli (kuyambira November kufikira kumapeto kwa December). Amakulira m'magulu mu dziko lachindunji ndilofala. Amafotokoza modabwitsa bowa bowa. Idyani mutatha kutentha kwathunthu (kuphika kwa mphindi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu kutentha kwa 100 ° C, msuzi sungagwiritsidwe ngati pali zinthu zowonongeka zomwe zili mkati mwake).
Ndikofunikira! Pali mitundu yokwana 300 ya borovik, kotero musanayambe kuwatsata m'nkhalango, muyenera kuwerenga mosamala deta kuti musatenge anthu omwe ali nawo.Pambuyo powerenga nkhaniyi, zidzatsimikizirika kwa anthu ambiri zomwe ziweto zili, ndi mitundu yanji, ndipo ndi ziti zomwe zingadye. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti aliyense amene ali ndi bowa ayenera kuphunzira kuti asawononge thanzi lawo pogwiritsa ntchito bowa losakaniza.
