Mukamabzala mbewu, simuyenera kunyalanyaza zofunikira za nthaka yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito, popeza mtundu wa mbeu umadalira kubereka kwake. Tidziwa kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza zosiyanasiyana, koma anthu ochepa amaganiza za zomwe zimapezeka m'nthaka. Inde, n'kosatheka kudziŵa izi ndi maso, koma ndizofunikira kudziwa za zikuluzikulu za gawo lapansi - tidzazifufuza mozama.
Zambiri za nthaka
Nthaka ndi dongosolo lonse lomwe lili ndi chikhalidwe cha moyo ndi malamulo a chitukuko, kotero n'zosadabwitsa kuti zingakhale zosiyana kwambiri. Taganizirani zofunikira.
Chiberekero
Kulima kwa nthaka kumamveka bwino kuti zonse zomwe zimakhala ndi zochitika zikuchitika mkati mwa njira zomwe zimathandizira kukula ndi kukula kwa zomera. Gawo lokhala ndi zakudya zambiri zimayesedwa bwino, pakati pa nayitrogeni, potaziyamu, magnesium, mkuwa, phosphorous, sulfuri, ndipo ndithudi, humus iyenera kukhala yapadera kwambiri (mpaka 10% mu dothi lokoma).
Phunzirani momwe mungakulitsire chonde.Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri, kotero musadabwe ngati kusowa kwa chigawo chimodzi kapena kuphwanya njira iliyonse kumayambitsa kusintha kwa ena onse. Kuyambira kale, munthu amafufuza kukula kwa nthaka kuchokera kumbali ya chonde, yomwe imatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mbewu ndi kukongola kwa zomera zokongola.
Mukudziwa? Dothi ndilo lachiwiri lalikulu la kusungirako kabweya, ndikupereka malo oyambirira ku nyanja.
Mapangidwe a makina
Mafakitale ndi chinthu china chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimalola kuti nthaka ikhale yosiyanasiyana. Mwachidziwikire, lingaliro limeneli limatanthauzira zojambula kapena zowonongeka za gawo lapansi, zopangidwa kuchokera ku mamiliyoni osiyanasiyana osiyana siyana a pulasitiki. 
Mtengo umenewu umawonetsedwa ngati peresenti ya kulemera kwa nthaka yowuma. Makhalidwe a mawotchi amawongolera osati pamangidwe oyamba a thanthwe la kholo, komanso pamagulu a njira za mapangidwe, zomwe zimapezeka mkati mwake.
Thupi
Mapangidwe a mawotchi amakhudza mwachindunji matupi a nthaka, monga madzi operewera (kapena kuchuluka kwa madzi), porosity, mphamvu ya chinyezi. Panthawiyi, zonsezi ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusankha malo pamene mutabzala mbewu. Mwa tsatanetsatane za makhalidwe awa ndi mgwirizano wawo tidzakambirana zambiri.
Tikukulimbikitsani kuti muwerenge za mtundu wa dothi ndi dongosolo la fetereza kwa iwo.
Chomwe chimatsimikizira kubereka ndi momwe mungachionjezere
Inde, ngati ali ndi agrarian kapena osavuta, amamera zomera zosiyanasiyana pa chiwembu chake, choyamba chidzakhala kuwonjezereka kwa nthaka, zomwe ziyenera kuonjezera mbewu zomwe zikukula. Ganizirani zifukwa zazikulu za kukonza nthaka ndi njira zopindulira zotsatira. 
Zinthu zobereka
Chifukwa cha chonde, timamvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi, mpweya, kutentha, zonal ndi nitrogen zakudya za zomera, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwawo ndi chitukuko. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, bungwe la zikhalidwe zoyenera kubereka limatanthawuza njira yowonjezereka yopereka zitsamba ndi zofunikira zowonjezera.
Zidzakhala zosangalatsa kudziwa momwe acidity ya nthaka ikufunira zomera, momwe mungadziwire kuti acidity ya nthaka pamalowo, komanso momwe mungasokonezere nthaka.Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndizo:
- kuchuluka kwa madzi m'nthaka;
- mvula ndi ulimi wothirira (kuwonjezeka kwa sodium kungawononge mbewu);
- kufunika kwa kutuluka konse kwa madzi, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuwonjezeka kwa madzi ambiri chaka chonse;
- mlingo wokwanira wa zakudya.
Mukudziwa? Njira yopanga nthaka imakhala yocheperako. Motero, mapangidwe a 0.5-2 masentimita okhawo okhala ndi chonde amatha pafupifupi zaka zana.
Njira zowonjezera chonde
Zinthu zofunika kwambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa chonde, zimaphatikizapo kutentha, zakudya, madzi, mpweya, tizilombo, ndi redox. 
Zochitika za ena mwa iwo zingakhudzidwe ndi kutenga miyeso yotsatirayi:
- Kukonza kasinthasintha kazomwe zimabzalidwa ndi kubzala mbewu pamalo omwewo pazaka zisanu. Izi zili choncho, zilizonse zomwe mukukula, ndibwino kusintha kusintha kwa chikhalidwe kwa zaka zisanu zilizonse.
- Kufesa pa malo a otchedwa "ochiritsa zomera", omwe ali osiyana makamaka adyo, chitsamba chowawa, thumba la mbusa, nettle.
- Priyvanivaya earthworms. Zakhala zikudziwika kuti pokhala ndi zochulukirapo, dothi limapereka kuchuluka kwa mbeu, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kupezeka kwawo kuli kofunika kwambiri (mtundu wa California umasiyana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchepa kwa zamoyo zosiyanasiyana).
- Kupanga chithandizo cha kutentha kuti awononge mitundu yonse ya tizirombo ndi namsongole. Chosavuta chachikulu cha njira iyi ndizosatheka kuzigwiritsira ntchito m'madera akulu (zofunikira kwambiri pa malo obiriwira ndi greenhouses).
- Poika zinthu zakuthupi m'nthaka, makamaka manyowa, phulusa ndi kompositi.
- Pochita zokolola zosakaniza. Pamodzi ndi chomera cholimidwa, akatswiri amalangiza kuti mutenge "woyandikana naye" woyenera amene angawopsyeze tizirombo ndi kuteteza gawo lakutha. Pazinthu izi, mukhoza kulima basil, rosemary, chamomile, marigolds, zomwe zidzakhala zokopa kwambiri njuchi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zomera zisamamere komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mbeu.
Zokongola kwambiri za nthaka ndi lupine, mafuta odzola mafuta, oats, rye ndi phacelia.
- Kukonza mpumulo wamakono pa malo onse osiyana a gawolo. Ndi kulima kosalekeza, kosasokoneza mbewu zofanana, nthaka iliyonse imatha kutopa, choncho chaka chosankhidwa ndibwino kuti musabzalenso kalikonse, mukukhalitsa pokhapokha, kukulitsa ndi kutulutsa feteleza. Pokufika m'dzinja, akumba chiwembu, kuyesa kusuntha pamwamba.
- Kulima zomera zomwe zimakhala zowonjezera zokhudzana ndi mapuloteni, wowonjezera ndi nayitrogeni. Pankhaniyi, abwino "okhala" a malo anu adzakhala oats, rye, mpiru, mpendadzuwa. Amabzala makamaka atatha kukolola, ngakhale kuti nthawi zina amakula panthawi imodzi ndi mbewu zazikulu.
Zimakhala zosavuta kuonjezera chonde cha nthaka yotsekemera kusiyana ndi kukwaniritsa zofanana ndizo kumalo otseguka, kotero n'zosadabwitsa kuti wamaluwa ambiri amatha kukonza zobiriwira ndi malo otentha m'madera awo, kuwapatsa ndi ulimi wothirira ndi kutsekemera mpweya, ndipo nthawi zina amatentha.Mapangidwe a makina ndi zotsatira zake pa nthaka
Kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi tinatchula kale khalidwe la nthaka monga mawonekedwe, ndipo tsopano tikukufotokozerani kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zilipo ndikugawa dothi kukhala zamoyo mogwirizana ndi ndondomekoyi.
Kodi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndi otani?
Momwe dziko lapansi lilili pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya miyala: miyala yonse, miyala yokhala ndi miyala ndi mineral (m'mimba mwake nthawi zambiri imakhala ya 10-12 masentimita), ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono zomwe siziwonekeratu. Komanso, simungathe kuwona ena mwa microscope yamba, choncho, pophunzira zosakaniza za nthaka mumagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi. 
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa gawo lapansi, chuma chake ndi kubereka makamaka zimadalira kuchuluka kwa zigawozi, ndipo ngati mutapanga kayendedwe kake ka gawolo, ndiye kuti titha kuzilumikiza ndi mtundu wina: dothi laling'ono (tinthu ting'onoting'ono tingapo pafupifupi 0.01mm), mchenga ( tinthu ting'onoting'ono tafika kutalika kuchokera ku 0.01 mpaka 1 mm), zigawo za colloidal (0.0001 mm mu kukula). Ganizirani mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka, yosankhidwa malinga ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe.
Mitundu ya dothi malingana ndi kuikidwe
Ngakhale mulibe zipangizo zapadera, ndipo simungathe kudziwa mwa kuwonetsa nthaka kusakanikirana, kapangidwe kake kamene kadzafotokozedwe ndi njira zotsatirazi (zouma ndi zamvula).
Clayey
Chomera ichi chili ndi dongo lopitirira 50% ndipo limatanthauzidwa kuti "lopsa", "lopwetekedwa", "lolemera", "sticky" ndi "ozizira". Dothi lopanda pang'onopang'ono limalowetsa m'madzi, kulibisira pamwamba, chifukwa chake ndizosatheka kupanga chiwembu: dongo lonyowa limagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamaluwa. 
Mu nthaka youma, nthaka yotere ndi yovuta kwambiri kupaka ndi zala zanu, koma pamene izi zikadali zotheka, mumamva kuti muli ndi ufa wunifolomu m'manja mwanu. Pomwe imakhala yonyowa, imayamba kunjenjemera bwino, imayenderera bwino mu chingwe, ndipo popanda mavuto imalola kuti ipange mphete m'nthaka.
Sandy
Mosiyana ndi zoyamba zosiyana, nthaka yowuma mchenga ndi mchenga imakhala yosavuta ndi kuzungulira ndi zala ndipo zimaloleza kuona mchenga wamphongo. Ngati mumanyoza gawo lapansi ndikuyesa kulisunga mu chingwe, mumapeza gawo lochepa chabe. Pachifukwa ichi, pamodzi ndi dongo lomwe lili ndi gawo lapansi, mchenga ulipo, womwe uli ndi zambiri (20% mpaka 80%). 
Ndikofunikira! Ngati mchenga wa m'nthaka umasakaniza mtengo wapatali, ndiye kuti dothi lonselo lidzachepa.
Sandy
Dothi lotero limapangidwa ndi mchenga wamchenga, ndi kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa dongo kapena fumbi particles. Mtundu uwu wa substrate ndi wosapangidwira ndipo sudziwika ndi katundu.
Loamy
Pamene mukupaka youma loam mu zala, ufa wokoma wokhala ndi mchenga wosasunthika umapezeka. Pambuyo pa kuthira pansi, imatha kupindikizidwa mu chingwe chomwe chimasweka mukamafuna kupanga mphete. Kuwala kowala sikudzakulolani kuti mupange mphete, ndipo chingwe chidzasokonezeka pamene mukugwedeza. Malo olemera kwambiri a loamy amalola kupeza mphete ndi ming'alu. Dothi la Loamy liri lolemera kwambiri mu mchere, ndipo imakhala ndi malo okwera kwambiri, osasokoneza chinyezi m'munsi mwake ndikuonetsetsa kuti mpweya umayenda bwino.
Ŵerenganiponso za mulching, kulima ndi kuuma kwa nthaka.Ngati dziko lapansi liri ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mchenga ndi mchenga wochuluka, ndiye kuti ndi wapamwamba kwambiri. Kuti mudziwe kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero cha zinthu izi, mukhoza kupanga phunziro laling'ono la kunyumba. Tengani nyemba zadothi pa tsamba lanu, ziyike mu chidebe ndi madzi ndikugwedeza ku madzi osadziwika kwambiri. Kuchokera ku zotsatirazi, yambani kupanga mpira, ndiyeno yesani kubisalako.
Inde, pa nkhani iyi gawo lalikulu likusewera ndi zotsatira zomaliza. Ndiko kuti, ngati simungapeze mpira kapena harani, ndiye kuti mchenga uli patsogolo panu, ndipo ngati mutha kukonza mpira, ndiye kuti mukhoza kuganiza kuti pali mchenga wotchedwa loam. Pogwiritsa ntchito harry yekha loam ndi yoyenera, ndipo ngati yapangidwa mu mphete, ndiye mwina mwina dongo. Chomaliza komanso chomveka bwino chokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a nthaka osakanizidwa angapangidwe kokha chifukwa cha zotsatira za mayeso a labotale pa nthawi ya labotale.Mphamvu zochokera pamapeto okolola
Dongo lochepa kapena mchenga wochuluka m'nthaka nthawi zonse lidzakhudza ubwino ndi kuchuluka kwa mbeu, kotero posankha malo oti mubzala mbewu zikufunika kuti muthe kulingalira izi. Pa dothi lakuda kapena mchenga, munda wambiri wamaluwa umakhala wosasangalatsa ngati ungathe kukhazikika. Kubzala mu nthaka loamy kapena mchenga kungabweretse zotsatira zabwino, koma sizingatheke kufanana ndi dothi lakuda, lopangidwa ndi zinthu zakuda komanso mchere.
Zomera zakuthupi
Mitundu yambiri ya nthaka, yomwe iyenera kuyang'aniridwa pa malo oyamba, ndiyikulingalira ndi pang'onopang'ono, ndipo sitinganene kuti sizikukhudzana mwa njira iliyonse. Kutentha kwa nthaka, kuchepetsedwa kwake, kotero, madzi abwino, mpweya wokwanira kapena aeration sitingathe kuyankhula. Tidzamvetsetsa nkhaniyi mwatsatanetsatane. 
Kuchulukitsitsa (kuchuluka kwa kuchulukitsa)
Kuchuluka kwake kwa dothi ndi kuchuluka kwa magulu a voliyumu, owerengedwa mu magalamu pa masentimita masentimita, kapena kusakaniza kwa nthaka kopanda madzi. Kuchulukitsitsa kumapangitsa kuti malo onsewa akhale ofanana, poganizira malo osungira pakati pawo, komanso kumakhudza kusungunuka kwa mchere, kusinthanitsa mpweya, ndi chifukwa chake, kukula kwa mizu ya mbewu zakula.
Phunzirani momwe mungakumbire nthaka ndi thirakitala yakuyenda, ndipo kulima kotani.Ponena za msinkhu wa dothi, zimadalira katundu wa mchere omwe amapanga gawo lolimba, tinthu ting'onoting'ono tagawidwe, zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe a organic components. Kuchuluka kwamtundu wambiri wa mbewu za masamba zomwe zikukula m'dziko lathu zikuonedwa ngati 1.0-1.2 g pa cubic mita. onani
Ngati tilingalira kuchuluka kwa zosakaniza za nthaka mu nthaka yawo youma, tikhoza kusiyanitsa madigiri awa:
- Kuwotcha kapena kuwonjezereka kwambiri, pamene nthaka sichikukhudzidwa ndi fosholo (ikhoza kulowa pansi osaposa 1 masentimita). Mwachidziwikire, njirayi ndi yofanana ndi yokonzedwanso chernozem dothi ndi columnar mchere licks.
- Nyumba yowuma, yomwe fosholo imalowa pansi osaposa masentimita 4-5, ndipo gawo lapansilo limatha ndi zovuta. Makhalidwe olemera, dothi ndi dothi losalima.
- Zomangamanga - zipangizo zaulimi zimangoyenda pansi, ndipo nthaka yokha imapangidwa bwino. Izi ndi dothi la mchenga loamy ndi lapamwamba, lojambulidwa bwino loamy.
- Kuwonjezera apo ndikudziwika ndi kutsika kwakukulu kwa dothi, munthu yemwe ali ndi tinthu tomwe timagwirizana kwambiri. Njirayi ndi yachigawo cha mchenga ndi zopanda mapangidwe.
Ndikofunikira! Mtundu wapadera wa kuchuluka kwake umadalira osati pa makina okha, komanso pamakina ake omwe amapangidwa ndi chinyezi. Malo a nthaka ali ndi phindu lalikulu mu ulimi, makamaka chifukwa cha kuthekera kwake.
Zopanda pake
Chikhumbo ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi chiwerengero chapamwambachi, koma kuchokera ku sayansi mmalo mwake ndilo lonse lonse la malo opanda ufulu (pores) pakati pa zigawo zolimba za nthaka. Zimafotokozedwa ngati peresenti ya chiwerengero chonse cha gawo lapansi, ndipo chifukwa cha mitundu ya mchere nthawi yomweyi idzakhala yamtundu wa 25-80%. M'nthaka horizons, pores nthawi zonse sakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi m'mimba mwake, motero, malingana ndi kukula kwake, amasiyanitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nthaka. Yoyamba ndi yofanana ndi kuchuluka kwa capillary pores m'nthaka, ndipo yachiwiri ndilo buku lalikulu la pores. 
Chiwerengero cha mfundo ziwirizi chidzakhala chiwerengero chokwanira. M'zinthu zambiri, khalidweli limadalira kukula, kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe kamene tafotokozera poyamba. Mu zipangizo zamakono, pores adzakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera, mu magawo a microstructural - gawo laling'ono la izo. Pamene gawo lopanda chitetezo liuma, nthaka imatuluka pamwamba pa nthaka, yomwe imakhudza kwambiri kukula ndi kukula kwa mbewu. Inde, iyenera kuchotsedwa pa nthawi yake, ndipo ngati n'kotheka, yang'anani malo ena opambana odzala.
Konzani moyenera dothi la mbande ndikuwononge nthaka musanadzalemo mbande.Kutentha kosakwanira kumayambitsa mpweya wabwino ndi chinyezi, chifukwa chake mizu ya chikhalidwe cholimidwa sichilandira zakudya zokwanira ndipo sichikhoza kukula bwino. Monga mukuonera, nthaka ndi yosiyana. Musanabzala zomera zomwe mumazikonda panyumba yanu ya chilimwe, muyenera kufufuza mosamala katundu wa gawo lanu kuti mupange zinthu zonse zoyenera kubzala.
