Chinthu chofunikira kuti yomanga mpanda ndikumanga maofesi. Chojambulacho chikhale cholimba, chiteteze zotheka kugwa ndi kupunduka, kupirira kukula kwa maziko.
Pambuyo poyang'ana zochitikazo, malamulo ndi misampha ya maofesi apangidwe, mungathe kupitirizabe kudzipanga nokha.
Zida zofunika
Chifungulo cha mawonekedwe apamwamba, odalirika ndi opambana ndi zipangizo. Kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zomangamanga m'misika kungapangitse kwambiri zida zogwirira ntchito.
Zokonzedwa bwino:
- Metal - ponseponse, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo mawonekedwe okwera mtengo kwambiri a mawonekedwe, omwe mapepala a chitsulo cholimba ndi makulidwe a 1-2 mm amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Odziwika ndi njira yabwino yotsekera, kukhazikika, kumasuka kwa processing. Chosavuta kwambiri ndi mtengo wapatali, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina.
- Konkire yolimbikitsidwa - zojambulazo zimachokera ku konkire za konkire. Malingana ndi kukula kwa slabs pamene akutsanulira maziko, zidzatheka kuchepetsa kwambiri kugwiritsira ntchito konkire yothetsera, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo pitirizani mphamvu zazikulu zogwirira ntchito. Zochepa - zazikulu za mbale, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zamakono.
- Styrofoam - zakuthupi, zotalika komanso zothandiza. Chojambulacho chimasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera kumapangidwe okonzeka omwe ali osavuta kwambiri kukhazikitsa ndi kukonza. Zopweteka ndizovuta pakusankha zinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, maangelo, kuzungulira, ndi zina zotero.
- Mtengo - njira yotchuka kwambiri. Kaŵirikaŵiri pomanga mapangidwe pogwiritsa ntchito pepala plywood kapena matabwa. Zili zosavuta kukhazikitsa, zotsika mtengo, sizikusowa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zina zamtengo wapatali kapena zida zapadera. Chosavuta chachikulu ndichofunikira kukhazikitsa zina zowonjezera nyumba zina.
- Zida zopangira - slate, mapepala othandizira, mapepala a zitsulo. Mtundu woterewu ndi wotsika mtengo, umakulolani kuti mumange kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe omwe mulibe popanda mipata, mipata. Zina mwa zosungunula zingathe kusiyanitsa zovuta mu msonkhano, zizindikiro zochepa zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu, zofunikira zowonjezereka. Njirayi idzakhala njira yabwino kwambiri yothetsera nyumba zochepa.
Mitundu Yopangidwira
Pali mitundu yambiri ya zojambula zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yomangamanga, monga maziko amphamvu ndi okonzeka a konkire, zomanga nyumba za konkire.
Phunzirani momwe mungadzipangire mpanda wokhawokha kuchoka pamphepete mwa unyolo, kuchokera ku gabions, mpanda wamatabwa woyala.
Zowoneka
Zojambula zojambulidwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga mipando yochepa, koma m'malo mwake ali ndi makoma amphamvu, osasinthika, mazenera, maziko ena. Pankhaniyi, katunduyo amaperekedwa kumbali, pamtundu.
Mndandanda wa zowonjezera umaphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi: zikopa zazing'ono ndi zowonjezera, zowonjezera, zopangira, zishango komanso zokopa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zokopa. 
Zozengereza
Kumanga kwazitali kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zapansi. Zowona zimakhala ndi makulidwe akuluakulu ndipo zimalimbikitsidwa ndi ndodo zitsulo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kotere pa malo omwe katunduyo amagawira kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Mfundo yokonza mapulogalamu ndi yosavuta, kuti ipangidwe: izi zimathandiza: zothandizira, ma tripods, mafoloko apadziko lonse okonza matabwa, matabwa, ndi zowonjezera pa konkire. 
Oblique
Ntchito zomangirira kapena zomangamanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zomangamanga, zosiyana, zopangidwa ndi konkire.
Mukudziwa? Palinso makonzedwe okonzedweratu, omwe ndi omangamanga onse okhala ngati khoma. Pakuika kwake kumapangitsa msonkhano wa mapangidwe kapena mapangidwe amodzi. Atatha kuthira konkire ndi kuwonjezera zida zowononga, khoma la monolithic limapangidwa.
Zofunikira
Mosasamala kanthu za zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawonekedwe, ziyenera kukwaniritsa zofunikira zofunika:
- Mtengo wa chitetezo: mawonekedwe ayenera kumayima makina a konkire, khalani osagwedezeka kugwedezeka, kutayika, kukhalitsa, khola, osalimba, kusunga mawonekedwe oyambirira;
- Kuphweka: mankhwalawa ayenera kukhala ophweka kuti asonkhanitse ndi kupanga, ngati n'koyenera, mwamsanga atasweka ndi kunyamulidwa;
- Kusakanikirana: kupanga kumeneku kumaganizira kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe, mapiritsi abwino komanso omveka bwino pamapangidwe a matabwa, kuperewera kwa mipata ndi mipata m'magulu. Iyenera kukhala ndi malo okongola kwambiri ndi mbali yokonzedwa pafupi ndi konkire;
- Mfundo: Ndizofunika kuti gawoli likhale ndi mawonekedwe omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mobwerezabwereza;
- Kuphwasula kosavuta: mawonekedwewa ayenera kusokonezeka mosavuta, atasunthidwa popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kukhulupirika kwake;
- Miyeso: Zing'onong'ono za zigawo zikuluzikulu ziyenera kutsatizana ndi mapangidwe a konkire kapena mawonekedwe a konkire;
- fasteners: mawonekedwewa ayenera kusonkhana ndi kusonkhana pogwiritsa ntchito misomali. Chinthu chabwino kwambiri chikanakhala kuti muwabwezeretse ndi mapepala a mphete.
Nthawi yoyeretsa mawonekedwe
Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimatsogolere nthawi yakuchotsa mawonekedwe ndizozizira ndi kutentha. Ndi pa kutentha kozungulira kumadalira nthawi ya solidification ya kuponyedwa.
N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala osakaniza konkire sikukhudza mphamvu zake. Choncho, pamkhalidwe wofanana, kucha kwa mbale yayikulu ndi kamphindi kakang'ono kudzachitika chimodzimodzi.
Zingakhale zothandiza kwa inu kuti mudziwe momwe mungamangire veranda kunyumba, momwe mungapangire galaboni ya polycarbonate, galu lodzipangira okha, grill yamwala.
N'zotheka kufotokoza ndendende nthawi yoyeretsa mawonekedwe, poganizira zinthu zazikulu, pokhapokha atayesedwa ma laboratory apadera.
Komabe, chifukwa cha ochita bwino, magome apadera anapangidwa kuti adzirikizire kutentha ndi nthawi, pamene kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kake kudzakhala kotetezeka momwe zingathere ponseponse potsata njira zamkati zamkati, ndi kukhazikika kwa geometry: 
| Mphamvu zakuthupi | ||||
| Kutentha kwa mpweya | 15% | 30% | 50% | Nthawi yosokoneza, masiku |
| +35 | 1 | 1,5 | 2 | 2 |
| +30 | 1 | 1,5 | 2 | 2,5 |
| +25 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| +20 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| +15 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 |
| +10 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 7 |
| +5 | 3 | 6 | 10 | 10 |
| +1 | 5 | 8 | 12 | 15 |
Pambuyo masiku 9-28 mutatsanulira, kachiwiri, malingana ndi kutentha, konkire idzapeza mphamvu 98%, ndipo otsala 2% adzalandira moyo wawo wonse.
Ndikofunikira! Kuchotsa msangamsanga kwa nyumbayi kungayambitse mavuto ngati awa: Kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe kumunsi; Kuchepa kwa madzi chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa dera la evaporation; Kutsika kwa hydration (kutuluka kwa madzi chinyezi), chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe sangathe kupeza mphamvu zokwanira.
Khwerero ndi Gawo Malangizo
Mapangidwe apangidwe a maziko a mpanda amapangidwa ndi zosavuta zochepa.
Pokonzekera malo anu, mudzakhala ndi chidwi chophunzira momwe mungapangire maluwa okongoletsera, munda wothamanga, kasupe, trellis wa mphesa, munda wamaluwa, bedi la matayala, mtsinje wouma, bedi la miyala, miyala ya miyala.
Khwerero 1: Kuyeza ndi Kuyika
Choyamba ndi chimodzi mwa masitepe ofunika kwambiri, omwe ambuye amanyalanyaza nthawi zambiri, akuwonetsa gawo ndikuyesa.
Musanayambe kugwira ntchito, muyenera kuyika gawo la mtsogolo ndikukonzekera zonsezi, zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa zopinga, zovuta pakumba nthaka, mwachitsanzo, stumps, mabowo, mauthenga, ndi zina zotero.
Mukhozanso kuthana ndi kusiyana kwakumwamba kumayambiriro ndi kumaliza, kotero ndikofunikira kulingalira maonekedwe onse ndipo kenaka pitani ku gawo lachiwiri - kukumba ngalande.
Kulemba kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi chingwe chomwe chikugwiritsidwa ntchito pamtengo kapena matabwa. Pothandizidwa ndi roulette angle muwonetsetse ndikuyang'ana kukula. 
Khwerero 2: Kugwedeza
Ngalande ya udii imakumbidwa ndi chigawo chachikulu m'lifupi, chogwirizana ndi kufunika kokonza zishango ndi mipiringidzo yomwe imakumba pansi.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti kuya kwa dzenje kuyenera kukhala 10-15 masentimita apamwamba kusiyana ndi gawo lokhazikika. Pachifukwa ichi, kufukula kwa nthaka kumachitika kuzungulira chiwerengero cha mapangidwe.
Ndikofunikira! Sitikulimbikitsidwa kutsanulira konkire mwachindunji pansi. Kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu komanso yokhalitsa, mzere wa miyala ndi mchenga waikidwa pansi pa ngalande.
Khwerero 3: Kuika mipiringidzo yowongoka (zipsepse zomanga)
Pakatikati mwa ngalande pamakoma ake ndikofunikira kukumba mabowo apadera pansi pa zitsulo zofanana, ndi gawo la 50x50 mm. Kwa mipiringidzo inalowa mwamphamvu ndi phokoso, ikulimbikitsidwa kumasula pansi pang'ono. 
Pokutsanulira maziko a masentimita 20, mtunda wa pakati pa milu imeneyi uyenera kukhala 120-130 masentimita, ndi masentimita 30 a maziko - pafupifupi mamita 1.
Khwerero 4: Sungani zishango (zomangira nyumba)
Pambuyo pazitsulo zamkati zamkati zidzaululidwa, pitirizani kusonkhanitsa zishango. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuonetsetsa kuti matabwawo ali pamtunda womwewo. Pambuyo pa kukonza zishango muzowonongeka, mchenga ndi miyala zimaphimbidwa ndi masentimita 7-10 mu dzenje. 
Khwerero 5: Kutseka Zida
Pothandizidwa ndi slats ndi matabwa aatali, zowonongeka zimayikidwa, nthawi zonse kuyang'anitsitsa kulondola kwa kukhazikitsa zikopa panthawi yokonzekera. Choncho, payenera kukhala kumanga kamodzi kwa zishango. Kulimbitsa chingwecho, kuchokera kunja kwa dzenje kugona tulo kapena miyala. 
Khwerero 6: Kuika kunja kumbali kumasiya
Kuti mapangidwe asatulukire panja, yikani mbali yokhoza kunja, yomwe ili yoyenera kudula mapepala a plywood. Kuphatikiza kwa mapepala amenewa ayenera kukhala wofanana ndi kuya kwa kudzazidwa.
Zimasiya kusuntha pakati pa mchenga ndi matabwa. Pambuyo pa kuthira konkire, pamtengo wolemera pulogalamuyo idzagwedezeka pamtengo, motero kuonetsetsa kuti zowoneka bwino ndi zowona.
Khwerero 7: Kukonzekera kwa khola lothandizira maziko
Pamene malo okonzekera mawonekedwewa ndi okonzeka, konzekerani kukweza mapulaneti atatu omwe akuphatikizapo ndodo. Mzere uliwonse uli pamwamba pa mzake, ndipo mzere wapamwamba uyenera kukhala masentimita 10 pansipa. 
Mizere yowongoka imagwirizanitsidwa ndi ziyeneretso zoyenera ndi kuwotcherera. Mapangidwe aatali, omwe amawombera ku ndodo zochepa. Kotero zimapangidwira zojambulazo mu mawonekedwe a selololo.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zipilala zothandizira zimayikidwa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitheke. Mizatiyi yaikidwa m'madzi mozama osati mozama kwambiri.
Ndikofunikira! Kuyika zipilala ndi kovomerezeka pakuika mipanda ndi mipanda yaikulu.
Gawo 8: Kukonzekera kwa Konkire
Chinthu chotsatira ndicho kupanga konkire. Pazimenezi mufunikira:
- simenti;
- mphutsi;
- mchenga;
- madzi;
- plasticizer.
Mukudziwa? Thupi la plasticizer lingasinthidwe ndi sopo wamadzi, omwe amawonjezeredwa pangТono kuti athetse njira yothetsera. Izi zidzatulutsa kusakaniza kwa chisakanizo ndikuchilola kufalitsa mofanana.
Njira yokonzekera konkire ndi yophweka: simenti imasakanizidwa ndi mchenga ndi mchenga mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 3: 2, madzi amawonjezeredwa pang'onopang'ono kuti apange pulasitiki, koma osati madzi.
Tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera zigawo zosagonjetsedwa zosakaniza. Ponena za mtundu wa samenti, ndizomveka kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri - M200 kapena M250.
Khwerero 9: Kudzaza Zosakaniza
Konkire ikatha, dongosololi ladzaza. 
Pali njira ziwiri zokwaniritsira mawonekedwe:
- kudzazidwa ndi zigawo;
- lembani njira yopitilira.
Njira yodzaza idzadalira kuchuluka kwake kokwanira. Popeza kuti malo omangira mipanda nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa, kudzaza nthawi zonse kungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kuti muchite izi, konkire imatsanuliridwa mosamalitsa mu kapangidwe kameneka, nthawi zonse imaigwiritsira ntchito pozungulira ndi fosholo.
Musaiwale za kusakaniza kusakaniza. Pofika pamapeto pake, pa mawonekedwe a zikopa pang'onopang'ono akugwirana ndi mallet. Konkire ikamadzaza mokwanira mawonekedwewo kufika pamtundu woyenera, imasiyidwa kuti ikhale yolimba.
Ndikofunikira! Pofuna kupewa kupatulidwa kwa konkire, pamwamba pa chisakanizocho chimayambitsidwa ndi madzi komanso kufalikira.
Gawo 10: Zolemba
Pofuna kuteteza mpangidwe wa mphepo kuchokera ku mphepo kapena chinyezi mvula ikadutsa, kumayambiriro kwa zomangamanga amatha kutulutsa filimu ya PVC. Patangopita masiku ochepa, konkireti ikagwidwa, chofundacho chimachotsedwa, chifukwa madzi amvula sathanso kusokoneza chisakanizo. 
Khwerero 11: Kutaya
Kusokonezeka kwa kapangidwe kake konkire itayikidwa. Choyamba ndicho kuchotsa matabwa pamatabwa yomwe ili pambali, kenako kuchotsani milomo yowongoka, kusuntha matabwa pamphepete mwa ngalande, ndipo pamapeto pake chotsani matabwa ku plywood. Ntchito yonse yosasuntha yachitidwa mosamala kwambiri kuti asawononge maziko. 
Zizindikiro za mawonekedwe pamtunda
Malo okongola amakhala osakhalapo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amayenera kupanga mawonekedwe pa mtunda. Ngati msinkhu wa pansi uli ndi madontho ochepa chabe, osachepera 10, ndiye kuti palibe zofunikira zomwe zimayenera kutengedwa.
Pofuna kuti banja lanu likhale ndi masamba ndi masamba obiriwira m'nyengo yozizira, zidzakuthandizani kuti mupange kupanga wowonjezera kutentha kuchokera ku mapaipi apulasitiki ndi manja anu, kutentha kuchokera ku mapaipi a polypropylene, momwe mungasonkhanitsire mapepala otentha a Polycarbonate, galasi lamagetsi a butterfly, mkate wowonjezera wa mkate, ndi kutentha kwa Mitlayder.Apo ayi, vuto likhoza kuthetsedwa m'njira ziwiri:
- ikani mpanda mogwirizana ndi malo;
- gwiritsani ntchito ndondomeko yazitsulo.
Njira yoyamba, ngakhale yosavuta kuyigwiritsa ntchito, koma siyikongoletsa kwambiri, otchuka ambiri amakonda yachiwiri. Ntchito yomanga mapepala otsetsereka ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi kuikidwa kosakanikirana, ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu kumagwirizana ndi kukumba ngalande.
Ndi malo otsetsereka, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mupange dzenje lolowera-likhazikitsa phazi lirilonse ndi chithandizo cha pansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'pofunikanso kusunga mwatsatanetsatane chikhalidwe chofuna kuteteza kukhetsa dziko lapansi. 
Ntchito iyenera kuyamba ndi malo otsika kwambiri, pang'onopang'ono kusunthira pamtunda. Pambuyo pa mapangidwe a masitepewo, mawonekedwe amaikidwa, mmalo momwe zinthu zowonjezera zimayikidwa.
Kukonzekera kwa yankho, kutsanulira kwake kumachitidwa chimodzimodzi monga yopingasa unsembe.
Masewera ndi ndondomeko
Pofuna kumanga maziko a mpanda wamtsogolo ndi manja anu, muyenera kukhala ndi luso komanso nzeru za zomangamanga.
Zina mwa malangizi ndi uphungu wa ogwira ntchito zomangamanga zidzakuthandizira kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yovuta komanso ikwaniritse bwino. 
Pofuna kupanga mawonekedwe, ndikofunikira:
- onetsetsani kuti mulibe mipata ndi mipata pakati pa zishango ndi pansi pa dzenje;
- Konzani plywood mkati mwa ngalande, ndi zipilala pambuyo pa zishango;
- pezani magalasi pambali ya digirii 45;
- onetsetsani kuti mulibe misomali yowonongeka mkatikati mwa kapangidwe kawo, mwinamwake mavuto angabwere panthawi yokonongeka;
- Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti mukhazikitse ntchito yotentha, chifukwa kutentha kwapamwamba kungayambitse madzi mu konkire. Ngati simungathe kusamutsa kumanga, m'pofunika kuphimba pamwamba ndi utuchi, zomwe zingathandize kusunga chinyezi;
- Ntchito yonse iyenera kuchitika pang'onopang'ono, popanda mwamsanga, kutsatira mosamala malamulo.
Kupanga mawonekedwe olimba, apamwamba kwambiri pa maziko a mpanda sikophweka, makamaka ngati munthu sanachitepo ntchito yomanga.Koma, motsatira malingaliro onse a akatswiri ndikusankha mfundo zoyenera, mukhoza kukhazikitsa maziko odalirika omwe adzatumikira kwa zaka zambiri ndikukhala "opanda kanthu" kwa mazanamazana ambiri.
