Soy ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali komanso chakudya chopatsa thanzi, chimagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chida chopanga mafakitale. Chifukwa cha zokolola zambiri, mapuloteni apamwamba komanso ntchito zambiri, soya akhala akudziwika. Maiko a soybean padziko lapansi amafika pafupifupi matani 300 miliyoni ndipo akupitiriza kukula chaka ndi chaka. Kuti mudziwe momwe mungamere nyemba pamasamba anu, tiyeni tiyankhule.
Kulongosola kwa chikhalidwe
Mu ulimi, mtundu wina wa soya ndi wotchuka, womwe umagawidwa m'magulu atatu: Manchu, Japanese ndi Chinese. Dziko lakwawo ndi mayiko a East Asia, kumene yakula kwa zaka zoposa 7,000. 
Maonekedwe
Soybean ndi ya banja la nyemba ndipo ndi zitsamba za pachaka. Mapesiwa ndi nthambi, kufalikira, kufika pamtunda wa 50-80 cm, koma pali zinyama zam'mimba (ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 25) ndipo zimakhala zazikulu zokhala ndi mamita 2.
Banja la legume lili ndi zomera monga clitoria, nyemba zobiriwira, clover, nyemba nyemba, nyemba zoyera, dolichos, royal delonix, nandolo, lupins.
Mizu ndi yofunika, muzu waukulu ndi wochepa, kuchokera kumbali yambiri imene nthambi imayendera. Mphuno imatha kulowa m'nthaka ndi mamita awiri.
Masambawa ndi a trifoliate, osiyana mofanana ndi kukula kwake: amatha kukhala 1.5 mpaka 12 cm m'lifupi, kuyambira 4 mpaka 18 masentimita m'litali. Maonekedwewa amasiyana kuchokera kuzungulira, ovate mpaka lanceolate.
Maluwa ali mu axils a masamba, kakang'ono, oyera kapena ofiirira, odometsa. 
Pods mpaka masentimita 6 m'litali, bulauni chofiira kapena mthunzi wofiirira, muli ndi mbeu 3-4 mkati. Mbeu za soya zingakhale zachikasu, zobiriwira, zofiirira kapena zakuda, zofiira kapena zozungulira.
Makhalidwe
Soybean ili ndi zokolola zambiri, zomwe zikupitiriza kukula chifukwa cha ntchito ya obereketsa. Zokolola za mbeu iyi pa hekita ndi 2.2-2.6 matani, koma malingana ndi nyengo ndi chisamaliro, mpaka matani 4-4.5 pa hekita akhoza kukolola.
Atsogoleri a zokolola zapadziko lonse ndi kutumiza soya ndi USA (30 peresenti ya kupanga dziko), Brazil ndi Argentina. Komanso, soya amakula pamlingo waukulu ku mayiko a East Asia (China, Indonesia, India), Ukraine ndi Russia, ndi mayiko a Latin America (Uruguay, Bolivia, Paraguay). 
Pakati pa nyengo yokula pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- kukula msinkhu (masiku 80-100);
- kucha kucha (masiku 100-120);
- kucha kucha (masiku 120-140);
- Kutseka kwachedwa (masiku 140-150).
Mukudziwa? China ikudya zopitirira 2/3 za kupanga soya padziko lonse. Kufuna kwakukulu kwa mankhwalawa kunayambika chifukwa cha kukula kwa ulimi wamakono ndi kufunika kwa chakudya cha ziweto.
Ndikufuna soya ku kanyumba
Pakadali pano, chikhalidwe ichi sichidziwika kwambiri pakati pa anthu a m'nyengo ya chilimwe; Komanso, pamene anthu amatchulidwa, anthu ambiri amakhala ndi chiyanjano choipa ndi zakudya zogwiritsira ntchito nyama, zomwe zili ndi soya okha.
Soybean imaonedwa kuti ndi munda wamunda ndipo nthawi zambiri imakula pa mafakitale, koma ndizotheka kumera nthenda payekha. 
Pali zifukwa zingapo izi:
- mpumulo wa kulima;
- Kuyeretsa nthaka kumsongole (monga soy ndi mbewu yobzala);
- nthaka yodzaza ndi nayitrogeni ndi zakudya kuti mbewu zina zikhale bwino;
- zokolola zabwino.
Kuti mupeze zokolola zochuluka, m'pofunika kusankha mitundu malinga ndi nyengo ya dera lawo.
Pezani chomwe chakudya cha soya chiri.
Zomwe zimakhalira kukula kwa soya
Kusankha malo abwino ndi dothi kudzawonjezera mwayi wokolola bwino. Ndifunikanso kufufuza kuti ndimi ziti zomwe zinakula pa tsambali, pomwe soya sagwirizana ndi zomera zina. 
Kusankha malo
Chomerachi chimakonda kuwala ndi kutentha., pa zizindikiro izi zidzadalira kukula kwa photosynthesis, kukhazikika kwa mavitamini a nitrojeni, zakudya zamasamba, komanso potsirizira pake. Kwa kubzala muyenera kusankha malo abwino.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti soya ndiyimiridwa kuti imayimira zochepa zamasamba. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nthawi yabwino ya fruiting ndi maluwa ndi nthawi ya usiku kuchokera maola 12. Ngati maola owonjezereka akuwonjezeka, pachimake cha nyemba zimachepa.
Zosowa za nthaka
Kawirikawiri, soya sizimafuna nthaka - imatha kukula ngakhale mu nthaka yosauka mchenga, koma zokolola zake zidzakhala zochepa kwambiri. Koposa zonse, zomera zokha zimamva mu dziko lapansi lakuda ndi mabokosi, komanso nthaka yomwe imatulutsidwa. 
Zokolola zabwino kwambiri za tirigu ndi mbali zobiriwira zimapezeka pa nthaka yachonde yomwe ili ndi minerals ndi calcium, yokhala ndi madzi abwino. Chomera chodalirika chomera pamtunda ndi ndale kapena pang'ono zamchere pH.
Phunzirani za kufunika kwa nthaka acidity, momwe mungadziwire acidity, momwe mungasokonezere.Popanda kuyitanidwa, soybean sayenera kubzalidwa pamtundu uwu:
- pa dothi la acidified;
- pamtunda;
- pamphepete mwa mchere.
Ndikofunikira! Soybean imakhala yovuta kwambiri kuwonjezera pa chinyezi: Kutseka kwa madzi pansi ndi kusamba kwa madzi kwa nthawi yaying'ono kungathe kufooketsa mizu ndikutsitsa zomera, ndipo zimayambitsa mbewu zomwe ziri zofooka, zopweteka komanso zochepa. Nthaŵi zina kuthira kwambiri nthaka kungathe kuwononga mbewu zonse.
Ndifunikanso kusamalira nyengo yokonzekera nthaka. Izi zikuphatikizapo magawo otsatirawa: kuyang'ana, kulima ndi feteleza. Miyeso iwiri yoyamba imatulutsa nthaka, chifukwa imakhudza mpweya ndi kuchotsa namsongole, ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kuti mizu ikule. 
Monga feteleza muyenera kupanga humus. M'chaka, musanayambe kubzala soya, muyenera kulima nthaka mpaka masentimita 6. Izi zidzasunga chinyezi m'nthaka, potsiriza zimachotsa namsongole ndikuyang'ana pamwamba kuti mubweretse mwamsanga komanso mwamsanga.
Okonzeratu abwino kwambiri
Pakatikatikati, njira zowonongeka za nyemba ndi zomera:
- mbatata;
- shuga beet;
- chimanga;
- udzu wa udzu;
- nyengo yozizira ndi mbewu zina.
Mwa njirayi, mbewuzi, komanso mapira amakoka bwino pa malo a nyemba za soya, ndiko kuti, zimathandiza kuti mbeu izi zikhale pamtunda womwewo. Soy akhoza kubzalidwa pa chiwembu chimodzi kwa zaka 2-3 popanda kuwononga nthaka.
Pambuyo pa nthawiyi, nthaka imapuma mpumulo wa zaka ziwiri, pamene nthaka imafesedwa ndi mbewu zosiyana. 
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ndimi ziti zomwe zimadzala soya pambuyo pake:
- kabichi wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana;
- rapese;
- mpendadzuwa;
- mbewu zowala;
- nyemba (clover, nyemba, sweet clover).
Kufesa malamulo
Kugwirizana ndi teknoloji yaulimi kudzalola ngakhale malo ochepa kuti azipeza mbewu zabwino. Kenaka, timalingalira momwe tingakonzekerere mbeu ndi nthaka, momwe tingawerengere nthawi, komanso tipeze chiwembu chodzala mbewu za soya.
Mukudziwa? Msuzi wa soya, wokonzedwa ndi nyemba nyemba, uli ndi dzina lapadera la kukoma "umami". Umami - kulawa kwa nyama - amaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi, pamodzi ndi mchere, wowawasa, wokoma ndi wowawa.
Nthawi yabwino
Nthawi yofesa imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa Kutentha kwa nthaka ya pamwamba. 
Ndi bwino kudzala chomera pamene dziko lidayaka 10-15 ° C, komabe, ngati kuli kutentha kwachangu, chikhalidwe chikhoza kubzalidwa pa kutentha kwa 6-8 ° C.
Kawirikawiri, boma lakutentha limakhala kumapeto kwa April - theka lakumayi la May, koma muyenera kuwatsogoleredwa ndi nyengo ya dera lanu. Ngati pa siteji ya kumera kwa chisanu chimapezeka, kubzala kungafe.
Ngati mukufuna kudzala mitundu yambiri yosiyana, muyenera kuyambira ndi kucha kucha ndi kumaliza mitundu yoyamba yakucha.
Ngati mukufesa mbewu mofulumira (nthaka yozizira), chiopsezo cha matenda ndi kuwonongeka kwa tizilombo kumawonjezeka kwambiri, tchire lidzakhala lofooka, lalitali ndi losauka nyemba. Ndi nthawi yoyenera kubzala, mbande zimaonekera masiku 5-7. 
Ngati patatha masiku 9 palibe kumera, izi zikusonyeza kuti mubzalala mofulumira kwambiri.
Kukonzekera Mbewu
Muzochitika zamakampani za kulima, mbewu zimabzalidwa musanadzalemo ndi kukonzekera kwakapadera, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumawerengedwa pa tonani ya mbewu. Inde, panyumba, mukasonkhanitsa kuti mukhale ndi zomera zazing'ono pa tsamba, izi sizingatheke.
Komabe, ngati mutapeza mbewu zabwino komanso zathanzi m'masitolo apadera, mankhwala amatha kupewa.
Njira yoyenera yokonzekera ndi kuyendetsa ma soysiyamu akuyambitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi, mizu ya chomera idzadzazidwa ndi nayitrogeni pa nyengo yonse yokula. Mankhwalawa amagulitsidwa m'masitolo apadera kwa munda ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndipo pali mitundu iŵiri: ma inoculants owuma pa peat base ndi madzi omwe amagawira. 
Ndikofunikira! Kumbukirani kuti mukufunika kukonza mbewu nthawi yomweyo musanafese (maola 12). Musalole dzuŵa kuti ligwedeze mbewuzo!
Ndondomeko yofesa
Malonda, oyendetsa galasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofesa nyemba, koma pakhomo laling'ono, njirayi imachitika mwaluso. Pa malowa ndizofunika kupanga mapayala, mtunda umene umayikidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya soya ndi kukula kwa chitsamba.
Mitundu yoyamba yakucha kucha, mtunda wa 20-40 cm ndi wokwanira; Ngati mumagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yochepetsetsa, mtunda wa pakati pa mizere umakula kufika masentimita 60. Sungani mizere ndi firiji yamadzi.
Kuzama kwa mbeuyi ndi 3-5 masentimita - kubzala soya 6 masentimita ndi kwambiri kumakhala koopsa, chifukwa simungakhoze kudikira mbande. 
Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana mtunda pakati pa mbeu mpaka masentimita asanu 5. Ndi mbewu yochuluka kwambiri, koma ndiyenera kulingalira kuti mbewu zina sizidzaphuka. Ngati mbandezo ndi zazikulu kwambiri, zimatha kuchepetsedwa, kutalikirana pakati pa mphukira ndi masentimita 20.
Ziyenera kukumbukira kuti soya imafuna malo okwanira komanso kuwala kwachitukuko, choncho mtunda wa pakati pa tchire ukhale waukulu. Zomera siziyenera kuphimba wina ndi mnzake.
Kusamalira chikhalidwe
Malamulo akuluakulu a chisamaliro ndi awa:
- Kuthirira Kawirikawiri, soya imaonedwa kuti ndi yopanda chilala ndipo poyamba safuna kuthirira. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti nthawi yobzala m'nthaka inali yokwanira chinyezi. Komabe, kuthirira kumakhala kofunikira kuchokera kumapeto kwa June, pamene soya imakhala ndi nthawi yogwira ntchito ya mphukira, ndipo kutentha kwa masana kumafika 30 ° C. Mankhwalawa ndi awa: 5 malita pa 1 m2.
- Malo osungunula. Njirayi imathandiza kuteteza chinyezi pansi. Pofuna kuyamwa mumatha kugwiritsa ntchito humus kapena peat. Ngati simugwiritsa ntchito mulching, ndikofunika kumasula nthaka ndi khasu pambuyo pa ulimi wothirira.
- Kudzetsa udzu. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuteteza mawonekedwe a udzu m'mwezi woyamba ndi hafu mutabzala, popeza ziphuphu za soya zimakhalabe zofooka ndipo namsongole amatha kuziphimba mosavuta. Namsongole amatha kuchotsedwa ndi mankhwala kapena mankhwala. Herbicides (mwachitsanzo, "Roundup") angagwiritsidwe ntchito kawiri: masiku angapo pambuyo pake ndi mwezi mutabzala.
Mankhwala monga "Butizan", "Singer", "Biceps Garant", "Herbitox", "Sankhani", "Targa Super", "Lintur", "Milagro", "Dicamba", "Granstar", "Helios", "Glyphos", "Banvel".
- Kusuntha kapena kumasula. Njira yoyamba ndi yoyenera kumadera akulu, yachiwiri - pokonza malo ozungulira. Kusuta kumachitika kangapo: Patatha masiku 4 mutabzala, mutapanga masamba awiri (pamene nyongolosiyo imatha kufika masentimita 15) ndipo atatha kupanga tsamba lachitatu.
- Kuteteza kozizira. Masabata oyambirira mutabzala, ntchito yonse yofesa ikhoza kuchepa ngakhale kuchokera kumalo ochepa. Choncho, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nyengo - ngati mvula yamvula ifika ku -1 ° C, mbewu ziyenera kuphimbidwa.
Kukolola
Pambuyo pa masiku 100-150 kuchokera nthawi yobzala (malingana ndi zosiyanasiyana), mukhoza kuyamba kukolola. 
Zizindikiro za kucha
Mitengo yakucha yokolola imatha kukolola kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa August;
Mfundo yakuti nthawi yadzala, ingapezeke pazifukwa izi:
- Mankhwalawa amagawidwa mosavuta ndipo mbewu zimangokhala zosiyana;
- chomera chimatembenuka chikasu;
- masamba akugwa.
Ndikofunikira! Simungachedwe kukolola - ngakhale mitengo ya soya imawonongeka kusiyana ndi mbewu zina zowonongeka, ndi kuchedwa pakukolola kungakhale zoperewera zazikulu za nyemba.
Njira zokolola
Pa mafakitale, makina apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokolola soya, koma mungathe kukolola moyenera pa chiwembu chanu. Sizitenga nthawi yambiri, ndipo kutayika kwa nyemba sikudzakhala kochepa. 
Ndibwino kudula (kutchetcha) chomera pafupi ndi muzu, kusiya mzuwo pansi. Mitundu yobiriwirayi imayambira pa mizu - tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timene timakhalamo tikhoza kupanga nayitrogeni ndi kulemeretsa nthaka. Izi zidzakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa zokolola zotsatirazi m'dera lino.
Pambuyo kudula, zomera zimapangidwa m'magulu ndipo zimayimitsidwa mu chipinda chouma, chabwino podutsa mpweya wokwanira. Pa cholinga ichi mungagwiritse ntchito nkhokwe kapena nyumba yapamwamba.
Njirayi imapindulitsa kwambiri ngati nthawi yokolola imakhala mvula ndipo mbewuzo zinali zodzaza ndi chinyezi. Patatha masabata angapo, nyembazo zimatha kupunthwa.
Soybean yosungirako zimakhalapo
Malamulo akuluakulu a kusungidwa kwa soya nthawi yayitali ndi mphamvu ya kutentha kwa mpweya. Chowonadi ndi chakuti soya ndi yochuluka kwambiri, chifukwa chinyezi mu chipinda sichingapitirire 10-13%. 
Pansi pazifukwazi, salofu ya moyo wa nyemba imatha chaka chimodzi. Ngati chinyezi chiri 14% kapena kuposerapo, moyo wa alumali wa mankhwalawo waperedwa kufikira miyezi itatu.
Sungani nyembazo mu matumba a nsalu kapena makatoni m'mabokosi m'malo amdima. Pachifukwa ichi, chipinda chamoto, chouma, kapena khonde lamakono kapena masamu aatali kwambiri a makabati okhitchini ndi abwino.
Malamulo ena ofunika kwambiri kuti muteteze bwino:
- nyemba ziyenera kusankhidwa mosamala ndi kuwonongeka, zovunda ndi zowonongeka;
- Sungani nyemba kutali ndi zakudya zina;
- Ngati fungo liyamba kuchoka ku soy, limasonyeza kuwonongeka kwa mankhwalawa.
Kuchokera ku soya mungathe kuphika zakudya zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera kumalo osungira nyama ndi kumaliza ndi khofi. Choncho, ndibwino kuti nthawi zonse muzikhala ndi zogwiritsira ntchito.Ngakhale kuti pali zipangizo zamakono zamakono, ulimi wa soya suli wovuta, ndipo ngakhale chiyambi cha chilimwe chimatha kupeza mbewu zabwino.
Ndemanga kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti
Bzalani ndi kuyeretsa soya, komanso kangapo. Kufesa ndikukula ndi theka la nkhondo, zonse zimakhala zosavuta. Poyeretsa vutoli. Sindingathe kuyeretsa mwamsanga (ndili ndi Dona), Mulungu asalole 5 ha patsiku, ndipo ngati minda ili yoyera. Zotayika sizowonongeka mwina (nyemba zimawonongeka ndipo zikupezeka pamutu). Tsinde lokhalo liri ngati chingwe - kamodzi kokha likadodometsedwa, ng'omayo inamenyedwa kotero kuti ngakhale mthunzi wake unali wopindika. Palibenso minda yabwino - nyemba zambiri zimakhalabe. Chaka chatha chisanafike, kunali kuphulika kwa moto wa mthethe ku Kuban, kotero sindinayambe ndikuyeretsa - ndinapukuta chirichonse. Ndipo zokololazo zinali kamodzi kokha pansi pa 20. Sizinthu zonse zosangalatsa. Koma chaka chino ndidzabzala kachiwiri - palibe china, hemp sichiloledwa.Valera23
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Bzalidwa szp-3,6 pa mita kuchokera 13-15pcs. pa udzu wamalonda koma magawo oyambirira. Nthawi imodzi imayesera bwino, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta m'nyengo yozizira, kotero kuti ndizodabwitsa. Pa galimoto BI-58 kuphatikizapo wotsutsana. Kufalikira kufalikira, koma "Maofesi a Soybean" analimbikitsa mayunitsi 70 32.CES
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